Anacardiaceae
Spondias

Spondias dulcis Parkinson

First published in J. Voy. South Seas: 39 (1773)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is E. Malesia to Santa Cruz Islands. It is a tree and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. It is has environmental uses and social uses, as animal food and a medicine and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Bismarck Archipelago, Maluku, New Guinea, Santa Cruz Is., Solomon Is.

Introduced into:

Andaman Is., Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Borneo, Brazil North, Brazil Southeast, Cambodia, Cameroon, Caroline Is., Cayman Is., Central African Republic, Christmas I., Colombia, Comoros, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Fiji, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Jawa, Laos, Leeward Is., Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Mauritius, Nauru, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niue, Panamá, Peru, Puerto Rico, Samoa, Seychelles, Society Is., Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad-Tobago, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Vietnam, Wallis-Futuna Is., Zaïre

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Banks, R.C. (ed.) (1982). Wildlife and wildlife habitat of American Samoa 2: 1-151. U.S. Fisch and Wildlife services, Washington.
  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 3: 1-89. ORSTROM, Bangui.
  • Dassanayake (ed.) (1983). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 4: 1-532. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2020). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4(1): 1-904. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Mitchell, J.D. & Daly, D.C. (2015). A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics. PhytoKeys 55: 1-92.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
  • Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
  • Smith, A.C. (1985). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 3: 1-758. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
  • Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.

An alternative taxonomy had been proposed by the following authorities:

  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers. [Cited as Spondias cytherea.]

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 3: 1-89. ORSTROM, Bangui.
  • Castle, G.E. (1994). Flore des Seychelles Dicotylédones: 1-663. Orstom Editions.
  • Catarino, L., Sampaio Martins, E., Pinto-Basto, M.F. & Diniz, M.A. (2006). Plantas Vasculares e Briófitos da Guiné-Bissau: 1-298. Instituto de investigação científica tropical, Instituto Português de apoio ao desenvolvimento.
  • Chayamarit, K. (2010). Flora of Thailand 10(3): 265-329. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
  • Christopherson, E. (1935). Flowering Plants of Samoa. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 128: 1-221.
  • Dassanayake (ed.) (1983). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 4: 1-532. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
  • Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
  • Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia, A Journal of Botanical Research 41: 41-82.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • GBIF (2008-2020). Global Biodiversity Information Facility http://www.gbif.org/.
  • George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. & Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2. Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Guillaumin, A. (1948). Compendium de la Flore Phanérogamique des Nouvelles Hébrides. Annales de l'Institut Botanico-Geologique de Marseille, VI, 5-6: 1-56.
  • Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2020). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4(1): 1-904. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo). Taxonomania 30: 1-307.
  • Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
  • Mitchell, J.D. & Daly, D.C. (2015). A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics. PhytoKeys 55: 1-92.
  • Morat, P. & Veillon, J.-M. (1985). Contributions à la conaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis et Futuna. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia 7: 259-329.
  • Morat, P. (ed.) (1997). Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances 21: 1-121. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Onana, J.M. (2011). The vascular plants of Cameroon a taxonomic checklist with IUCN assessments: 1-195. National herbarium of Cameroon, Yaoundé.
  • Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Smith, A.C. (1985). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 3: 1-758. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
  • Sykes, W.R. (1970). Contributions to the flora of Niue. Bulletin, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 200: 1-321.
  • Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.
  • Turner, I.M. (1995). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(1): 1-346.
  • Whitmore, T.C. (1966). Guide to the forests of the British Solomon islands: 1-208. Oxford University Press.
  • Yuncker, T.G. (1959). Plants of Tonga. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 220: 1-283.
  • van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed.) (1974-1978). Flora Malesiana 8: 1-577. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
s.coll. [2763] Madagascar K003499634 Yes
Prescott, T.A.K. [124] Papua New Guinea K001905649 Yes
s.coll [s.n] India K003499290 Yes
s.coll. [867] Jamaica K003499675 No
Sintenis, P. [4804] Puerto Rico K003499676 Yes
Greve, M. [189] Madagascar K003499632 Yes
Capuron, R. [20001SF] Madagascar K003499631 Yes
Hildebrandt, J.M. [3203] Madagascar K003499633 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K003499629 Yes
Pennington, T.D.; Daza, A. [16740] Peru K003499846 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K003499630 Yes
Guilding [s.n.] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines K003499674 Yes
Gardiner, J.S. [s.n.] Seychelles K003499628 Yes
Lobo, S.; Boyer, A.R. [3025] Costa Rica K003499637 Yes
Pennington, T.D.; Daza, A. [16635] Peru K003499847 Yes
s.coll. [13678] Brazil K003499804 Yes
Pennington, T.D.; Daza, A. [16874] Peru K003499845 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Spondias acida K003499445 Yes
Kostermans [s.n.] Indonesia Spondias acida K003499444 Yes
Aug 24, 2009 Talib Bidin [SAN 80651] Malaysia Spondias cytherea K000605350 Yes
Floyd, A. [3451] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499473 Yes
Runikera, P.; et a [BSIP13025] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499542 Yes
Henty, E.E.; Frodin, D. [NGF27233] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499472 Yes
Kostermans, A. [2791] Indonesia Spondias cytherea K003499485 Yes
Burges, A. [K8] Samoa Spondias cytherea K003499524 Yes
Mauriasi, R.; et a [BSIP8424] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499535 Yes
Ruffo [1673] Tanzania Spondias cytherea K003499930 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Spondias cytherea K003499931 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Spondias cytherea K003499284 Yes
Burges, A. [K8] Samoa Spondias cytherea K003499525 Yes
Gafui, I.; et a [BSIP16858] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499509 Yes
Croft, J.R.; et al. [AE68851] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499489 Yes
Boraule, J.; et a [BSIP9470] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499518 Yes
Coode, M.; Cropley, T.; Katik, P. [NGF29608] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499478 Yes
Koorders, S.H. [14350] Indonesia Spondias cytherea K003499346 Yes
Koorders, S.H. [511] Indonesia Spondias cytherea K001790692 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Spondias cytherea K003499933 Yes
Gafui, I.H.; et a [BSIP9185] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499537 Yes
Ross, A. [s.n.] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499471 Yes
Hinds [s.n.] Samoa Spondias cytherea K003499526 Yes
Trinidad and Tobago Spondias cytherea K:SPC-65558.000 No
Smith, L.S. [GF1222] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499480 Yes
Ruffo, C.K. [241] Tanzania Spondias cytherea K003499934 Yes
Hoogland, R.D. [5209] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499482 Yes
Gafui, I.; et a [BSIP18517] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499536 Yes
Gafui & collectors [BSIP12985] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499517 Yes
Walker, F.S. [BSIP1] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499501 Yes
Boraule, J.; et a [BSIP9470] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499519 Yes
Inimua, E. [BSIP6598] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499505 Yes
Walker, F.S.; White, C.T. [BSIP35] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499502 Yes
Christophersen, E. [2769] Samoa Spondias cytherea K003499530 Yes
Teona, R. [BSIP6307] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499506 Yes
Chew Wee-Lek [RSNH394] Vanuatu Spondias cytherea K003499512 Yes
Degener, O. [14975] Fiji Spondias cytherea K003499521 Yes
Gafui, I.; et a [BSIP14830] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499543 Yes
s.coll. [19764] Samoa Spondias cytherea K003499531 Yes
Hoogland, R.D. [4878] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499484 Yes
Hartley, T.G. [TGH10851] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499492 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] South Africa Spondias cytherea K003499941 Yes
Smit [BW2187] Indonesia Spondias cytherea K003499486 Yes
Saint Lucia Spondias cytherea K:SPC-65468.000 No
Mauriasi, R.; et a [BSIP17052] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499515 Yes
Seemann, B. [98] Fiji Spondias cytherea K003499522 Yes
Havel, J.J. [NGF17382] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499477 Yes
Darbyshire, P.J. [1006] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499475 Yes
Croft, J.R.; Katik, P. [NGF41450] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499474 Yes
Henty, E.E. [NGF14371] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499490 Yes
Deighton, F.C. [2770] Sierra Leone Spondias cytherea K003499598 Yes
Boraule, J.; et a [BSIP9287] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499538 Yes
Mair, K. [NGF1825] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499470 Yes
Bryan, E.H. (Jr.) [559] Fiji Spondias cytherea K003499523 Yes
Gafui, I.; & colletors [BSIP18517] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499534 Yes
MacKee [21698] Spondias cytherea K003499520 Yes
Brass, L.J. [8049] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499479 Yes
Whitmore, T.C. [6370] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499507 Yes
Runikera, P.; et a [BSIP10436] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499540 Yes
Hartley, T.G. [TGH10175] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499488 Yes
Mauriasi, R.; et a [BSIP12433] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499508 Yes
s.coll. [251] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499500 Yes
Hoogland, R.D. [5164] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499483 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Mozambique Spondias cytherea K003499942 Yes
Yen, D.E. [BSIP19781] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499516 Yes
Gafui, I.; et a [BSIP12901] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499539 Yes
Hartley, T.G. [TGH10851] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499491 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Spondias cytherea K003499932 Yes
Wheatley, J.I. [305] Vanuatu Spondias cytherea K003499514 Yes
Inimua, E. [BSIP6598] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499504 Yes
Lane-Poole, C.E. [809] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499481 Yes
Setchell, W.A.; Parks, H.E. [15614] Tonga Spondias cytherea K003499529 Yes
Yuncker, T.G. [9718] Niue Spondias cytherea K003499528 Yes
Mauriasi, R.; et a [BSIP17938] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499541 Yes
Darbyshire [1006] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499476 Yes
[M. Parnter] [s.n.] Spondias cytherea K003499636 Yes
[Barclay] [45] Samoa Spondias cytherea K003499527 Yes
Wheatley, J.I. [587] Vanuatu Spondias cytherea K003499511 Yes
Whitmore, T.C. [BSIP1821] Solomon Islands Spondias cytherea K003499503 Yes
Kajewski, S.F. [311] Vanuatu Spondias cytherea K003499513 Yes
Hartley, T.G. [TGH11398] Papua New Guinea Spondias cytherea K003499487 Yes
Wheatley, J.I. [484] Vanuatu Spondias cytherea K003499510 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible

    • ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
    • https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

  • Flora of West Tropical Africa

    • Flora of West Tropical Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

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    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

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    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

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    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0