Moraceae
Ficus

Ficus maxima Mill.

First published in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 6 (1768), nom. cons.
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Mexico to Tropical America. It is a tree and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. It is has environmental uses, as animal food, a poison and a medicine and for fuel and food.

Distribution

Native to:

Belize, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil West-Central, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Windward Is.

Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D.E. Atha (2000). Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: 1-246.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2012). Nova Silva Cusatlantica. Árboles natinos e introducidos de El Salvador. Parte 2: Angiospermae - Familias M a P y Pteridophyta. Englera 29-2: 1-300.
  • Berg, C.C. & Villavicencio, X. (2004). Taxonomic studies on Ficus (Moraceae) in the West Indies, extra-Amazonian Brazil, and Bolivia. Ilicifolia 5: 1-130.
  • Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Govaerts, R. (2001). World Checklist of Seed Plants Database in ACCESS E-F: 1-50919.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Ibarra-Manríques, G. & al. (2012). El género Ficus L. (Moraceae) en México. Botanical Sciences 90: 389-452.
  • Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
  • López Patiño, E.J., Szeszko, D.R., Rascala Pérez, J. & Beltrán Retis, A.S. (2012). The flora of the Tenacingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán protected natural area, state of Mexico, Mexico. Harvard Papers in Botany 17: 65-167.
  • Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P.G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E.J. & Martin, C.A. (2022). An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, sér. 3, 44: 345-903.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Pederneiras, L.C. & Romaniuc-Neto, S. (2019). Taxonomic revision of Ficus sect. Pharmacosycea (Moraceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 107: 1-148.
  • Pederneiras, L.C. & al. (2017). Taxonomic synopsis of the Ficus sect. Pharmacosycea (Moraceae) from Colombia. Phytotaxa 313: 1-22.
  • Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Useful Plants of Boyacá Project

  • Carvajal, L., Ariza, W., Caro, L., Valero, N. (2014). Especies forestales representativas del Sur Oriente de Boyacá. Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Colombia
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Castro, C. (Proveedor de metadatos), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). Versión 11.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Kew Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) https://www.kew.org/science/data-and-resources/tools-and-services/medicinal-plant-names-services in The State of the World’s Plants Report–2016. (2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew https://stateoftheworldsplants.or
  • Linares, E. (1994). Inventario preliminar de las plantas utilizadas para elaborar artesanías en Colombia. Vniversitas Scientarium. Vol 2: 1-38
  • Linares, E.L., Galeano, G., García, N. & Figueroa, Y. (2008). Fibras vegetales utilizadas en artesanías en Colombia. Artesanías de Colombia S.A. , Instituto de Ciencias Naturales-Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D.E. Atha (2000). Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: 1-246.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2012). Nova Silva Cusatlantica. Árboles natinos e introducidos de El Salvador. Parte 2: Angiospermae - Familias M a P y Pteridophyta. Englera 29-2: 1-300.
  • Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
  • Ibarra-Manríques, G. & al. (2012). El género Ficus L. (Moraceae) en México. Botanical Sciences 90: 389-452.
  • López Patiño, E.J., Szeszko, D.R., Rascala Pérez, J. & Beltrán Retis, A.S. (2012). The flora of the Tenacingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán protected natural area, state of Mexico, Mexico. Harvard Papers in Botany 17: 65-167.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. (2017). Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • RBG, Kew (ed.) (1999). Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jul 19, 2013 Prance, G.T.; Maas, P.J.M.; Atchley, A.A.; Steward, W.C.; Woolcott, D.B.; Coelho, D.F.; Monteiro, O.P.; Pinheiro, W.S.; Ramos, J.F. [14695] Brazil K000964108 Yes
Jul 18, 2013 Miguel Bang, A. [1665] Bolivia K000512016 Unknown Type Material Yes
Jul 15, 2013 Cid Ferreira, C.A.; Thomas, W.W.; Pirani, J.R.; Oliveira, J.G.; Ackerly, D.; Lima, R.P.; Coelho, J.A. [6574] Brazil K000964140 Yes
Jul 8, 2013 s.coll. [638] Panama K000950326 Type Yes
Jul 1, 2013 s.coll. [3838] K000964133 Yes
Nov 1, 2007 Sasaki, D.; Henicka, G.S.; Piva, J.H. [1704] Brazil K000447611 No
Apr 1, 1989 Combs, R. [146] Cuba K000912975 Syntype Yes
Jun 20, 1986 Cid Ferreira, C.A. [7368] Brazil K000964106 Yes
Sep 26, 1980 Rusby, H.H. [591] Bolivia K000512015 Unknown Type Material Yes
Jan 1, 1977 Prance, G.T.; Pennington, T.D.; Silva, N.T. [1631] Brazil K000964136 Yes
Jan 1, 1970 Prance, G.T.; Pena, B.S.; Ramos, J.F. [3575] Brazil K000964129 Yes
Jan 1, 1970 Silva, M.; Souza, R. [2318] Brazil K000964137 Yes
Mar 1, 1967 Krukoff, B.A. [6094] Brazil K000964139 Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Krukoff, B.A. [4602] Brazil K000964134 Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Krukoff, B.A. [4602] Brazil K000964135 Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Krukoff, B.A. [6413] Brazil K000442911 Isotype Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Parker [s.n.] Guyana K000442908 Type Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Spruce, R. [2345] Brazil K000964109 Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Burchell [9762-2] Brazil K000964131 Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Spruce, R. [1704] Brazil K000964128 Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Burchell [9814] Brazil K000964107 Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Spruce, R. [2345] Brazil K000964110 Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Krukoff, B.A. [8477] Brazil K000964132 Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Burchell, W.J. [8261] Brazil K000964130 Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Spruce, R. [1704] Brazil K000964127 Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Ule, E. [5716] Brazil K000442910 Type Yes
Mar 1, 1961 Ule, E. [5716] Brazil K000442909 Type Yes
Apr 1, 1959 Wright, C. [543] Cuba K000912976 Isolectotype Yes
Apr 1, 1959 Fuertes, M. [1114] Cuba K000442872 Unknown Type Material Yes
Apr 1, 1959 Ramage, G.A. [s.n.] Dominica K000912973 Syntype Yes
Apr 1, 1959 Alexander Prior, R.C. [297] Jamaica K000912974 Syntype Yes
Apr 1, 1959 Wright, C. [543] Cuba K000912977 Isolectotype Yes
Campbell, D.G.; Ongley, J.C.; Ramos, J.F.; Monteiro, O.P.; Nelson, B.W. [P22516] Brazil K000964141 Yes
Goodwin, Z. A.; Bridgewater, S.; George, S.; Mora, N.; Walker, P.; Lupin, E. [175] Belize K001598836 Yes
Milliken, W. [795] Brazil K000964142 Yes
Ratter, J.A.; Bertolda, J.; Castro, R.A.; Santos, R.R.; Souza, R. [1129] Brazil K000964138 Yes
Milliken, W. [M.795] Brazil K:SPC-54104.000 No
Wright, C. [543] Cuba Ficus subscabrida K000442875 Unknown Type Material Yes
Wright, C. [543] Cuba Ficus subscabrida K000442876 Unknown Type Material Yes
Jamaica Ficus suffocans K000442873 Unknown Type Material Yes
Wilson, N. [s.n.] Jamaica Ficus suffocans K000442874 Unknown Type Material Yes
Liebmann [s.n.] Mexico Ficus glaucescens K000442813 Unknown Type Material Yes
Mexico Ficus glaucescens K000442815 Unknown Type Material Yes
Liebmann [s.n.] Mexico Ficus glaucescens K000442814 Unknown Type Material Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible

    • ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
    • https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants of Boyacá Project

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/