Bupleurum falcatum L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 237 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Europe to Caucasus. It is a perennial and grows primarily in the temperate biome.

Distribution

Native to:

Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Central European Russia, Corse, Czechoslovakia, East European Russia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Krym, North Caucasus, Poland, Romania, South European Russia, Switzerland, Transcaucasus, Ukraine, Yugoslavia

Introduced into:

Great Britain

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Classification

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PAFTOL

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
  • Dimopoulos, P. & al. (2016). Vascular plants of Greece: An annotated checklist. Supplement. Willdenowia 46: 301-347.
  • Dimopoulos, P., Raus, T., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, T., Iatrou, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A., & Tzanoudakis, D. (2013). Vascular plants of Greece. An annotated checklist: 1-372. Botanic gardens and botanical museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin and Hellenic botanical society, Athens.
  • Govaerts, R. (1996). World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1-492. MIM, Deurne.
  • Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (2001). Flora of Bhutan 2: 1-1675. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Gubanov, I.A. & al. (2013). Illiustrirovannyi opredelitel rastenii Srednei Rossii, ed. 2, 2: 1-664. KMK Scientific Press, Moskva.
  • Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.
  • Mao, A.A. & Dash, S.S. (2020). Flowering Plants of India an Annotated Checklist (Dicotyledons) 1: 1-970. Botanical Survey of India.
  • Mao, A.A., Sinha, B.K., Verma, D. & Sarma, N. (2016). Check-List of Flora of Meghalaya: 1-273. Meghalaya Biodiversity Board, Shillong.
  • Mehboob-ur-Rahman (2012). Wild plants of Swat, Pakistan 1: 1-281. Department of botany, govt. Jehanzeb post graduate college.
  • Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.
  • Nasir, E. (1972). Flora of West Pakistan 20: 1-169.
  • Ri͡abinina, Z.N. & Kni͡azev, M.S. (2009). Opredelitel sosudistykh rastenii Orenburgskoi oblasti: 1-757. Moskva: KMK.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) in Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2012). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 3(2): 1-623. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.

Flora of Iraq

  • Boiss., Fl. Orient. 2: 850 (1872);
  • DC., Prodr. 2: 132 (1830);
  • Hayek, Prodr. Fl. Balc. 1: 971 (1927);
  • Linchevsky in Fl. SSSR 16: 310 (1950);
  • Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 237 (1753);
  • Snogerup in Fl. Turk. 4: 416 (1972).
  • Wolff, l.c. 106 (1910);

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Gubanov, I.A. & al. (2013). Illiustrirovannyi opredelitel rastenii Srednei Rossii, ed. 2, 2: 1-664. KMK Scientific Press, Moskva.
  • Ri͡abinina, Z.N. & Kni͡azev, M.S. (2009). Opredelitel sosudistykh rastenii Orenburgskoi oblasti: 1-757. Moskva: KMK.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) in Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2012). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 3(2): 1-623. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Sep 29, 2022 Christenhusz, M.J.M.; Mian, S. [MC9468] United Kingdom K001527032 Yes
Jul 23, 1977 Dalihagh, A.; Hamad, K. [46231] Iraq K000938660 Yes
Jan 12, 1962 Guest, E. [2706] Iraq K000938659 Yes
Jan 1, 1959 Jacquemont [1776] Indian Subcontinent K000687090 Unknown Type Material Yes
Koie, M. [2306] Afghanistan K002459869 Yes
Davis [46778] Türkiye K002459982 Yes
[s.n.] Austria K002458983 Yes
Thomas [s.n.] Switzerland K002458816 Yes
Rodin, L.; Lebedev, D. [2522] Russia K002458809 Yes
Schweiz [s.n.] Switzerland K002458821 Yes
Rechinger, K.H. [19314] Afghanistan K002459967 Yes
Bor, N.L. [9811] India K002751033 Yes
Webster, G.L.; Nasir, E. [6431] India K002751039 Yes
Marshall, E.S. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458805 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [4] France K002458840 Yes
[1817] France K002458877 Yes
[2362] Albania K002458972 Yes
Gilliat-Smith, B. [2105] Iran K002459937 Yes
Santapau, H. [6752] Pakistan K002459977 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458975 Yes
May, G. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458800 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] India K002751035 Yes
s.coll. [2609] Afghanistan K002459962 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458900 Yes
Guichard, K.M. [T/170/60] Türkiye K002459883 Yes
[7/73] Montenegro K002458964 Yes
{Griffith} [1013] Afghanistan K002459971 Yes
Hohenacker, R.F. [s.n.] K002459913 Yes
[1531a] Greece K002458917 Yes
Podpera, J.; Sirjaev, G. [s.n.] K002458858 Yes
Brummitt, R.K. [19054] France K002458841 Yes
Edmondson, J.R. [682] Iran K002460000 Yes
[100] Greece K002458920 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458884 Yes
s.coll. [3372] Pakistan K002459972 Yes
Al-Rawi, A.; Serhang [23965] Iraq K002459861 Yes
[1704] France K002458874 Yes
Davis, P.H.; Coode, M.J.E.; Yaltirik, F. [D38450] Türkiye K002459866 Yes
Furse, P. [8895] Iran K002459927 Yes
Clarke, C.B. [6064] India K002751019 Yes
Vasak, V. [s.n.] Armenia K002459911 Yes
[L259] Greece K002458914 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K002458824 Yes
Bor, N.L. [16457] India K002751030 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K002458820 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458887 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458878 Yes
{Aucher-Éloy} [4597] K002459946 Yes
[18296] Greece K002458919 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Azerbaijan K002459916 Yes
Jackson, A.B.; Fraser, J. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458791 Yes
[s.n.] Italy K002458940 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Syria K000687142 Type Yes
[[16]] France K002458894 Yes
[s.n.] Bosnia and Herzegovina K002458959 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K002458818 Yes
Furse, P. [3896] Türkiye K002459873 Yes
Drummond, J.R. [23136] India K002751032 Yes
Furse, P. [4027] Türkiye K002459871 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K002751252 Yes
Clarke, C.B. [23074B] India K002751007 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458881 Yes
{MacKee} [45624] Switzerland K002458813 Yes
Rechinger, K.H. [49002] Iran K002459929 Yes
Archibald, J.C. [3030] Iran K002459928 Yes
[130] Albania K002458974 Yes
[illeligible] [s.n.] Belgium K002458830 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K002750189 Yes
Furse, P. [4019] Türkiye K002459872 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458893 Yes
{Holmberg; Holmberg, O.R.} [s.n.] K002459875 Yes
Haussknecht, C. [s.n.] Iran K002459952 Yes
[241] France K002458905 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K002458861 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458876 Yes
Steven [s.n.] K002459877 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458792 Yes
[Netshat] [4737] India K000687088 Unknown Type Material Yes
Radde [s.n.] Azerbaijan K002459881 Yes
[s.n.] Romania K002458948 Yes
[[17]] Croatia K002458956 Yes
[12313] France K002458883 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458798 Yes
[Bar Seithner] [s.n.] Austria K002458852 Yes
[illeligible] [438/1] Austria K002458854 Yes
[illeligible] [s.n.] K002458869 Yes
Oldham, R. [1052] K002750508 Yes
Davis, P.H.; Hedge, I.C. [D32502] Türkiye K002459989 Yes
[Sundermann] [11099] K002751248 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458882 Yes
Rawi, A.; Serhang, I. [26633] Iraq K002459862 Yes
Prains, D. [LXX] India K002751029 Yes
Fraser, J. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458795 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [2759] United Kingdom K002458802 Yes
{Christy} [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458788 Yes
Davis, P.H.; Hedge, I.C. [D31959] Türkiye K002459986 Yes
[s.n.] Montenegro K002458910 Yes
[Carter, J.E.] [645] Afghanistan K002459919 Yes
Janka [s.n.] Bulgaria K000697436 Unknown Type Material Yes
Gunkel, E.; Goldner [s.n.] Germany K002458846 Yes
[s.n.] Greece K002458925 Yes
Meebold, A. [s.n.] Germany K002458833 Yes
Kotschy, T. [331] Lebanon K000687143 Isotype Yes
Gilliat-Smith, B. [2105] Iran K002459941 Yes
[Saytr, J.] [86] Iraq K002459924 Yes
[66] Montenegro K002458963 Yes
Schimper, W. [290] Arabian Peninsula K000687145 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [610] K002751038 Yes
Feus, G. [s.n.] Austria K002458851 Yes
Raciborski, M. [157] Poland K002458844 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458906 Yes
[[17]] Bosnia and Herzegovina K002458962 Yes
Joad, G.C. [s.n.] Switzerland K002458825 Yes
{Polak, J.E.; Th. Piohler} [s.n.] Iran K002459948 Yes
Regel, A. [s.n.] Turkmenistan K002750179 Yes
[11943] Bulgaria K002458954 Yes
[H1979] France K002458896 Yes
[s.n.] Italy K002458939 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458981 Yes
[s.n.] Greece K002458928 Yes
Hooker, J.D.; Hanbury, D. [s.n.] Syria K002459918 Yes
Kotschy, C.G.T. [209] K002459914 Yes
Sintenis, P. [1478] K002459867 Yes
[s.n.] K002458955 Yes
[s.n.] Serbia K002458970 Yes
Fedtschenko [s.n.] K002459882 Yes
[281] Kosovo K002458968 Yes
Davis; Dodds; Cetik [20624B] Türkiye K002459985 Yes
[174] Albania K002458973 Yes
[s.n.] Bosnia and Herzegovina K002458945 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Russia K002458807 Yes
Furse, P. [8801] Afghanistan K002459957 Yes
Lowne, B.T. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002751255 Yes
Sayer, J. [84] Iraq K002459931 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458907 Yes
Stearn, W.T. [s.n.] K002458856 Yes
[41] Greece K002458924 Yes
[99] Greece K002458927 Yes
Strauss, T. [s.n.] Iran K002459938 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458785 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K002458870 Yes
[s.n.] Bulgaria K002458952 Yes
[[18]] Romania K002458950 Yes
ACE [924] China K002750554 Yes
[s.n.] Montenegro K002458911 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K002459998 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K002458823 Yes
[Hay, W.R.] [446] Afghanistan K002459970 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458886 Yes
[s.n.] Greece K002458918 Yes
[1088] Serbia K002458971 Yes
[19634] France K002458892 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K002751249 Yes
[166] France K002458904 Yes
Siddiqi, M.A.; Ali, Z. [4163] Pakistan K002751037 Yes
Davis, P.H.; Hedge, I.C. [D31959] Türkiye K002459987 Yes
Marshall, E.P. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458799 Yes
Furse, P. [3262] Iran K002459917 Yes
Lindsay, N. [1379] Iran K002751254 Yes
Fischer [s.n.] K002458866 Yes
[s.n.] Greece K002458912 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458879 Yes
Schimper, W. [290] Arabian Peninsula K000687144 Type Yes
Bornmüller, J. [3805] Iran K002459940 Yes
[s.n.] Italy K002458941 Yes
Aitchison, J.E.T. [s.n.] Afghanistan K002459964 Yes
Furuse, M. [11734] Japan K002750553 Yes
Haussknecht, H.C. [s.n.] K002459949 Yes
Edmondson, J.R. [797] Iran K002459925 Yes
Murray, R.N. [s.n.] Switzerland K002458819 Yes
[s.n.] Romania K002458949 Yes
[s.n.] Romania K002458947 Yes
Davis; Polunin, O. [23992] Türkiye K002459990 Yes
[s.n.] Greece K002458921 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K002458811 Yes
Rechinger, K.H.; Rechinger, F. [6076] Iran K002459930 Yes
[s.n.] Italy K002458936 Yes
H.J. [556] India K002751014 Yes
Townsend, C.C. [85/612] K002459981 Yes
[s.n.] Italy K002458979 Yes
Ray, J. [468] United Kingdom K002458787 Yes
Schultz, F. [s.n.] Germany K002458829 Yes
[s.n.] Slovenia K002458985 Yes
[[18]] K002458943 Yes
[47648A] France K002458901 Yes
{Aucher-Éloy} [4600] K002459870 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458899 Yes
J.A.W. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458794 Yes
Bornmüller, J. [3805] Iran K002459939 Yes
Furse, P. [3453] Iran K002459933 Yes
Janka [s.n.] Bulgaria K000697437 Unknown Type Material Yes
Rechinger, K.H. [37452] Afghanistan K002459969 Yes
Crookshank, H. [307] Iran K002459976 Yes
[s.n.] Croatia K002458957 Yes
[s.n.] Italy K002458937 Yes
Kozlovsky, V.; Grossheim, A.; Schischkin, B. [s.n.] Georgia K002459995 Yes
Hohenacker, R.F. [s.n.] K002459879 Yes
Al-Rawi, A.; Serhang [24212] Iraq K002459864 Yes
[37] France K002458885 Yes
RCHB, L. [3086] K002458868 Yes
Davis; Dodds [20993] Türkiye K002459988 Yes
Schulz, F. [s.n.] K002458867 Yes
s.coll. [586] K002750180 No
[281] North Macedonia K002458966 Yes
Strauss, T. [s.n.] Iran K002459945 Yes
Gilliat-Smith, B. [2105] Iran K002459936 Yes
Wood, J.J. [173] India K002751028 Yes
Kotschy, C.G.T.; Hohenacker, R.F. [s.n.] Iran K002459944 Yes
[s.n.] K002458946 Yes
[[P132]] Greece K002458926 Yes
[1704] France K002458873 Yes
Rechinger, K.H. [11808] Iraq K002459860 Yes
[[18]] Slovenia K002458908 Yes
[[18]] Romania K002458944 Yes
[s.n.] Italy K002458978 Yes
[2916] Bosnia and Herzegovina K002458960 Yes
[s.n.] Greece K002458931 Yes
Wallich [s.n.] Nepal K000687091 Isotype Yes
[s.n.] Greece K002458922 Yes
Davis, P.H. [16177] Türkiye K002459912 Yes
Duthie, J.F. [2943] India K002751008 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K002458812 Yes
Riddell, A.J.; Lee, M.; Hounsell, P.G. [24] Türkiye K002459984 Yes
Bor, N.L. [s.n.] India K002751034 Yes
Rechinger, K.H. [17511] Afghanistan K002459966 Yes
Bourgeau, E. [615] Spain K002458836 Yes
Last, G.V.C. [245/2] K002751251 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458889 Yes
Golde, D. [s.n.] Russia K002458808 Yes
Gilliat-Smith, B. [2105] Iran K002459942 Yes
s.coll. [382] K002459909 Yes
Sintenis, P. [3186] Armenia K002459994 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K002458862 Yes
Holuby, F. [s.n.] Hungary K002458849 Yes
s.coll. [4014] Iran K002459973 Yes
Deane, H. [s.n.] Pakistan K002751001 Yes
Bor, N.L. [14967] India K002751031 Yes
[4211] France K002458902 Yes
Sintenis, P. [473] Iran K002459922 Yes
[s.n.] Austria K002458984 Yes
[[16]] France K002458898 Yes
Al-Rawi, A.; Serhang [24015] Iraq K002459863 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K002458822 Yes
{Borrer} [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458793 Yes
[L. Clurnet] [1224] K002750509 Yes
[s.n.] Greece K002458933 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Austria K002458853 Yes
Bornmüller, J. [3803] Iran K002459955 Yes
Duthie, J.F. [11915] India K002751040 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K002458815 Yes
Rawi, A.; Serhang, I. [24154] Iraq K002459865 Yes
{Sintenis} [1477] K002459993 Yes
[s.n.] Serbia K002458969 Yes
Smoljaninova, L. [s.n.] K002459915 Yes
[s.n.] Greece K002458916 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [4] France K002458839 Yes
Crookshank, H. [354] Iran K002459975 Yes
[s.n.] Greece K002458930 Yes
Sower [98546] K002458834 Yes
Rawi, A.; Serhang, I. [24693] Iraq K002459859 Yes
Podpera, J.; Sirjaev, G. [1] K002458857 Yes
[[181]] Montenegro K002458913 Yes
[s.n.] Italy K002458980 Yes
Gilliat-Smith, B. [2105] Iran K002459943 Yes
Furse, P. [8635] Afghanistan K002459956 Yes
Brigger [s.n.] K002458865 Yes
[s.n.] Greece K002458932 Yes
Podlech, D. [18888] Afghanistan K002459965 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458897 Yes
Podlech, D. [18895] Afghanistan K002459920 Yes
[s.n.] Croatia K002458958 Yes
[s.n.] Croatia K002458982 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458903 Yes
[16] France K002458880 Yes
Clementi [s.n.] K002458863 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458789 Yes
{Jaeschke, H.A. (Rev.)} [80] India K002751036 Yes
Hay, W.R. [345] Afghanistan K002459958 Yes
[s.n.] Italy K002458938 Yes
[261] Montenegro K002458965 Yes
Kümmerle, J.B.; Jávorka, S. [s.n.] Hungary K002458847 Yes
Hay, W.R. [446] Afghanistan K002459959 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458872 Yes
Crookshank, H. [362] Iran K002459974 Yes
[298] North Macedonia K002458967 Yes
Rechinger, K.H. [1537] Iran K002459934 Yes
[168/27] France K002458895 Yes
[illegible] [s.n.] Afghanistan K002459960 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [26232] Germany K002458828 Yes
Haussknecht, C. [s.n.] K002459951 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K002458817 Yes
Archibald, J.C. [2860] Iran K002459926 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458977 Yes
[s.n.] K002458942 Yes
Anderson, B. [1540] Iran K002459923 Yes
{Aucher-Éloy} [3727] K002459876 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458976 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458888 Yes
Dorfler, M. [s.n.] Austria K002458850 Yes
{Freyer} [s.n.] Austria K002459878 Yes
[s.n.] Bosnia and Herzegovina K002458961 Yes
[s.n.] Serbia K002458909 Yes
Chapman, F.S. [27] China K002751054 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Türkiye K002459997 Yes
Heideman, T.; Beideman, I. [s.n.] Azerbaijan K002459880 Yes
[R. aldham] [234] K002750510 Yes
{Stapf} [3636] Iran K002459935 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458875 Yes
[s.n.] Greece K002458929 Yes
Conway, W.M. [164] Indian Subcontinent K000687089 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002458797 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Armenia K000687148 Type Yes
Kaiser, A. [671] Egypt K002459921 Yes
[s.n.] Serbia K002458951 Yes
Sintenis, P. [3188] Armenia K002459868 Yes
{Al. Bunge; Lehmann, A.} [527] K002459910 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Armenia K000687147 Type Yes
Balansa, B. [1381] Türkiye K002459991 Yes
Fetherton, F. [s.n.] Germany K002458832 Yes
Davis; Polunin, O. [24531] Türkiye K002459999 Yes
s.coll. [1108] K002459983 Yes
[N. T. Samsmith] [5417] Spain K002458837 Yes
Sintenis, P. [72696] Armenia K002459996 Yes
Kotschy, C.G.T.; Hohenacker, R.F. [575] K002459947 Yes
Kolakovsky, A. [s.n.] Georgia K002459992 Yes
Janka [s.n.] K002458864 Yes
Rechinger, K.H.; Rechinger, F. [5864] Iran K002459932 Yes
[s.n.] K002458953 Yes
Haussknecht, C. [s.n.] Iraq K002459950 Yes
[[6]] Greece K002458923 Yes
Rechinger, K.H. [31482] Afghanistan K002459968 Yes
{Aucher-Éloy} [4596] K002459953 Yes
Furse, P. [3942] Türkiye K002459874 Yes
[s.n.] France K002458890 Yes
Schimper, W. [290] Arabian Peninsula K000687146 Unknown Type Material Yes
[s.n.] France K002458891 Yes
s.coll. [2609] Afghanistan K002459963 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images