Lamiaceae
Gmelina

Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm.

First published in A.Rees, Cycl. 16: n.° 4 (1810)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Pakistan to China (S. Yunnan) and N. Indo-China. It is a tree and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. It is used as animal food and a medicine, has environmental uses and for fuel and food.

Distribution

Native to:

Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China South-Central, East Himalaya, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam

Introduced into:

Belize, Benin, Borneo, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Florida, Gambia, Guatemala, Guinea, Malaya, Mexico Southeast, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Windward Is.

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  • Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
  • Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
  • Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Davidse, G. & al. (eds.) (2012). Flora Mesoamericana 4(2): 1-533. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
  • Fernandes, R. & Diniz, M.A. (2005). Avicenniaceae, Nesogenaceae, Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae (subfams, Viticoideae and Ajugoideae). Flora Zambesiaca 8(7): 1-161. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Franck, A.R., Anderson, L.C., Burkhalter, J.R. & Dickman, S. (2016). Additions to the flora of Florida, U.S.A. (2010-2015). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 10: 175-190.
  • Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
  • Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2015). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Volumen VIII. Dicotyledóneas (Sabiaceae-Zygophyllaceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 131: 1-657. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
  • Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
  • Rajbhandari, K.R., Rai, S.K. & Chhetri, R. (2022). A Handbook of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 4: 1-522. Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  • Smith, A.C. (1991). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 5: 1-626. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
  • Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.
  • de Kok, R. (2012). A revision of the genus Gmelina (Lamiaceae). Kew Bulletin 67: 293-329.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Species Profiles

  • Economic potential of the rainforests (Kew factsheet).
  • Lamb, A.F.A. (Comp.) (1978). Fast-growing timber trees of the lowland tropics: No.1. Gmelina arborea. University of Oxford, Commonwealth Forestry Institute.
  • Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (1993). Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1): Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Pudoc, Wageningen.
  • Tewari, D.N. (1995). A monograph on GAMARI ( Gmelina arborea Roxb.). Dehra Dun: International Book Distributors. 125p.

Flora Zambesiaca

  • Biegel, Check-list Ornam. Pl. Rhod. Parks & Gard. [Rhodesia Agric. J., Research Report No. 3]: 58 (1977).
  • Bothalia 10 , 3: 496 (1971).
  • Brenan, Check-list For. Trees Shrubs Tang. Terr.: 639 (1949).
  • F.T.E.A., Verbenaceae: 2 (1992).
  • F.W.T.A., ed. 2, 2 : 432 (1963).
  • J.H. Ross, Fl. Natal: 300 (1972).
  • Rev. Fl. Ceylon 4 : 390 (1983).
  • White, For. Fl. N. Rhod.: 368 (1962).

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • (2023). https://sbocc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Carnets-botaniques-n°143.pdf. epublication.
  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  • Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
  • Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Davidse, G. & al. (eds.) (2012). Flora Mesoamericana 4(2): 1-533. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
  • Franck, A.R., Anderson, L.C., Burkhalter, J.R. & Dickman, S. (2016). Additions to the flora of Florida, U.S.A. (2010-2015). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 10: 175-190.
  • Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
  • Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
  • Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.
  • de Kok, R. (2012). A revision of the genus Gmelina (Lamiaceae). Kew Bulletin 67: 293-329.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
  • Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Jansen, P., Lemmens, R., Oyen, L., Siemonsma, J., Stavast, F. & Van Valkenburg, J. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Basic list of species and commodity grouping. Final version. Pudoc, Wageningen.
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Ulian, T., Sacandé, M., Hudson, A., & Mattana, E. (2017). Conservation of indigenous plants to support community livelihoods: the MGU–Useful Plants Project. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 60:668-683.
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jan 1, 2010 Hosseus, C.C. [476] Thailand K001052754 Yes
Jan 1, 2010 Hansen, B.; Smitinand, T. [12952] Thailand K001052752 Yes
Jan 1, 2010 Kerr, A.F.G. [540] Thailand K001052758 Yes
Jan 1, 2010 Kostermans, A. [85] Thailand K001052755 Yes
Jan 1, 2010 Kerr, A.F.G. [2331] Thailand K001052759 Yes
Jan 1, 2010 Kerr, A.F.G. [20965] Laos K001052756 Yes
Jan 1, 2010 Kerr, A.F.G. [20271] Thailand K001052753 Yes
Jan 1, 2010 Bunpheng, D. [26234] Thailand K001052757 Yes
Dec 1, 2006 Gardner, S. [STO127] Thailand K001052751 Yes
Inayat [22451] India K005015362 Yes
Morton, J.K. [GC8581] Ghana K005015509 Yes
Ross, A.F. [R13] Nigeria K005015515 Yes
Pilz, G.E. [1899] Nigeria K005015514 Yes
Ern, H.; Hein, B.; Pircher, A. [197] Togo K005015513 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Tanzania K005015558 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Tanzania K005015559 Yes
[illegible] [22451/C] India K001617445 Yes
Reekmans, M. [7390] Burundi K005015562 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Kenya K005015554 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K005015567 Yes
van der Schyff, H.P. [6049] K005015563 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Tanzania K005015560 Yes
Styles, B.T. [118] Uganda K005015551 Yes
Baker, R.St.B. [s.n.] Kenya K005015556 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K005015565 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K005015564 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Tanzania K005015557 Yes
Salubeni, A.J. [911] Malawi K005015569 Yes
Phillips, E. [2773] Malawi K005015568 Yes
Deighton, F.C. [1059] Sierra Leone K005015517 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K005015570 Yes
Akpabla, G.K. [1905] K005015512 Yes
Emwiogbon, J.A. [FHI34044] Nigeria K005015508 Yes
Jeffery, G.W. [820] Kenya K005015555 Yes
Morton, J.K. [SL753] K005015506 Yes
Stubbings, H.G. [154] Nigeria K005015511 Yes
Greenway, P.J. [3571] Tanzania K005015561 Yes
Baker, R.St.B. [s.n.] Kenya K005015553 Yes
Deighton, F.C. [1059] Sierra Leone K005015516 Yes
Olorunfemi, J. [FHI43897] Nigeria K005015507 Yes
Morton, J.K. [8581] Ghana K005015510 Yes
van der Maesen, L.J.G.; Akoegninou, A.; Yédomonhan, P.; Agbani, P. [7145] K005015518 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K005015566 Yes
Styles, B.T. [118] Uganda K005015552 Yes
[illegible] [s.n.] Gmelina rheedei K005015375 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora Zambesiaca

    • Flora Zambesiaca
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Kew Species Profiles

    • Kew Species Profiles
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0