Featured: Lysimachia arvensis Image from Stuppy & Kesseler
©Papadakis Publisher

  1. Family: Poaceae Barnhart
    1. Genus: Heteropogon Pers.

      1. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.

        This species is accepted, and its native range is Tropics & Subtropics to S. Central Europe. It is used as a medicine.

    [CPLC]

    Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

    Distribution
    Nativa en Colombia; Alt. 1000 - 3000 m.; Andes, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
    Habit
    Hierba
    Conservation
    No Evaluada
    [FZ]

    Gramineae, T. A. Cope. Flora Zambesiaca 10:4. 2002

    Habit
    Caespitose perennial with laterally compressed leaf sheaths; culms up to 100 cm high, erect.
    Leaf lamina
    Leaf laminas 3–30 cm × 2–8 mm, abruptly narrowed at the apex.
    Inflorescences
    Racemes 3–10 cm long, mostly long-exserted, solitary or aggregated into a scanty false panicle, the awns eventually twisted together into a terminal spire; homogamous spikelet pairs 3–17, resembling the pedicelled spikelets.
    Sessile
    Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm long (including the ferociously pungent and rufously barbate callus 2–3 mm long); inferior glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm long, hirtellous.
    Spikelets
    Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm long; inferior glume green with yellowish membranous margins, without glands, the indumentum ranging from absent to tuberculate-villous; callus 2–3 mm long. Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm long (including the ferociously pungent and rufously barbate callus 2–3 mm long); inferior glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm long, hirtellous.
    Pedicelled
    Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm long; inferior glume green with yellowish membranous margins, without glands, the indumentum ranging from absent to tuberculate-villous; callus 2–3 mm long.
    [FTEA]

    Gramineae, W. D. Clayton, S. M. Phillips & S. A. Renvoize. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1974

    Habit
    Untidily tufted perennial, the basal sheaths laterally compressed; culms 30–100 cm. high, erect.
    Leaves
    Leaf-blades flat, 3–30 cm. long, 2–8 mm. wide, abruptly narrowed at the tip.
    Inflorescences
    Homogamous pairs 3–17, resembling the pedicelled spikelets. Racemes 3–10 cm. long, mostly long-exserted, solitary or aggregated into a scanty false panicle, the awns forming a twisted spire.
    Spikelets
    Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm. long, including a ferociously pungent and rufously bearded callus 2–3 mm. long; lower glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm. long, hirtellous. Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm. long; lower glume green with yellowish membranous margins, without glands, the hairiness varying from glabrous to tuberculate-villous; callus 2–3 mm. long.
    Sessile
    Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm. long, including a ferociously pungent and rufously bearded callus 2–3 mm. long; lower glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm. long, hirtellous.
    Pedicelled
    Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm. long; lower glume green with yellowish membranous margins, without glands, the hairiness varying from glabrous to tuberculate-villous; callus 2–3 mm. long.
    Figures
    Fig. 191.
    Habitat
    Deciduous bushland and wooded grassland; often the dominant species in open grassy places on dry soils; 0–2100 m.
    Distribution
    tropical and warm temperate regions generally K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 P T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
    [GB]
    Habit
    Perennial; caespitose. Basal innovations intravaginal. Culms erect; 30-100 cm long; 1.5-3 mm diam. Culm-internodes solid. Culm-nodes black. Lateral branches fastigiate. Leaves cauline. Leaf-sheaths keeled. Ligule a fringe of hairs; 1 mm long. Collar glabrous, or pilose. Leaf-blades 3-30 cm long; 2-8 mm wide. Leaf-blade surface ribbed. Leaf-blade apex abruptly acute.
    Inflorescences
    Inflorescence composed of racemes. Peduncle antrorsely scabrous above. Racemes 1; single; erect; unilateral; 3-10 cm long. Rhachis fragile at the nodes; glabrous on margins. Rhachis internodes linear. Rhachis internode tip oblique. Spikelets appressed; in pairs. Fertile spikelets sessile; 1 in the cluster. Companion sterile spikelets pedicelled; 1 in the cluster. Pedicels oblong; semiterete; 0.2 length of fertile spikelet.
    Sterile
    Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 6-34 in number; larger than fertile. Basal sterile spikelet glumes smooth on margins; lower glume muticous. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; asymmetrical; dorsally compressed; 5-15 mm long; longer than fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; eglandular; winged on margins; distinctly veined; smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose, or villous; acute; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes.
    Spikelets
    Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets linear; subterete; 5.5-10 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long; bearded; base pungent; attached obliquely. Spikelet callus hairs red; 0.2 length of spikelet. Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 6-34 in number; larger than fertile. Basal sterile spikelet glumes smooth on margins; lower glume muticous. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; asymmetrical; dorsally compressed; 5-15 mm long; longer than fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; eglandular; winged on margins; distinctly veined; smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose, or villous; acute; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes.
    Fertile
    Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets linear; subterete; 5.5-10 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long; bearded; base pungent; attached obliquely. Spikelet callus hairs red; 0.2 length of spikelet.
    Glume
    Glumes dissimilar; with lower wider than upper; exceeding apex of florets; firmer than fertile lemma. Lower glume linear; 1 length of spikelet; coriaceous; dark brown; without keels; 9 -veined. Lower glume surface puberulous, or pubescent, or pilose. Lower glume apex obtuse. Upper glume linear; coriaceous; without keels. Upper glume muticous.
    Florets
    Basal sterile florets barren; without significant palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret linear; 1 length of fertile lemma; hyaline; 2 -veined; erose. Fertile lemma linear; 3-5 mm long; membranous; 1 -veined. Lemma apex entire; awned; 1 -awned. Principal lemma awn apical; geniculate; 50-80 mm long overall; with twisted column. Column of lemma awn hirtellous. Palea absent or minute.
    Flowers
    Anthers 3; 2.5 mm long. Stigmas 2.
    Distribution
    Europe: central, southwestern, and southeastern. Africa: north, Macaronesia, west tropical, west-central tropical, northeast tropical, east tropical, southern tropical, south, middle Atlantic ocean, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: western Asia, Arabia, China, and eastern Asia. Asia-tropical: India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Papuasia. Australasia: Australia. Pacific: southwestern, south-central, northwestern, and north-central. North America: southwest USA, south-central USA, and Mexico. South America: Mesoamericana, Caribbean, northern South America, western South America, Brazil, and southern South America.
    Reference
    Andropogoneae. FTEA.
    [UPB]

    The Useful Plants of Boyacá project

    Ecology
    Alt. 1000 - 3000 m.
    Habit
    Herb.
    Distribution
    Native from Colombia.
    Conservation
    Not Evaluated.
    [FWTA]

    Gramineae, W. D. Clayton. Flora of West Tropical Africa 3:2. 1972

    Habit
    Perennial, up to about 1 m. high
    Flowers
    Awns twisted into a spire when young, and forming a malignant tangled knot at maturity; callus painfully pungent.
    [UPB]
    Medicines
    Medicinal (State of the World's Plants 2016).

    Images

    Distribution

    Native to:

    Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Arizona, Assam, Baleares, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil North, Burkina, Burundi, California, Cameroon, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Caprivi Strip, Central African Repu, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, France, Free State, Ghana, Guatemala, Gulf of Guinea Is., Guyana, Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laccadive Is., Lebanon-Syria, Leeward Is., Lesotho, Lesser Sunda Is., Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Mali, Maluku, Marianas, Marquesas, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexican Pacific Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Mexico, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Rodrigues, Rwanda, Réunion, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sicilia, Sierra Leone, Society Is., Socotra, Somalia, South China Sea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Swaziland, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Texas, Thailand, Tibet, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Uganda, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Windward Is., Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe

    Introduced into:

    Ascension, Cook Is., Nansei-shoto, Venezuela, Wallis-Futuna Is.

    Common Names
    English
    (Common) spear grass, Stick grass, Tanglehead

    Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. appears in other Kew resources:

    Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status
    Jan 1, 2016 Hooker, J.D. [89], Cape Verde K001134468
    Jan 1, 2016 Hooker, J.D. [90], Cape Verde K001134467
    Jan 1, 2016 Hooker, J.D. [91], Cape Verde K001259203
    Jan 1, 2014 Ule, E. [7920], Brazil K001072841
    Jan 1, 2014 Gardner, G. [3522], Brazil K001072840
    May 27, 1933 s.coll. [s.n.], Tamil Nadu K000911728
    Jan 1, 1817 Hohenacker, R.F. [301], Karnataka K000245939 isotype
    Jan 1, 1817 Hohenacker, R.F. [301], Karnataka K000245940 isotype
    Jan 1, 1817 Wallich, N. [1688], India K000245938
    Hinton, G.B. [5306], México State K000476382
    Hinton, G.B. [6700], Guerrero K000476384
    Hinton, G.B. [2068], México State K000476385
    Hinton, G.B. [1821], México State K000476381
    Hinton, G.B. [9400], Guerrero K000476383
    Kerr, A.F.G. [19559], Thailand K000620579
    Kerr, A.F.G. [11072], Thailand K000620580
    Kerr, A.F.G. [15976], Thailand K000620581
    Kerr, A.F.G. [7976], Thailand K000620582
    Kerr, A.F.G. [7073], Thailand K000620583
    Kerr, A.F.G. [4610], Thailand K000620584
    Kerr, A.F.G. [1267], Thailand K000620585
    Kerr, A.F.G. [19765], Thailand K000620593
    Sorensen, Th. [4437], Thailand K000688904
    Sorensen, Th. [5886], Thailand K000688905
    Larsen, K. [1596], Thailand K000688903
    van Beusekom, C.F. [3789], Thailand K000688902
    Schimper [1219], Ethiopia K000280098 isotype
    Schimper [1219], Ethiopia K000280097 isotype
    Schimper [1219], Ethiopia K000280099 isotype
    Smitinand, T. [1613], Thailand K000688894
    Smitinand, T. [2032], Thailand K000688895
    Smitinand, T. [3063], Thailand K000688896
    Smitinand, T. [4001], Thailand K000688897
    Smitinand, T. [4264], Thailand K000688898
    Chantaranothai, P. [90/478], Thailand K000688893
    Spruce, R. [6094], Ecuador K000201742
    Spruce, R. [6094], Ecuador K000201743
    Parry, D.E. [38], Thailand K000688901
    Put [2173], Thailand K000620586
    Put [2173], Thailand K000620587
    Put [1967], Thailand K000620588
    Put [1967], Thailand K000620589
    Eiten, G. [10790], Brazil K001072843
    Collins, D.J. [1909], Thailand K000688892
    Kloss, C.B. [s.n.], Thailand K000688888
    Hosseus, C.C. [108a], Thailand K000688891
    Marcan, A. [2313], Thailand K000620590
    Marcan, A. [2313], Thailand K000620591
    Marcan, A. [2229], Thailand K000620592
    Tagawa, M. [T 2203], Thailand K000688900
    Smitinand [6190], Thailand K000688899
    Lindhard, E. [s.n.], Thailand K000688889
    Lindhard, E. [s.n.], Thailand K000688890
    s.coll. [s.n.], France K000911729
    Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 8800], Nepal Andropogon contortus K001128242
    s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800] Andropogon contortus K001128236
    s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800] Andropogon contortus K001128237
    s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800] Andropogon contortus K001128238
    s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800], India Andropogon contortus K001128239
    s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800], India Andropogon contortus K001128240
    s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800], India Andropogon contortus K001128241
    s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800] Andropogon contortus K001128246
    Akkul, M. [Cat. no. 8800] Andropogon contortus K001128243
    Akkul, M. [Cat. no. 8800] Andropogon contortus K001128244
    Akkul, M. [Cat. no. 8800], Myanmar Andropogon contortus K001128245

    First published in Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 2: 836 (1817)

    Accepted by

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    • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2013). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 5: 1-451. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
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    Literature

    Useful Plants of Boyacá Project
    • Kew Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) https://www.kew.org/science/data-and-resources/tools-and-services/medicinal-plant-names-services in The State of the World’s Plants Report–2016. (2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew https://stateoftheworldsplants.or
    Flora of West Tropical Africa
    • Berhaut, Fl. Sén. ed. 2, 421.
    • A. Chev. in Rev. Bot. Appliq. 13: 878
    • F.T.A. 9: 411
    • Syst. Veg. 2: 836 (1817)
    Kew Backbone Distributions
    • Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.
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    Sources

    Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

    Flora Zambesiaca
    Flora Zambesiaca
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

    Flora of Tropical East Africa
    Flora of Tropical East Africa
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

    Flora of West Tropical Africa
    Flora of West Tropical Africa
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

    GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

    Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
    'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

    Kew Backbone Distributions
    The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2019. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
    © Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

    Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
    The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2019. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
    © Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

    Plants and People Africa
    Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
    © Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

    Useful Plants of Boyacá Project
    ColPlantA database
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0