Xanthium L.

Native to:

Afghanistan, Alabama, Alaska, Albania, Alberta, Algeria, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Baleares, Bolivia, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, British Columbia, Bulgaria, California, Cambodia, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Colorado, Connecticut, Corse, Czechoslovakia, Delaware, District of Columbia, Dominican Republic, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Florida, France, Georgia, Greece, Hainan, Hungary, Idaho, Illinois, India, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Iran, Italy, Jamaica, Juan Fernández Is., Kansas, Kentucky, Kriti, Krym, Laos, Lebanon-Syria, Leeward Is., Louisiana, Maine, Manchuria, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mongolia, Montana, Morocco, Myanmar, Nebraska, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Caucasus, North Dakota, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Pakistan, Palestine, Paraguay, Pennsylvania, Peru, Portugal, Prince Edward I., Puerto Rico, Qinghai, Québec, Rhode I., Romania, Sardegna, Saskatchewan, Sicilia, Sinai, South Carolina, South Dakota, South European Russia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Tennessee, Texas, Thailand, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uruguay, Utah, Uzbekistan, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Himalaya, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yugoslavia

Introduced into:

Altay, Amur, Assam, Austria, Azores, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Botswana, Brazil North, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Central European Russia, Chita, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Free State, Germany, Great Britain, Gulf States, Haiti, Iraq, Ireland, Japan, Kazakhstan, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, Lesser Sunda Is., Libya, Madeira, Marquesas, Mauritius, Namibia, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, North European Russia, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Northwest European Russia, Poland, Primorye, Queensland, Rodrigues, Réunion, Sakhalin, Saudi Arabia, Society Is., South Australia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tasmania, Tuamotu, Tunisia, Venezuela, Victoria, West Siberia, Western Australia, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zimbabwe

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

• Roskov Y. & al. (eds.) (2018). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands.

Flora of Iraq

• L. Gen. Pl. ed. 6: 1056 (1754)
• Löve, D. & Dansereau, P. (1959). Biosystematic studies on Xanthium: taxonomic appraisal and ecological status. Canad. J. Bot. 37: 173–208.
• Panero in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 8: 445 [2006] (2007)
• Patricia Halliday (Revised by D. J. Nicholas Hind) (2019). Flora of Iraq, Volume 6: Compositae. Ghazanfar, S. A., Edmondson, J. R. & Hind, D. J. N. (Eds). Kew Publishing
• Widder, F.J. (1923). Die Arten der Gattung Xanthium”. Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 20: 1–221.
• Widder, F.J. (1964). Die Veränderlichkeit von Xanthium spinosum. Phyton (Horn) 11(1 & 2): 69–82 (1964).

Flora of Somalia

• Flora Somalia, (2000) Author: by H. Beentje [updated by M. Thulin 2008]

Flora of Tropical East Africa

• Sp. Pl.: 987 (1753)