Asteraceae
Sonchus

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

First published in Herb. Brit. 1: 47 (1769)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Temp. Eurasia, N. Africa to Sahel and Somalia. It is an annual and grows primarily in the temperate biome. It is used as a medicine and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Altay, Amur, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Burkina, Buryatiya, Cameroon, Canary Is., Central European Russia, Chad, Chita, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Gulf States, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Irkutsk, Italy, Kazakhstan, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Krasnoyarsk, Kriti, Krym, Kuril Is., Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Guinea, Nigeria, North Caucasus, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Norway, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Romania, Sakhalin, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Selvagens, Senegal, Sicilia, Sinai, Somalia, South European Russia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Tuva, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, West Siberia, Yakutskiya, Yemen, Yugoslavia

Introduced into:

Alabama, Alaska, Alberta, Angola, Antipodean Is., Arizona, Arkansas, Assam, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Bermuda, Bolivia, Botswana, British Columbia, California, Cape Provinces, Chatham Is., China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Colorado, Connecticut, Costa Rica, Delaware, District of Columbia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Falkland Is., Florida, Free State, Georgia, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Iceland, Idaho, Illinois, India, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Jamaica, Japan, Kansas, Kentucky, Korea, KwaZulu-Natal, Leeward Is., Lesotho, Louisiana, Madagascar, Maine, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mauritius, Mexican Pacific Is., Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Mozambique, Namibia, Nebraska, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Newfoundland, Nicaragua, Norfolk Is., North Dakota, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Panamá, Paraguay, Pennsylvania, Prince Edward I., Puerto Rico, Queensland, Québec, Rhode I., Rodrigues, Réunion, Saskatchewan, Society Is., South Australia, South Carolina, South Dakota, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tasmania, Tennessee, Texas, Tibet, Tonga, Tristan da Cunha, Uruguay, Utah, Venezuela, Vermont, Victoria, Vietnam, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Western Australia, Windward Is., Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yukon, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Accepted Infraspecifics

Classification

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PAFTOL

Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Aver'ianov, L.V. & al. (2006). Illyustrirovannyi opredelitel' rastenii Leningradskoi oblasti: 1-799. Nauka, Moskva.
  • Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
  • Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2020). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4(1): 1-904. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1992). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 6: 1-428. Nauka, Leningrad.
  • Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
  • Komiljon, T., Natalya, B., Avazbek, B., Dilnoza, A., Ziyoviddin, Y., Deng, T. & Sun, H. (2020). Flora of the Dzhizak Province, Uzbekistan: 1-523. China Forestry Publishing House.
  • Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
  • Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
  • Krasnoborov, I.M. (ed.) (2007). Flora of Siberia 13: 1-499. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Liogier, A.H. (1996). Flora de la Española 8: 1-588. Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo.
  • Mao, A.A., Sinha, B.K., Verma, D. & Sarma, N. (2016). Check-List of Flora of Meghalaya: 1-273. Meghalaya Biodiversity Board, Shillong.
  • Meades, S.J. & Brouillet, L. (2019). Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Newfoundland and Labrador https://newfoundland-labradorflora.ca/checklist/.
  • Mehboob-ur-Rahman (2012). Wild plants of Swat, Pakistan 1: 1-281. Department of botany, govt. Jehanzeb post graduate college.
  • Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.
  • Muer, T., Sauerbier, H. & Cabrara Calixto, F. (2020). Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Madeiras: 1-792. Verlag und Versandbuchhandlung Andreas Kleinsteuber.
  • Nikolin, E.G. (2020). Opredelitel' vysshikh rasteniy Yakutii: 1-895. Moskva : Tovarishchestvo Nauchnykh Izdaniy KMK Novosibirsk "Nauka".
  • Nowak, A. & Nobis, M. (eds.) (2020). Illustrated Flora of Tajikistan and adjacent areas 1: 1-366. PAN, Polish academy of sciences.
  • Roskov Y. & al. (eds.) (2018). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands.
  • Sarder, N.U. & Hassan, M.A. (eds.) (2018). Vascular flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts 3: 1-978. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.
  • Schäfer, H. (2021). Flora of the Azores a field guide: 1-445. Margraf Publishers GmbH.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Zhao, Y.Z., Zhao, L.Q. & Rui, C. (eds.) (2019). Flora Intramongolica, edition 3, 5: 1-451. Typis Intramongolicae popularis, Huhhot.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Flora of Iraq

  • Anthony in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 292 (1935)
  • Boissier, Fl. Orient. 3: 796 (1875)
  • Boulos & Hind in Fl. Egypt 3: 311 (2002)
  • Boulos in Bot. Not. 126: 164 (1973)
  • Chaudhary, Fl. Kingd. Saudi Arabia 2(3): 243 (2000)
  • Dinsmore in Post, Fl. Syria, Palest. & Sinai ed. 2, 2: 144 (1933)
  • Ghafoor in Fl. Pakistan 222: 237, f. 21A–D (2017).
  • Hill, Herb. Brit. 1: 47 (1769)
  • Kirpichnikov in Fl. S.S.S.R. 29: 256 (1964)
  • Matthews in Fl. Turkey 5: 691 (1975)
  • Meikle, Fl. Cyprus 2: 1037 (1985)
  • Rawi in Dep. Agr. Iraq Tech. Bull. 14: 125 (1964)
  • Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 122: 164 (1977)
  • Rechinger, Fl. Lowland Iraq: 678 (1964)
  • Zohary in Dep. Agr. Iraq Bull. 31: 159 (1950)

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • (2020). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26958715. epublication.
  • Aver'ianov, L.V. & al. (2006). Illyustrirovannyi opredelitel' rastenii Leningradskoi oblasti: 1-799. Nauka, Moskva.
  • Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
  • Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2020). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4(1): 1-904. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1992). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 6: 1-428. Nauka, Leningrad.
  • Krasnoborov, I.M. (ed.) (2007). Flora of Siberia 13: 1-499. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Liogier, A.H. (1996). Flora de la Española 8: 1-588. Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo.
  • Mao, A.A., Sinha, B.K., Verma, D. & Sarma, N. (2016). Check-List of Flora of Meghalaya: 1-273. Meghalaya Biodiversity Board, Shillong.
  • Meades, S.J. & Brouillet, L. (2019). Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Newfoundland and Labrador https://newfoundland-labradorflora.ca/checklist/.
  • Sarder, N.U. & Hassan, M.A. (eds.) (2018). Vascular flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts 3: 1-978. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Zhao, Y.Z., Zhao, L.Q. & Rui, C. (eds.) (2019). Flora Intramongolica, edition 3, 5: 1-451. Typis Intramongolicae popularis, Huhhot.

Flora of Somalia

  • Flora Somalia, (2000) Author: by H. Beentje [updated by M. Thulin 2008]

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
  • Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jan 1, 2024 Sendulsky, T. [429] Brazil K000218243 No
Jan 1, 2024 Pirani, J.R. [2591] Brazil K000218244 No
Jan 1, 2024 Sendulsky, T. Brazil K000218242 No
Jul 2, 2023 Furse, P. [6193] Afghanistan K001639740 Yes
Jul 2, 2023 Gillett [7863] Iraq K001639741 Yes
Feb 7, 2023 Syngrassides, A. [1032] Cyprus K001639738 Yes
Feb 7, 2023 Syngrassides, A. [1032] Cyprus K001639743 Yes
Jan 1, 1962 Hoval, F.R. [H1849] United Kingdom K001639739 Yes
Jan 1, 1962 Turrill, W.B. [s.n.] United Kingdom K001639742 Yes
Jan 1, 1956 Brenan, J.P.M. [9582] Cameroon K000027692 No
Jan 1, 1953 Boughey, A.S. [7032] Cameroon K000027691 No
Jan 1, 1844 Gunn, R. [845] Australia K001790609 Yes
Schultz [s.n.] Luxembourg K002101649 No
Hubbard, C.E. [13062] United Kingdom K002101560 No
Meyer [[433]] Germany K002101653 No
Turrill, W.B. [C] United Kingdom K002101564 No
Turrill, W.B.; Hubbard, C.E. [11861] United Kingdom K002101582 No
Fraser, J. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101573 No
Butler, F. [s.n.] Italy K002101625 No
Pitcher; Lowne, B.T. [s.n.] Croatia K002101646 No
Eggeling, W.J. [7053] United Kingdom K002101667 No
Saavedra, M.M.; Forzza, R.C.; Ferreira, F.M.; Ribeiro, R.D.; Avelar, M.G. [345] Brazil K001100160 Yes
Gay, J.; Weicker, M. [1665] Germany K002101654 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K002101724 No
Whiting, M.M. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101664 No
Hosking, A. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101577 No
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101670 No
Talbot, H.F. [1840] K001100159 Yes
Marsden-Jones, E.M.; Turrill, W.B. [427] United Kingdom K002101592 No
Heldreich, T.H.H. [1262] Greece K002101723 No
Lowe, R,, T. [860] K000251845 Unknown Type Material Yes
Davy, J.B. [19071] United Kingdom K002101613 No
Forsyth-Major, C.I. [H 292] France K002101651 No
Summerhayes, V.S. [1356] United Kingdom K002101597 No
Lousley, J.E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101617 No
Cope, T.A. [RBG 106] United Kingdom K000914420 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [2422] United Kingdom K002101562 No
Heldreich, T.H.H. [s.n.] Greece K002101719 No
Brenan, J.P.M. [6986] K002101675 No
Thomas [s.n.] Switzerland K002101639 No
Ringselle, G.A. [s.n.] Sweden K002101636 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K002101674 No
Rogers, F.A. [912] United Kingdom K002101607 No
Turrill, W.B. [C] United Kingdom K002101565 No
[Shullt] [s.n.] France K002101708 No
Jackson, A.B.; Cowan, M. [[1081 C]] United Kingdom K002101665 No
Burtt, B.L. [B249] United Kingdom K002101620 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Greece K002101721 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Greece K002101722 No
Gandoger, M. [s.n.] Greece K002101657 No
Burtt, B.L. [B249] United Kingdom K002101619 No
Fraser, J. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101574 No
Todaro [1288] Italy K002101627 No
Hubbard, C.E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101610 No
Lewis, G. [s.n.] Spain K002101631 No
Pruitz [s.n.] K002101634 No
Turrill, W.B. [[F]] United Kingdom K002101568 No
Cope, T.A. [RBG 63] United Kingdom K000914424 Yes
Lowe, R,, T. [548] K000378794 Unknown Type Material Yes
Turrill, W.B. [[A]] United Kingdom K002101570 No
Gay, J.; Cretic; Sieber [s.n.] Greece K002101659 No
Sprague, T.A.; Airy Shaw, H.K. [9] United Kingdom K002101588 No
[?] [139] United Kingdom K002101584 No
Turrill, W.B. [[A]] United Kingdom K002101569 No
Pichler [s.n.] Croatia K002101645 No
Thurston, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101590 No
Atchley, S.C. [1986] Greece K002101720 No
Ingoldby, C.M. [129] Greece K002101717 No
[?]; Lousley, J.E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101614 No
Gratz; Prior, A. [[755/8]] Austria K002101644 No
Campbell, D.G. [8] United Kingdom K002101557 No
Gladstone, J. [46] United Kingdom K002101666 No
Sprague, T.A.; Airy Shaw, H.K. [5] United Kingdom K002101583 No
s.coll. [364] Russia K002101630 No
Ballard, F.; Hubbard, C.E. [136] United Kingdom K002101585 No
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101593 No
Lowe, R.T. [861] K000378792 Unknown Type Material Yes
Wright, C.A. [369 B] Malta K002101629 No
Hubbard, C.E.; Sprague, T.A. [31] United Kingdom K002101595 No
Todaro [1288] Italy K002101628 No
Wolley-Dod, A.H. [1892] Spain K002101632 No
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101673 No
Jackson, A.B.; Jackson, A.K. [139] Jersey K002101662 No
Heath, A. and R. [1845] Botswana K001635737 No
Ruhsam, M. [DMR105] United Kingdom K001767957 Yes
JDH [s.n.] Australia K001730250 Yes
Airy Shaw, H.K.; Nelmes, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101611 No
Sprague, T.A.; Airy Shaw, H.K. [1] United Kingdom K002101587 No
Platt, J.W.O. [551] Greece K002101716 No
Horwood, A.R. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101558 No
Hepper, F.N. [4239] Greece K002101658 No
Samuelsson, G.; Asplund, E.; Hultén, E. [1607] Sweden K002101633 No
Citarda [784] Italy K002101711 No
Alston, A.H.G.; Sandwith, N.Y. [1292] Albania K002101712 No
Tedd [2234] K002101640 No
Lowe, R.T. [861] K000251844 Unknown Type Material Yes
Turrill, W.B. [E] United Kingdom K002101566 No
Lowe, R.T. [861] K000378793 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101668 No
Sprague, T.A.; Airy Shaw, H.K. [7] United Kingdom K002101608 No
Gamble, J.S. [27611] United Kingdom K002101594 No
Hepper, F.N. [128] United Kingdom K002101671 No
Riddelsdell, H.J. [[34]] United Kingdom K002101578 No
Bruce, E.A. [22] United Kingdom K002101609 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K002101638 No
Sprague, T.A.; Airy Shaw, H.K. [7] United Kingdom K002101589 No
France, S. [s.n.] France K002101710 No
Hepper, F.N. [9973] France K002101650 No
s.coll. [H 40] Greece K002101655 No
Ballard, F.; Milne-Redhead, R. [327] United Kingdom K002101561 No
Summerhayes, V.S. [1356] United Kingdom K002101586 No
Salisbury, E.J. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101616 No
Lloyd, G.L. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101602 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Jersey K002101660 No
Ricketts, V. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101598 No
Burtt, B.L. [B248] United Kingdom K002101618 No
Thurston, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101591 No
Ingoldby, C.M. [190] Greece K002101715 No
Tedd [2234] K002101641 No
Preston, T.A. [s.n.] Brazil K001100162 Yes
Turrill, W.B. [D] United Kingdom K002101563 No
Turrill, W.B. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101575 No
Whiting, M.M. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101581 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Jersey K002101661 No
Bredemann, G.; Nieser, O. [[755]] Germany K002101652 No
Turrill, W.B.; Hubbard, C.E. [11861] United Kingdom K002101571 No
Last, G.V.C. [427/3] United Kingdom K002101605 No
Robinson, E.A. [904] Zambia K000251863 Type Yes
Joad, G.C. [s.n.] Italy K002101626 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Greece K002101718 No
Last, G.V.C. [427/3] United Kingdom K002101604 No
Horwood, A.R. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101576 No
Ross, B.; Cràig; Sealy, J.R. [1713] Ireland K002101663 No
Balls, E.K.; Gourlay, W.B. [B 3746] Greece K002101656 No
Ahlberg, F. [s.n.] K002101635 No
Haussknecht, C. [s.n.] Greece K002101714 No
[K. Saville] [24] United Kingdom K002101599 No
Turrill, W.B. [D.] United Kingdom K002101567 No
s.coll. [1733] United Kingdom K002101559 No
Lombardi, J.A.; Morais, P.O. [2684] Brazil K001100161 Yes
Fraser, J. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101572 No
[Lady Donie] [17] Italy K002101624 No
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101596 No
Fiori, Adr.; Béguinot, A. [2592] Italy K002101622 No
s.coll. [s.n.] France K002101709 No
Ballard, F.; Milne-Redhead, G. [327] United Kingdom K002101579 No
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101672 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K002101725 No
Airy Shaw, H.K.; Nelmes, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101612 No
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101606 No
Tedd, H.G. [2216] Greece K002101713 No
Hepper, F.N. [547] United Kingdom K002101669 No
s.coll. [K4557] K002101621 No
Last, G.V.C. [427/3] United Kingdom K002101603 No
[Bluter] [s.n.] Switzerland K002101637 No
Gregor, A.G. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101580 No
Little, J.E. [981] United Kingdom K002101615 No
Schur [2341] Austria K002101643 No
[Staltz] [s.n.] France K002101707 No
Fiori, Adr.; Béguinot, A. [2591] Italy K002101623 No
Thurston, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002101600 No

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Iraq

    • Ghazanfar, S. A., Edmondson, J. R. (Eds). (2013-2019). Flora of Iraq, Volumes 5.1, 5.2 and 6.0. Kew Publishing
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Somalia

    • Flora of Somalia
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Plants and People Africa

    • Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
    • © Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0