- Family: Fabaceae Lindl.
Genista L.
[LOWO]
Legumes of the World. Edited by G. Lewis, B. Schrire, B. MacKinder & M. Lock. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (2005)
- Note
-
Bisby (1981: 409–425) divided the Genisteae into subtribes Genistinae and Lupininae, a principal division taking both morphological and chemical evidence into account. Polhill (1976) drew attention to the similarities between woody Thermopsideae (Anagyris and allies) and the main part of Genisteae, and between the herbaceous genera of that tribe, Baptisia and Thermopsis, and Lupinus. Crisp et al. (2000) emphasise the lability of staminal fusion in genistoid tribes as a whole, and it might be supposed that the free-stamened Thermopsideae would be better included in Genisteae. In recent molecular analyses (Käss & Wink, 1997; Crisp et al., 2000; Wink & Mohamed, 2003; Wojciechowski et al., 2004), however, all Thermopsideae grouped with Sophora and close allies, and Lupinus was relatively basally branching in Genisteae, above the southern African genera Melolobium and Dichilus (previously placed in Crotalarieae). The similarities between Baptisia, Thermopsis and Lupinus are likely due to strong ecological convergence in temperate habitats.
The Genisteae forms part of a monophyletic clade, the ‘core genistoids’ which also includes Crotalarieae, Podalyrieae, Thermopsideae, Brongniartieae, Euchresteae and Sophoreae sens. strict. (Crisp et al., 2000; Pennington et al., 2000a; Kajita et al., 2001). Genisteae appears to be sister to the Crotalarieae and both are sister to the Podalyrieae (Crisp et al., 2000; Wojciechowski et al., 2004). There is now convincing evidence that Melolobium, Dichilus, Argyrolobium and Polhillia (the Argyrolobium clade of Van Wyk & Schutte, 1995a), together with Anarthrophyllum (and probably Sellocharis), are part of Genisteae and that the similarities with the Crotalarieae (the remarkable parallels between Dichilus and Lebeckia for example) are superficial only (e.g., Wink & Mohamed, 2003; Wojciechowski et al., 2004). Crisp et al. (2000) suggested that this group of genera may be sister to Crotalarieae but their analysis did not include critical genera such as Adenocarpus and Lupinus. Less emphasis is now given to stamen fusion, and these genera have been formally transferred to Genisteae based on the shared presence of a trifid lower lip of the calyx and the distinctive quinolizidine alkaloids of the a-pyridone type (Van Wyk & Verdoorn, 1990; Van Wyk & Schutte, 1995a; Wink & Mohamed, 2003). Van Wyk et al. (1989) suggest that Spartidium, currently in the Crotalarieae, may be better placed in Genisteae.
More detailed molecular studies are necessary to fully assess relationships of the genera. Käss & Wink (1997) undertook the first detailed molecular analysis of Genisteae using rbcL and ITS sequences, and limited ITS sampling by Crisp et al. (2000) is largely congruent with this, also supporting a paraphyletic Argyrolobium. The two southern African species of Argyrolobium analysed by Crisp et al. (2000) are dispersed within the Genista group (linked to Spartium and Retama). Käss & Wink (1997) sampled four species of Argyrolobium, two from southern Africa and two from the Mediterranean Region, and these are more basally branching in the tribe (Fig. 38), although the Mediterranean species A. zanonii (Turra) P.W.Ball groups elsewhere near the base of the Cytisus group. These results are largely supported in the chloroplast rbcL analyses of Wink & Mohamed (2003), with more species of Argyrolobium sampled and a placement of A. zanonii as sister to the combined Genista and Cytisus complexes. The ITS analysis of mainly Spanish Genisteae (Pyne, 1999) is also largely congruent with Käss & Wink (1997), except for Argyrolobium where one southern African species groups within the Genista complex and A. zanonii is basally branching to it. The sequence for Lembotropis is acknowledged as suspect in the Pyne analysis, and its position allied to Cytisus (as C. nigricans) (Käss & Wink, 1997; Wink & Mohamed, 2003) is more in agreement with morphological evidence. The biggest problem areas remaining, besides resolving relationships within Argyrolobium, are generic delimitation within the Cytisus and Genista groups and the decision whether to recognise a few large, or many small genera. Morphologically, Argyrolobium is more coherent than the current molecular evidence seems to suggest and a broader sampling and reanalysis would be informative. For the main part of Genisteae, the segregation of the groups of genera around Cytisus and Genista is evident (Käss & Wink, 1997; Cubas et al., 2002; Wink & Mohamed, 2003; Pardo et al., 2004), but the placement of many genera is not well supported. Käss & Wink (1997) conclude that the position of many of these genera which lie between the Cytisus and Genista complexes cannot be established with certainty, probably because of the small number of nucleotide substitutions available (due to rapid and recent diversification) and homoplasy. So as not to obscure the morphological relationships prior to further molecular studies, the subtribal classification of Talavera & Salgueiro (1999), slightly extended and modified, is outlined here. The Genisteae here comprises 25 genera and (551)–562–(572) species (Fig. 38). Adenocarpinae Rouy — Melolobium, Dichilus, Polhillia, Argyrolobium and Adenocarpus (South Africa, tropical Africa (mostly montane) and Mediterranean region, thinly to the Indian subcontinent); this group largely comprises a basal grade on molecular evidence, but all genera need further analysis. Lupininae Rouy — Lupinus, Anarthrophyllum, Sellocharis (Americas, particularly montane regions in the west; Mediterranean region, tropical Africa). Cytisinae (Horan.) Benth. — Cytisophyllum, Argyrocytisus, Petteria, Cytisus, Lembotropis, Calicotome (Europe, Mediterranean region and Macaronesia). Laburninae Rouy — Laburnum, Podocytisus, Hesperolaburnum (Mediterranean, principally Balkans and Atlas Mts); these genera are treated here as being nested within Cytisinae. Erinaceinae Talavera — Erinacea (SW Europe and N Africa); genera in the Erinaceinae and in Spartiinae below, are treated here as being nested within the Genistinae. Spartiinae Benth. — Gonocytisus, Retama, Spartium (Mediterranan region). Genistinae Bronn — Genista, Echinospartum, Stauracanthus, Ulex (Europe, mostly western, and Mediterranean region)
Main genus of the Genistinae but its circumscription is difficult, apparently containing a number of other genera in the Genistinae in its broadest sense, and with various segregates commonly recognised (notably Chamaespartium, Pterospartum and Teline; e.g., Yakovlev, 1996 and Talavera et al., 1999) in its narrowest sense. The analyses of Pardo et al. (2004) suggest recognising Genista in the broad sense (i.e., including the genera Retama, Stauracanthus, Ulex and Echinospartum among others) with at least three subgenera. Teline (Rivasgodaya) lacks any evident apomorphy and is polyphyletic in the analyses of Cubas et al. (2002) and Pardo et al. (2004); it is often considered intermediate to Cytisus, but can be clearly distinguished by the oblong keel, an apomorphy unique and consistent within the Genistinae (Gibbs, 1974; Polhill, 1976; Bisby, 1981). Talavera & Salgueiro (1999) revert to an artificial classification of the subtribe, separating Teline from Genista by the arillate ('strophiolate') seeds (a notably unstable feature in the tribe, found also in sect. Genista, see Gibbs, 1974 and Polhill, 1976). Talavera & Salgueiro (1999) also include sect. Chronanthus from the middle of Cytisus in Teline, because it has a deeply bifid upper calyx lobe; this is rejected in the analyses of Cubas et al. (2002) and Pardo et al. (2004), who place Cytisus fontanesii Spach ex Ball (= Chronanthus biflorus (Desf.) Frodin & Heywood) within Cytisinae - Vernacular
- broom
- Habit
- Shrubs and herbs
- Ecology
- Forest edges, grassland, mediterranean shrubland (often in maquis), rocky mountain slopes, coasts and disturbed places
- Distribution
- Macaronesia, N Africa and Europe to Turkey, Middle East, Caucasus and northeast to Russia, introduced elsewhere
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[LOWO]
- Use
- A number of species are grown as ornamentals; G. tinctoria L. (dyer's greenweed, dyer's broom) was used formerly as a dye plant in Europe, the yellow dye from the flowers was mixed with the blue dye of woad to produce Kendal green, a fine green textile dye; also used (as are other species) for fibre, medicine, ground cover, low hedging, for perfume (from essential oils in the flowers) and as a coffee substitute and condiment
Native to:
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Altay, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Cape Verde, Central European Rus, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kriti, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Netherlands, North Caucasus, Northwest European R, Norway, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, South European Russi, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Ukraine, West Siberia, Western Sahara, Yugoslavia
Introduced into:
Argentina Northeast, Argentina South, California, Cape Provinces, Chile Central, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, India, Iraq, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Norfolk Is., Oregon, Queensland, South Australia, Sri Lanka, Tasmania, Vermont, Victoria, Washington, Western Australia
- Genista abchasica Sachokia
- Genista acanthoclada DC.
- Genista aetnensis (Biv.) DC.
- Genista albida Willd.
- Genista × altoportillensis Egido & Puente García
- Genista amana Rech.f.
- Genista anatolica Boiss.
- Genista ancistrocarpa Spach
- Genista anglica L.
- Genista angustifolia Schischk.
- Genista arbusensis Vals.
- Genista aristata C.Presl
- Genista × arizagae Elorza, Patino, Urrutia & J.Valencia
- Genista artwinensis Schischk.
- Genista × aseginolazae Elorza, Retamero, E.Miguel, Patino, Urrutia & Valencia
- Genista aspalathoides Lam.
- Genista aucheri Boiss.
- Genista ausetana (O.Bolòs & Vigo) Talavera
- Genista balearica Porta & Rigo
- Genista berberidea Lange
- Genista bocchierii Bacch., Brullo & Feoli Chiapella
- Genista brutia Parl. ex Huter, Porta & Rigo
- Genista burdurensis P.E.Gibbs
- Genista cadasonensis Vals.
- Genista canariensis L.
- Genista capitellata Coss. & Durieu
- Genista carinalis Griseb.
- Genista carpetana Leresche ex Lange
- Genista cephalantha Spach
- Genista cilentina Vals.
- Genista cinerascens Lange
- Genista cinerea (Vill.) DC.
- Genista clavata Poir.
- Genista compacta Schischk.
- Genista corsica (Loisel.) DC.
- Genista csikii Kümmerle & Jáv.
- Genista cupanii Guss.
- Genista demarcoi Brullo, Scelsi & Siracusa
- Genista depressa M.Bieb.
- Genista desoleana Vals.
- Genista dorycnifolia Font Quer
- Genista dracunculoides Spach
- Genista ephedroides DC.
- Genista falcata Brot.
- Genista fasselata Decne.
- Genista ferox (Poir.) Dum.Cours.
- Genista flagellaris Sommier & Levier
- Genista florida L.
- Genista × fritschii Rech.
- Genista gasparrinii (Guss.) C.Presl
- Genista germanica L.
- Genista haensleri Boiss.
- Genista hassertiana (Bald.) Buchegger
- Genista hirsuta Vahl
- Genista hispanica L.
- Genista holopetala (Fleischm. ex W.D.J.Koch) Bald.
- Genista humifusa L.
- Genista hystrix Lange
- Genista ifniensis Caball.
- Genista insularis Bacch., Brullo & Feoli Chiapella
- Genista involucrata Spach
- Genista januensis Viv.
- Genista kepenensis Yild.
- Genista kolakowskyi Sachokia
- Genista legionensis (Pau) Laínz
- Genista libanotica Boiss.
- Genista linifolia L.
- Genista lobelii DC.
- Genista longipes Rouy
- Genista lydia Boiss.
- Genista maderensis (Webb & Berthel.) Lowe
- Genista madoniensis Raimondo
- Genista majorica Cantó & M.J.Sánchez
- Genista × martini Verg. & Soulié
- Genista mezzumarensis Coulot & Rabaute
- Genista michelii Spach
- Genista micrantha Ortega
- Genista microcephala Coss. & Durieu
- Genista microphylla DC.
- Genista millii Heldr. ex Boiss.
- Genista mingrelica Albov
- Genista monspessulana (L.) L.A.S.Johnson
- Genista morisii Colla
- Genista mugronensis Vierh.
- Genista nissana Petrovic
- Genista × norpalentina J.M.Aparicio, Pérez Dacosta, Uribe-Ech. & Urrutia
- Genista numidica Spach
- Genista obtusiramea J.Gay ex Spach
- Genista osmarensis Coss.
- Genista ovina Bacch., Brullo & Feoli Chiapella
- Genista paivae Lowe
- Genista parnassica Halácsy
- Genista patens DC.
- Genista pichisermolliana Vals.
- Genista pilosa L.
- Genista polyanthos R.Roem. ex Willk.
- Genista × prestameroi Elorza, Retamero, E.Miguel, Patino, Urrutia & Valencia
- Genista provincialis Coulot, Rabaute & Rebuffel
- Genista pseudopilosa Coss.
- Genista pulchella Vis.
- Genista quadriflora Munby
- Genista radiata (L.) Scop.
- Genista ramosissima (Desf.) Poir.
- Genista × rivasgodayana J.Andrés & Llamas
- Genista sagittalis L.
- Genista sakellariadis Boiss. & Orph.
- Genista salzmannii DC.
- Genista sanabrensis Valdés Berm., Castrov. & Casaseca
- Genista sandrasica Hartvig & Å.Strid
- Genista sardoa Vals.
- Genista scorpius (L.) DC.
- Genista segonnei (Maire) P.E.Gibbs
- Genista × segurae Uribe-Ech.& Urrutia
- Genista sericea Wulfen
- Genista sessilifolia DC.
- Genista sibirica L.
- Genista silana Brullo, Gangale & Spamp.
- Genista spachiana Webb
- Genista spartioides Spach
- Genista spinulosa Pomel
- Genista splendens Webb & Berthel.
- Genista stenopetala Webb & Berthel.
- Genista suanica Schischk. ex Grossh.
- Genista subcapitata Pancic
- Genista subsericans (Bornm.) Rech.f.
- Genista sulcitana Vals.
- Genista sylvestris Scop.
- Genista taurica Dubovik
- Genista tenera (Jacq. ex Murray) Kuntze
- Genista teretifolia Willk.
- Genista tetragona Besser
- Genista tinctoria L.
- Genista toluensis Vals.
- Genista tournefortii Spach
- Genista triacanthos Brot.
- Genista tribracteolata (Webb) Pau
- Genista tricuspidata Desf.
- Genista tridens (Cav.) DC.
- Genista tridentata L.
- Genista tyrrhena Vals.
- Genista ulicina Spach
- Genista umbellata (L'Hér.) Poir.
- Genista unalii Dinç & Bagci
- Genista × uribe-echebarriae Urrutia
- Genista valsecchiae Brullo & De Marco
- Genista verae Juz.
- Genista versicolor Boiss.
- Genista vuralii A.Duran & Dural
- Genista willingii Kit Tan & Ziel.
- Argelasia Fourr.
- Asterocytisus Schur ex Fuss
- Avornela Raf.
- Chamaespartium Adans.
- Chamaesparton Fourr.
- Corniola Adans.
- Corothamnus (W.D.J.Koch) C.Presl
- Cytisanthus O.Lang
- Dendrospartum Spach
- Drymospartum C.Presl
- Enantiosparton K.Koch
- Euteline Raf.
- Genistella Ortega
- Genistoides Moench
- Lissera Adans. ex Fourr.
- Listera Adans.
- Lugaion Raf.
- Phyllobotrys Fourr.
- Pterospartum (Spach) K.Koch
- Saltzwedelia G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.
- Scorpius Moench
- Syspone Griseb.
- Telinaria C.Presl
- Teline Medik.
- Voglera G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.
Genista L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rico, L. [1839], Tunisia | K000296044 | |||
Rico, L. [1955], Morocco | K000564917 | |||
Rico, L. [1934], Morocco | K000564882 | |||
Rico, L. [1938], Morocco | K000564880 | |||
Rico, L. [2263], Syria | K000764207 |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 709 (1753)
Accepted by
- Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Seed Plants Database in ACCESS G: 1-40325.
Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Legumes of the World Online
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