- Family: Poaceae Barnhart
- Genus: Heteropogon Pers.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.
- Genus: Heteropogon Pers.
This species is accepted, and its native range is Tropics & Subtropics to S. Central Europe. It is used as a medicine.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Nativa en Colombia; Alt. 1000 - 3000 m.; Andes, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
- Habit
- Hierba
- Conservation
- No Evaluada
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Habit
- Tufted perennial with laterally compressed basal sheaths; stems up to 1 m high, erect
- Inflorescences
- Racemes 3–10 cm long, solitary or aggregated into a scanty false panicle, the awns forming a twisted spire; homogamous spikelet-pairs 3–17, resembling the pedicelled spikelets
- Spikelets
- Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm long with a callus 2–3 mm long. Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm long, including the ferociously pungent, rufously bearded 2–3 mm long callus; lower glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm long
- Distribution
- N1, 2; C1, 2; S3 tropical and warm temperate regions generally.
- Ecology
- Altitude range 25–1650 m.
[FZ]
Gramineae, T. A. Cope. Flora Zambesiaca 10:4. 2002
- Habit
- Caespitose perennial with laterally compressed leaf sheaths; culms up to 100 cm high, erect.
- Leaf lamina
- Leaf laminas 3–30 cm × 2–8 mm, abruptly narrowed at the apex.
- Inflorescences
- Racemes 3–10 cm long, mostly long-exserted, solitary or aggregated into a scanty false panicle, the awns eventually twisted together into a terminal spire; homogamous spikelet pairs 3–17, resembling the pedicelled spikelets.
- Sessile
- Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm long (including the ferociously pungent and rufously barbate callus 2–3 mm long); inferior glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm long, hirtellous.
- Spikelets
- Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm long; inferior glume green with yellowish membranous margins, without glands, the indumentum ranging from absent to tuberculate-villous; callus 2–3 mm long. Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm long (including the ferociously pungent and rufously barbate callus 2–3 mm long); inferior glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm long, hirtellous.
- Pedicelled
- Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm long; inferior glume green with yellowish membranous margins, without glands, the indumentum ranging from absent to tuberculate-villous; callus 2–3 mm long.
[FTEA]
Gramineae, W. D. Clayton, S. M. Phillips & S. A. Renvoize. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1974
- Habit
- Untidily tufted perennial, the basal sheaths laterally compressed; culms 30–100 cm. high, erect.
- Leaves
- Leaf-blades flat, 3–30 cm. long, 2–8 mm. wide, abruptly narrowed at the tip.
- Inflorescences
- Homogamous pairs 3–17, resembling the pedicelled spikelets. Racemes 3–10 cm. long, mostly long-exserted, solitary or aggregated into a scanty false panicle, the awns forming a twisted spire.
- Spikelets
- Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm. long, including a ferociously pungent and rufously bearded callus 2–3 mm. long; lower glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm. long, hirtellous. Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm. long; lower glume green with yellowish membranous margins, without glands, the hairiness varying from glabrous to tuberculate-villous; callus 2–3 mm. long.
- Sessile
- Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm. long, including a ferociously pungent and rufously bearded callus 2–3 mm. long; lower glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm. long, hirtellous.
- Pedicelled
- Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm. long; lower glume green with yellowish membranous margins, without glands, the hairiness varying from glabrous to tuberculate-villous; callus 2–3 mm. long.
- Figures
- Fig. 191.
- Habitat
- Deciduous bushland and wooded grassland; often the dominant species in open grassy places on dry soils; 0–2100 m.
- Distribution
- tropical and warm temperate regions generally K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 P T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
[GB]
- Habit
- Perennial; caespitose. Basal innovations intravaginal. Culms erect; 30-100 cm long; 1.5-3 mm diam. Culm-internodes solid. Culm-nodes black. Lateral branches fastigiate. Leaves cauline. Leaf-sheaths keeled. Ligule a fringe of hairs; 1 mm long. Collar glabrous, or pilose. Leaf-blades 3-30 cm long; 2-8 mm wide. Leaf-blade surface ribbed. Leaf-blade apex abruptly acute.
- Inflorescences
- Inflorescence composed of racemes. Peduncle antrorsely scabrous above. Racemes 1; single; erect; unilateral; 3-10 cm long. Rhachis fragile at the nodes; glabrous on margins. Rhachis internodes linear. Rhachis internode tip oblique. Spikelets appressed; in pairs. Fertile spikelets sessile; 1 in the cluster. Companion sterile spikelets pedicelled; 1 in the cluster. Pedicels oblong; semiterete; 0.2 length of fertile spikelet.
- Sterile
- Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 6-34 in number; larger than fertile. Basal sterile spikelet glumes smooth on margins; lower glume muticous. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; asymmetrical; dorsally compressed; 5-15 mm long; longer than fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; eglandular; winged on margins; distinctly veined; smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose, or villous; acute; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes.
- Spikelets
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets linear; subterete; 5.5-10 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long; bearded; base pungent; attached obliquely. Spikelet callus hairs red; 0.2 length of spikelet. Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 6-34 in number; larger than fertile. Basal sterile spikelet glumes smooth on margins; lower glume muticous. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; asymmetrical; dorsally compressed; 5-15 mm long; longer than fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; eglandular; winged on margins; distinctly veined; smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose, or villous; acute; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes.
- Fertile
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets linear; subterete; 5.5-10 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long; bearded; base pungent; attached obliquely. Spikelet callus hairs red; 0.2 length of spikelet.
- Glume
- Glumes dissimilar; with lower wider than upper; exceeding apex of florets; firmer than fertile lemma. Lower glume linear; 1 length of spikelet; coriaceous; dark brown; without keels; 9 -veined. Lower glume surface puberulous, or pubescent, or pilose. Lower glume apex obtuse. Upper glume linear; coriaceous; without keels. Upper glume muticous.
- Florets
- Basal sterile florets barren; without significant palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret linear; 1 length of fertile lemma; hyaline; 2 -veined; erose. Fertile lemma linear; 3-5 mm long; membranous; 1 -veined. Lemma apex entire; awned; 1 -awned. Principal lemma awn apical; geniculate; 50-80 mm long overall; with twisted column. Column of lemma awn hirtellous. Palea absent or minute.
- Flowers
- Anthers 3; 2.5 mm long. Stigmas 2.
- Distribution
- Europe: central, southwestern, and southeastern. Africa: north, Macaronesia, west tropical, west-central tropical, northeast tropical, east tropical, southern tropical, south, middle Atlantic ocean, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: western Asia, Arabia, China, and eastern Asia. Asia-tropical: India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Papuasia. Australasia: Australia. Pacific: southwestern, south-central, northwestern, and north-central. North America: southwest USA, south-central USA, and Mexico. South America: Mesoamericana, Caribbean, northern South America, western South America, Brazil, and southern South America.
- Reference
- Andropogoneae. FTEA.
[UPB]
The Useful Plants of Boyacá project
- Ecology
- Alt. 1000 - 3000 m.
- Habit
- Herb.
- Distribution
- Native from Colombia.
- Conservation
- Not Evaluated.
[FWTA]
Gramineae, W. D. Clayton. Flora of West Tropical Africa 3:2. 1972
- Habit
- Perennial, up to about 1 m. high
- Flowers
- Awns twisted into a spire when young, and forming a malignant tangled knot at maturity; callus painfully pungent.
>
Native to:
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Arizona, Assam, Baleares, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil North, Burkina, Burundi, California, Cameroon, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Caprivi Strip, Central African Repu, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, France, Free State, Ghana, Guatemala, Gulf of Guinea Is., Guyana, Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laccadive Is., Lebanon-Syria, Leeward Is., Lesotho, Lesser Sunda Is., Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Mali, Maluku, Marianas, Marquesas, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexican Pacific Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Mexico, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Rodrigues, Rwanda, Réunion, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sicilia, Sierra Leone, Society Is., Socotra, Somalia, South China Sea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Swaziland, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Texas, Thailand, Tibet, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Uganda, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Windward Is., Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Ascension, Cook Is., Nansei-shoto, Venezuela, Wallis-Futuna Is.
- Andropogon allionii DC.
- Andropogon austrocaledonicus Vieill.
- Andropogon bellardii Bubani
- Andropogon besukiensis Steud.
- Andropogon contortus L.
- Andropogon contortus var. glaber (Hack.) Hack.
- Andropogon contortus subvar. hispidissimus Hack.
- Andropogon contortus var. macroglumis Pilg.
- Andropogon contortus subvar. secundus Hack.
- Andropogon firmus (J.Presl) Kunth
- Andropogon glaber Raspail
- Andropogon hispidissimus Steud.
- Andropogon hohenackeri Hochst. ex Steud.
- Andropogon messanensis Biv.
- Andropogon polystachyos Roxb.
- Heteropogon allionii (DC.) Roem. & Schult.
- Heteropogon besukiensis (Steud.) Miq.
- Heteropogon contortus var. glaber Hack.
- Heteropogon contortus var. hirtus Hack.
- Heteropogon contortus var. hispidissimus (Hack.) M.R.Almeida
- Heteropogon contortus var. polystachyos (Roxb.) Deshp.
- Heteropogon contortus subvar. secundus (Hack.) Domin
- Heteropogon fertilis B.S.Sun & S.Wang
- Heteropogon firmus J.Presl
- Heteropogon glaber Pers.
- Heteropogon hirsutus P.Beauv.
- Heteropogon hirtus Pers.
- Heteropogon hispidissimus Hochst. ex Steud.
- Heteropogon hohenackeri Hochst. ex Miq.
- Heteropogon messanensis (Biv.) Guss.
- Heteropogon roxburghii Arn. ex Nees
- Sorghum contortum (L.) Kuntze
- English
- (Common) spear grass, Stick grass, Tanglehead
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jan 1, 2016 | Hooker, J.D. [89], Cape Verde | K001134468 | ||
Jan 1, 2016 | Hooker, J.D. [90], Cape Verde | K001134467 | ||
Jan 1, 2016 | Hooker, J.D. [91], Cape Verde | K001259203 | ||
Jan 1, 2014 | Ule, E. [7920], Brazil | K001072841 | ||
Jan 1, 2014 | Gardner, G. [3522], Brazil | K001072840 | ||
May 27, 1933 | s.coll. [s.n.], Tamil Nadu | K000911728 | ||
Jan 1, 1817 | Hohenacker, R.F. [301], Karnataka | K000245939 | isotype | |
Jan 1, 1817 | Hohenacker, R.F. [301], Karnataka | K000245940 | isotype | |
Jan 1, 1817 | Wallich, N. [1688], India | K000245938 | ||
Hinton, G.B. [5306], México State | K000476382 | |||
Hinton, G.B. [6700], Guerrero | K000476384 | |||
Hinton, G.B. [2068], México State | K000476385 | |||
Hinton, G.B. [1821], México State | K000476381 | |||
Hinton, G.B. [9400], Guerrero | K000476383 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [19559], Thailand | K000620579 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [11072], Thailand | K000620580 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [15976], Thailand | K000620581 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [7976], Thailand | K000620582 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [7073], Thailand | K000620583 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [4610], Thailand | K000620584 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [1267], Thailand | K000620585 | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [19765], Thailand | K000620593 | |||
Sorensen, Th. [4437], Thailand | K000688904 | |||
Sorensen, Th. [5886], Thailand | K000688905 | |||
Larsen, K. [1596], Thailand | K000688903 | |||
van Beusekom, C.F. [3789], Thailand | K000688902 | |||
Schimper [1219], Ethiopia | K000280098 | isotype | ||
Schimper [1219], Ethiopia | K000280097 | isotype | ||
Schimper [1219], Ethiopia | K000280099 | isotype | ||
Smitinand, T. [1613], Thailand | K000688894 | |||
Smitinand, T. [2032], Thailand | K000688895 | |||
Smitinand, T. [3063], Thailand | K000688896 | |||
Smitinand, T. [4001], Thailand | K000688897 | |||
Smitinand, T. [4264], Thailand | K000688898 | |||
Chantaranothai, P. [90/478], Thailand | K000688893 | |||
Spruce, R. [6094], Ecuador | K000201742 | |||
Spruce, R. [6094], Ecuador | K000201743 | |||
Parry, D.E. [38], Thailand | K000688901 | |||
Put [2173], Thailand | K000620586 | |||
Put [2173], Thailand | K000620587 | |||
Put [1967], Thailand | K000620588 | |||
Put [1967], Thailand | K000620589 | |||
Eiten, G. [10790], Brazil | K001072843 | |||
Collins, D.J. [1909], Thailand | K000688892 | |||
Kloss, C.B. [s.n.], Thailand | K000688888 | |||
Hosseus, C.C. [108a], Thailand | K000688891 | |||
Marcan, A. [2313], Thailand | K000620590 | |||
Marcan, A. [2313], Thailand | K000620591 | |||
Marcan, A. [2229], Thailand | K000620592 | |||
Tagawa, M. [T 2203], Thailand | K000688900 | |||
Smitinand [6190], Thailand | K000688899 | |||
Lindhard, E. [s.n.], Thailand | K000688889 | |||
Lindhard, E. [s.n.], Thailand | K000688890 | |||
s.coll. [s.n.], France | K000911729 | |||
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 8800], Nepal | Andropogon contortus | K001128242 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800] | Andropogon contortus | K001128236 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800] | Andropogon contortus | K001128237 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800] | Andropogon contortus | K001128238 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800], India | Andropogon contortus | K001128239 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800], India | Andropogon contortus | K001128240 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800], India | Andropogon contortus | K001128241 | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800] | Andropogon contortus | K001128246 | ||
Akkul, M. [Cat. no. 8800] | Andropogon contortus | K001128243 | ||
Akkul, M. [Cat. no. 8800] | Andropogon contortus | K001128244 | ||
Akkul, M. [Cat. no. 8800], Myanmar | Andropogon contortus | K001128245 |
First published in Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 2: 836 (1817)
Accepted by
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- Peyre de Fabregues, B. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1976). Catalogue des Plantes Vascularies du Niger: 1-433. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
- Walker, E.H. (1976). Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu islands: 1-1159. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
- Exell, A.W. (1973). Angiosperms of the islands of the gulf of Guinea (Fernando Po, Príncipe, S.Tomé, and Annobon) Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany 4: 325-411.
- Lebrun, J.P. (1973). Énumération des plantes vasculaires du Sénégal: 1-209. Maisons Alfort: Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux.
- Hepper, F.N. (ed.) (1972). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 3(2): 277-574.
- Gilliland, H.B. (1971). A revised flora of Malaya 3: 1-319. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
- Bor, N.L. (1970). Flora Iranica 70: 1-573. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien.
- Lewalle, J. (1970). Liste floristique et répartition altitudinale de la flore du Burundi occidental: 1-84. Université officielle de Bujumbura.
- Bosser, J. (1969). Gramiées des pasturages et des cultures a Madagascar: 1-440. ORSTOM, Paris.
- Henty, E.E. (1969). A manual of the grasses of New Guinea: 1-215. Division of Botany, Dpt. of Forests, LAE, New Guinea.
- Bor, N.L. (1968). Flora of Iraq 9: 1-588. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
- Gillet, H. (1968). Le peuplement végétal du massif de l'Ennedi (Tchad) Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Serie B. Botanique 17: 1-206.
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Kew Backbone Distributions
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- Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
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- Barry, J. P. & Celles, J.S. (1991). Flore de Mauritanie 2: 360-550. Centre Regional de Documentation Pedagogique, Nice.
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- Levin, G.A. & Moran, R. (1989). The vascular flora of isla Socorro, Mexico: 1-71. Dept. of Botany, San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego.
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- Clayton, W.D. & Renvoize, S.A. (1982). Gramineae Flora of Tropical East Africa 3: 451-898.
- Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1980). Flora Europaea 5: 1-452. Cambridge University Press.
- Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 2(2): 1-94. ORSTOM, Bangui.
- Peyre de Fabregues, B. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1976). Catalogue des Plantes Vascularies du Niger: 1-433. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
- Walker, E.H. (1976). Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu islands: 1-1159. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
- Packer, J.E. (1974). Ascension Handbook. A concise guide to Ascension Island South Atlantic ed. 2 Packer, Georgetown.
- Exell, A.W. (1973). Angiosperms of the islands of the gulf of Guinea (Fernando Po, Príncipe, S.Tomé, and Annobon) Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany 4: 325-411.
- Lebrun, J.P. (1973). Énumération des plantes vasculaires du Sénégal: 1-209. Maisons Alfort: Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux.
- Hepper, F.N. (ed.) (1972). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 3(2): 277-574.
- Gilliland, H.B. (1971). A revised flora of Malaya 3: 1-319. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
- Lewalle, J. (1970). Liste floristique et répartition altitudinale de la flore du Burundi occidental: 1-84. Université officielle de Bujumbura.
- Bosser, J. (1969). Gramiées des pasturages et des cultures a Madagascar: 1-440. ORSTOM, Paris.
- Henty, E.E. (1969). A manual of the grasses of New Guinea: 1-215. Division of Botany, Dpt. of Forests, LAE, New Guinea.
- Bor, N.L. (1968). Flora of Iraq 9: 1-588. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
- Gillet, H. (1968). Le peuplement végétal du massif de l'Ennedi (Tchad) Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Serie B. Botanique 17: 1-206.
- Mouterde, P. (1966). Nouvelle Flore du Liban et de la Syrie 1(Texte): 1-563. Éditions de l'imprimerie Catholique, Beyrouth.
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Flora of Somalia
- Flora Somalia, Vol 4, (1995) Author: by T. A. Cope [updated by M. Thulin 2008]
Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Clayton in Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 3: 473 (1972).
- D.M. Napper, Grasses of Tanganyika: 111 (1965).
- K.W. Harker & D.M. Napper, An Illustrated Guide to the Grasses of Uganda p. 35 (1960).
- A.V. Bogdan, A Revised List of Kenya Grasses p. 62 (1958).
- Jackson & Wiehe, Ann. list Nyasaland grasses: 43 (1958).
- F. W. Andr., The Flowering Plants of the Sudan 3: 463 (1956).
- Robyns, Flore des Spermatophytes du Parc National Albert 3: 68 (1955).
- Edwards & Bogdan, Imp. Grassl. Pl. Kenya: 82 (1951).
- Eggeling, Ann. list grasses Ug.: 22 (1947).
- Robyns, Fl. Agrost. Congo Belge 1: 211 (1929).
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Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
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Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible
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Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
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Flora of Somalia
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Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
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GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora
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Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
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Kew Science Photographs
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Plants and People Africa
Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
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Useful Plants of Boyacá Project
ColPlantA database
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