- Family: Acanthaceae Juss.
Thunbergia Retz.
[FTEA]
Acanthaceae (part 1), Kaj Vollesen, Flora of Tropical East Africa, 2008
- Morphology General Habit
- Erect, trailing or twining annual or perennial herbs, or erect or scandent shrubs or woody twiners; cystoliths absent.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite, entire to crenate or dentate; venation pinnate or palmate.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers axillary, solitary or paired or in racemes; bracteoles 2, large, hyaline to leathery, connate for 2/3–3/4 dorsally and about 1/4 ventrally (rarely free to base).
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx a subentire to undulate rim or with 10–20 triangular to linear teeth.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla contorted in bud; tube straight or curved, cylindric or campanulate, widening at point of insertion of stamens, with subsessile capitate glands on the inside; limb spreading, subequally 5-lobed.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens 4, didynamous or subequal, inserted at transition from throat to tube, included (rarely exserted); anthers 2-thecous, one or both thecae with a setosely bristled boss or a spur at base (rarely muticous); thecae linear to ovoid, opening by apical slits.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Disc
- Disc conspicuous, annular, fleshy.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary 2-locular with 2 collateral ovules per locule; stigma funnel-shaped or with two large unequal lobes (one erect the other horizontal) or subequally 2-lobed with two erect flattened lobes.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a 2–4-seeded thick-walled woody capsule, triangular with weakly defined beak or subglobose with sharply defined beak.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seed hemispherical, hollow on the proximal face, smooth to reticulate, tuberculate, lamellate or otherwise sculptured; retinaculae absent.
- Distribution
- Range: A number of species are widely grown as ornamentals. Range: 100–150 species, mostly in Eastern and Southern Tropical Africa, also from India to SE Asia and Australia, introduced in America.
- Note
- A number of the indigenous species have at one time or other also been cultivated. Several Indian and SE Asian species have been cultivated as ornamentals but, apart from T. laurifolia, never seem to have become naturalized. They include T. alata, battiscombei, erecta, gibsonii, gregorii, holstii, kirkii, petersiana and vogeliana.
[FSOM]
M. Thulin. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1–4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Distribution
- Some 100 species in the Old World tropics.
- Morphology General Habit
- Herbs with erect to twining stems, shrubs or woody climbers
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite, pinnately or palmately veined, without cystoliths
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers solitary in leaf-axils or in racemes; bracteoles 2 large, partially connate, enclosing base of flower
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx cup-shaped, a narrow rim, or with 10–20 unequal linear lobes
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla-tube widening in upper part; limb subequally 5-lobed, spreading
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens 4, included, subequal or 2 long and 2 short; anthers 2-celled, spurred or ornamented at the base
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; style mostly included; stigma funnel-shaped or unequally 2-lobed
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule broadly triangular and obscurely beaked to subglobose with a sharply differentiated beak, without jaculators
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds broadly elliptic.
Native to:
Andaman Is., Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Borneo, Botswana, Burundi, Cabinda, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Caprivi Strip, Central African Repu, China South-Central, China Southeast, Congo, Djibouti, East Himalaya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Free State, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hainan, India, Ivory Coast, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Maluku, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Philippines, Queensland, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tibet, Togo, Uganda, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Western Australia, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Alabama, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Ascension, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Chad, Colombia, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Galápagos, Gambia, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Mauritius, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, New Caledonia, Niue, Ogasawara-shoto, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Rodrigues, Réunion, Samoa, Seychelles, Southwest Caribbean, Suriname, Taiwan, Tonga, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Wallis-Futuna Is., Windward Is.
- Thunbergia adenocalyx Radlk.
- Thunbergia affinis S.Moore
- Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims
- Thunbergia amoena C.B.Clarke
- Thunbergia anatina Benoist
- Thunbergia angolensis S.Moore
- Thunbergia angulata Hils. & Bojer ex Hook.
- Thunbergia annua Hochst. ex Nees
- Thunbergia armipotens S.Moore
- Thunbergia arnhemica F.Muell.
- Thunbergia atacorensis Akoègn. & Lisowski
- Thunbergia atriplicifolia E.Mey. ex Nees
- Thunbergia austromontana Vollesen
- Thunbergia bancana Bremek.
- Thunbergia barbata Vollesen
- Thunbergia batjanensis Bremek.
- Thunbergia battiscombei Turrill
- Thunbergia benguettensis Bremek.
- Thunbergia bianoensis De Wild. & Ledoux
- Thunbergia bicolor (Wight) Lindau
- Thunbergia bogoroensis De Wild.
- Thunbergia brachypoda Bremek.
- Thunbergia brachytyla Bremek.
- Thunbergia buennemeyeri Bremek.
- Thunbergia capensis Retz.
- Thunbergia celebica Bremek.
- Thunbergia chrysops Hook.
- Thunbergia ciliata De Wild.
- Thunbergia citrina Vollesen
- Thunbergia clarkei T.Yamaz.
- Thunbergia coccinea Wall. ex D.Don
- Thunbergia colpifera B.Hansen
- Thunbergia convolvulifolia Baker
- Thunbergia crispa Burkill
- Thunbergia crispula Bremek.
- Thunbergia cuanzensis S.Moore
- Thunbergia cyanea Bojer ex Nees
- Thunbergia cycloneura Bremek.
- Thunbergia cycnium S.Moore
- Thunbergia cynanchifolia Benth.
- Thunbergia dasychlamys Bremek.
- Thunbergia dregeana C.Presl
- Thunbergia eberhardtii Benoist
- Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T.Anderson
- Thunbergia erythraeae Schweinf. ex Lindau
- Thunbergia eymae Bremek.
- Thunbergia fasciculata Lindau
- Thunbergia fischeri Engl.
- Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.
- Thunbergia geoffrayi Benoist
- Thunbergia gibsonii S.Moore
- Thunbergia gossweileri S.Moore
- Thunbergia gracilis Benoist
- Thunbergia graminifolia De Wild.
- Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.
- Thunbergia gregorii S.Moore
- Thunbergia guerkeana Lindau
- Thunbergia hamata Lindau ex Engl.
- Thunbergia hastata Decne.
- Thunbergia hawtayneana Wall.
- Thunbergia hebecocca Bremek.
- Thunbergia hederifolia Bremek.
- Thunbergia heterochondros (Mildbr.) Vollesen
- Thunbergia hirsuta T.Anderson
- Thunbergia hispida Solms
- Thunbergia holstii Lindau
- Thunbergia hossei C.B.Clarke
- Thunbergia huillensis S.Moore
- Thunbergia hyalina S.Moore
- Thunbergia ilocana Bremek.
- Thunbergia impatienoides Suwanph. & S.Vajrodaya
- Thunbergia javanica C.F.Gaertn.
- Thunbergia jayii S.Moore
- Thunbergia kangeanensis Bremek.
- Thunbergia kirkiana T.Anderson
- Thunbergia kirkii Hook.f.
- Thunbergia laborans Burkill
- Thunbergia laevis Wall. ex Nees
- Thunbergia lamellata Hiern
- Thunbergia lancifolia T.Anderson
- Thunbergia lathyroides Burkill
- Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.
- Thunbergia leucorhiza Benoist
- Thunbergia liebrechtsiana De Wild. & T.Durand
- Thunbergia longifolia Lindau
- Thunbergia lutea T.Anderson
- Thunbergia macalensis Bremek.
- Thunbergia maculata Lace
- Thunbergia malangana Lindau
- Thunbergia masisiensis De Wild.
- Thunbergia mauginii Fiori
- Thunbergia mechowii Lindau
- Thunbergia microchlamys S.Moore
- Thunbergia mildbraediana Lebrun & L.Touss.
- Thunbergia minziroensis Vollesen
- Thunbergia mufindiensis Vollesen
- Thunbergia mysorensis (Wight) T.Anderson
- Thunbergia napperae Mwachala, Malombe & Vollesen
- Thunbergia natalensis Hook.
- Thunbergia neglecta Sond.
- Thunbergia nepalensis Bh.Adhikari & J.R.I.Wood
- Thunbergia nivea Craib
- Thunbergia oblongifolia Oliv.
- Thunbergia oubanguiensis Benoist
- Thunbergia palawanensis Bremek.
- Thunbergia papilionacea W.W.Sm.
- Thunbergia papuana Bremek.
- Thunbergia parviflora Bremek.
- Thunbergia parvifolia Lindau
- Thunbergia paulitschkeana Beck
- Thunbergia petersiana Lindau
- Thunbergia pleistodonta Bremek.
- Thunbergia pondoensis Lindau
- Thunbergia purpurata Harv. ex C.B.Clarke
- Thunbergia pynaertii De Wild.
- Thunbergia quadrialata Lindau
- Thunbergia quadricostata Bremek.
- Thunbergia racemosa Vollesen
- Thunbergia recasa S.Moore
- Thunbergia reniformis Vollesen
- Thunbergia retefolia S.Moore
- Thunbergia reticulata Hochst. ex Nees
- Thunbergia richardsiae Vollesen
- Thunbergia ridleyi Bremek.
- Thunbergia rogersii Turrill
- Thunbergia rufescens Lindau
- Thunbergia ruspolii Lindau
- Thunbergia schimbensis S.Moore
- Thunbergia schliebenii Vollesen
- Thunbergia schweinfurthii S.Moore
- Thunbergia serpens Vollesen
- Thunbergia sessilis Lindau
- Thunbergia siantanensis Bremek.
- Thunbergia similis Craib
- Thunbergia smilacifolia Kurz
- Thunbergia stellarioides Burkill
- Thunbergia stelligera Lindau
- Thunbergia stenochlamys Bremek.
- Thunbergia subalata Lindau
- Thunbergia subcordatifolia De Wild.
- Thunbergia thespesiifolia Bremek.
- Thunbergia togoensis Lindau
- Thunbergia tomentosa Wall. ex Nees
- Thunbergia trachychlamys Bremek.
- Thunbergia trichocarpa Bremek.
- Thunbergia tsavoensis Vollesen
- Thunbergia usambarica Lindau
- Thunbergia venosa C.B.Clarke
- Thunbergia verdcourtii Vollesen
- Thunbergia vogeliana Benth.
- Thunbergia vossiana De Wild.
Thunbergia Retz. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Milne-Redhead, E. [8506], Tanzania | 13102.000 | |||
Milne-Redhead, E. [7896], Tanzania | 13108.000 | |||
Milne-Redhead, E. [7952], Tanzania | 4312.000 | |||
Milne-Redhead, E. [9043], Tanzania | 4313.000 | |||
Milne-Redhead, E. [2640], Zambia | 4314.000 | |||
Greenway, P.J. [8132], Zambia | 3648.000 | |||
Cruse, A.W. [422], Zambia | 13113.000 | |||
Cruse, A.W. [408], Zambia | 4311.000 | |||
Leeuwenberg, A.J.M. [6857], Cameroon | K000029036 | |||
Etuge, M. [294], Cameroon | K000029035 |
First published in Physiogr. Sälsk. Handl. 1: 163 (1776)
Literature
Flora of West Tropical Africa
- Benoist in Notulae Syst. 11: 144 (1944).
- Benoist in Notulae Syst. 2: 287 (1912-13)
- F.T.A. 5: 8
- Phys. Saellsk. Handl. 1: 163 (1776), nom. cons.
Flora of Somalia
- Flora Somalia, (2000) Author: by M. Thulin [updated by M. Thulin 2008]
Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Int. J. Plant Sci. 159: 446 (1998), nom. conserv., non Thunbergia Montin (1773)
- Verh. K. Nederl. Akad. Wetensk., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, Part 50, No. 4: 1 (1955)
- Notul. Syst. 11: 144 (1944)
- Notul. Syst. 2: 287 (1912)
- F.T.A. 5: 8 (1899)
- Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2: 259 (1894)
- J.B. 32: 219 (1894)
- DC., Prodr. 11: 54 (1847)
- Phys. Saelsk. Handl. 1, 3: 163 (1780)
Art and Illustrations in Digifolia
Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew
Flora of Somalia
Flora of Somalia
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
Interactive Key to Seed Plants of Malesia and Indo-China
The Malesian Key Group (2010) Interactive Key to Seed Plants of Malesia and Indo-China (Version 2.0, 28 Jul 2010) The Nationaal Herbarium Nederland Leiden and The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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