Struchium sparganophorum (L.) Kuntze

First published in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 366 (1891)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is SE. Mexico to Tropical America. It is an annual and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. It is used as animal food and a medicine, has environmental uses and social uses and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Belize, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Mexico Southeast, Nicaragua, Panamá, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Windward Is.

Introduced into:

Andaman Is., Bangladesh, Benin, Borneo, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., India, Ivory Coast, Jawa, Madagascar, Malaya, Mali, Nicobar Is., Nigeria, Philippines, Samoa, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Thailand, Togo, Vietnam, Zaïre

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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PAFTOL

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Beentje, H.J. (2021). Flore du Gabon 56: 1-148. Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim; Meise Botanic Garden.
  • Chou, S., Chhnang, P. & Kim, Y. (2016). A Checklist for the Seed Plants of Cambodia: 1-272. National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.
  • Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
  • Kiew, R. & al. (eds.) (2021). Malayan Forest Records 49: 1-403.
  • Koyama, H., Bunwong, S., Pornpongrungrueng, P. & Hind, D.J.N. (2016). Flora of Thailand 13(2): 143-428. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
  • Pruski, J.F. (ed.) (2018). Flora Mesoamericana 5(2): 1-608. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
  • Robinson, H. & Funk, V. (2018). 190(1). Compositae-Vernonieae. Flora of Ecuador 94: 1-128. Gothenburg University.
  • Whistler, W.A. (2022). Flora of Samoa Flowering Plants: 1-930. National Tropical Botanicl Garden. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

An alternative taxonomy had been proposed by the following authorities:

  • Roskov Y. & al. (eds.) (2018). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. [Cited as Sparganophorus sparganophora.]

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • (2020). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26958715. epublication.
  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Beentje, H.J. (2021). Flore du Gabon 56: 1-148. Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim; Meise Botanic Garden.
  • Chou, S., Chhnang, P. & Kim, Y. (2016). A Checklist for the Seed Plants of Cambodia: 1-272. National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.
  • Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
  • Kiew, R. & al. (eds.) (2021). Malayan Forest Records 49: 1-403.
  • Liogier, A.H. (1996). Flora de la Española 8: 1-588. Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo.
  • Pruski, J.F. (ed.) (2018). Flora Mesoamericana 5(2): 1-608. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
  • Whistler, W.A. (2022). Flora of Samoa Flowering Plants: 1-930. National Tropical Botanicl Garden. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Aug 1, 2015 Awa, Dyg.; Paie, I. [S. 47456] Malaysia K001045441 Yes
Aug 1, 2015 Middleton, D.J., et al. [4317] Thailand K001045468 Yes
Aug 1, 2015 Paie, I. [S. 51808] Malaysia K001045443 Yes
Aug 1, 2015 Lee, B. [S. 55684] Malaysia K001045442 Yes
Aug 1, 2012 Gardner, G. [1045] Brazil K000054026 Unknown Type Material Yes
Jun 1, 2012 Burchell [1064] Brazil K000955107 Yes
Jun 1, 2012 Burchell, J.W. [3440] Brazil K000955106 Yes
Jun 1, 2012 Burchell [9376] Brazil K000955108 Yes
Dec 1, 2010 Etuge, M. [5157] Cameroon K000199820 Yes
Dec 1, 2010 Darbyshire, I. [212] Cameroon K000199819 Yes
Nov 1, 2008 Wright, C. [2783] Cuba K000373105 Type Yes
Nov 1, 2008 Gay, J. [332] K000373104 Unknown Type Material Yes
Oct 1, 2004 Souza, V.C.; Souza, J.P.; Scalon, V.R.; Romão, G.O.; Araújo, A.O. [24638] Brazil K000964331 Yes
Sep 1, 2001 Gardner, G. [1045] Brazil K000068407 Yes
Sep 1, 2001 Salzmann, P. [s.n.] Brazil K000068406 Yes
Jan 1, 1987 Anderson, A.B.; Strudwick, J.; Sobel, G.; Gonçalves, M.; Rosário, C.; Baia, R.; Vasconcelos, P.C.; Pinto, M.G. [1054] Brazil K000964332 Yes
Jan 1, 1987 Thomas, D.W. [2551] Cameroon K000051450 Yes
Jan 1, 1974 Lleras, E.; Steward, W.C.; Ongley, J.C.; Coelho, D.F.; et al. [P17082] Brazil K000964328 Yes
Jan 1, 1972 Maas, P.J.M.; Maas, H. [233] Brazil K000964329 Yes
Jan 1, 1969 Prance, G.T.; Rodrigues, W.A.; Ramos, J.F.; Farias, L.G. [8308] Brazil K000964334 Yes
Sep 1, 1962 S. Irwin, H.; Egler, W.A. [47539] Brazil K000964327 Yes
Sequeira, V. [15] Sao Tome and Principe K002546380 Yes
s.coll. [1498] Guinea-Bissau K002546304 No
Matuda, E. [s.n.] Mexico K002546413 Yes
Pócs, T.; Minjas, A. [87221] Tanzania K002546403 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Singapore K002546272 Yes
Greenwood, W. [1107] Fiji K002546296 No
s.coll. [1164] Ghana K002546327 No
Bamps [387] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546383 Yes
Mturi, F.A. [163] Tanzania K002546405 Yes
Emwiogbon; Akagu, T. [JAE552] Nigeria K002546350 Yes
Okeke; Ekwuno; Macauley; Ariwaodo [72656] Nigeria K002546351 Yes
Brown, J.W. [383] Ghana K002546329 No
Robyns [881] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546393 Yes
Henderson, M.R. [20483] Indonesia K002546288 Yes
Deschamps, E. [s.n.] Singapore K002546269 Yes
Prior, A. [s.n.] Jamaica K002546421 Yes
Van Epenhuijsen, C.W. [s.n.] Nigeria K002546342 Yes
Leeuwenberg, A.J.M. [12226] Cote d'Ivoire K001562650 Yes
Louis, J.L.P. [7779] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546391 Yes
Peck, M.E. [945] Belize K002546411 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M.; Jones, E.W. [8584] Nigeria K002546348 Yes
Jenman, G.S. [5395] Guyana K002546443 Yes
s.coll. [408] Equatorial Guinea K002546362 Yes
Warnecke [402] Togo K002546335 No
Leeuwenberg, A.J.M. [5063] Cameroon K002546368 Yes
de Michel, R. [ 3153] Bolivia K002546453 No
Thomas, N.W. [1092] Nigeria K002546347 Yes
Mann, G. [1864] Cameroon K002546366 Yes
Olorunfemi; Fagbemi [70664] Nigeria K002546349 Yes
Meikle, R.D. [904] Nigeria K002546352 Yes
Cuadra, A. [A 1156] Malaysia K002546286 Yes
Jordan, H.D. [760] Sierra Leone K002546308 No
Leeuwenberg, A.J.M. [5323] Cameroon K002546367 Yes
Bristol, M.L. [2436] Samoa K002546300 No
Sintenis, P. [s.n.] Puerto Rico K002546431 Yes
Kasim bin Rajab, Mohd. [426] Malaysia K002546268 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] India K002546260 Yes
Carr, C.E. [11621] Papua New Guinea K002546294 No
Deighton, F.C. [958] Sierra Leone K002546310 No
Crueper [s.n.] Trinidad and Tobago K002546434 Yes
[J. S] [333] French Guiana K002546448 Yes
Morton, J.K.; Gledhill, D. [SL 529] Sierra Leone K002546313 No
Rusby, H.H.; Squires, R.W. [72] Venezuela K002546462 No
Aitken, T.H.G. [1] Trinidad and Tobago K002546437 Yes
Harris, W.H. [10254] Jamaica K002546420 Yes
Baldwin, J.T. [10767] Liberia K002546318 No
Louis, J.L.P. [11689] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546384 Yes
Hardy, T. [279] Guyana K002546440 Yes
Wood, G.H.S. [505] Uganda K002546402 Yes
Okafor, J.C. [FHI57166] Nigeria K002546356 Yes
Irvine, F.R. [1593] Ghana K002546326 No
Glaziou, A. [12802] Brazil K000964333 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [7922] Sri Lanka K002546264 Yes
Schiffner, V. [2794] Indonesia K002546281 Yes
Oldeman [1810] Guyana K002546452 No
s.coll. [401] Dominica K002546428 Yes
[Freidrichelha] [s.n.] K002546432 Yes
Asplund, E. [s.n.] Ecuador K002546456 No
Schomburgk [154] Guyana K002546442 Yes
Jones, E.W.; Brenan, J.P.M. [9137] Nigeria K002546359 Yes
Van Valkenburg, J.L.C.; Ngok Banak, L.; Azizet Issembé, Y.; Nzabi, T. [2912] Gabon K002546379 Yes
Ruiz, J. [1184] Peru K002546460 No
Whistler, W.A. [W2165] Samoa K002546301 No
Talbot, P.A. [s.n.] Nigeria K002546346 Yes
Tamajong, S. [FHI20269] Nigeria K002546361 Yes
Leeuwenberg, A.J.M. [1876] Cote d'Ivoire K002546321 No
[illegible] [3341] Nigeria K002546345 Yes
Onochie, C.F.A. [34830] Nigeria K002546353 Yes
Baker [625] Brazil K000964335 Yes
Letouzey, R. [4238] Cameroon K002546369 Yes
de Wilde, W.J.J.O. [872] Cote d'Ivoire K002546319 No
Rusby, H.H. [1628] Brazil K000964336 Yes
Botanist, S. [s.n.] Nigeria K002546357 Yes
Suclli, E.; Huamantupa, I. [1874] Peru K002546459 No
Leeuwenberg, A.J.M. [3804] Cote d'Ivoire K002546320 No
Whistler, W.A. [7082] Samoa K002546298 No
Jenman, G.S. [3876] Guyana K002546438 Yes
Katta, A.B. [3] Sierra Leone K002546314 No
Anderson, T. [s.n.] Indonesia K002546284 Yes
Hostmann [480] Suriname K002546451 Yes
[D. Disdm] [s.n.] Jamaica K002546423 Yes
Lisowski, S. [C-218] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546390 Yes
Louis, J.L.P. [7168] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546395 Yes
Lisowski, S. [18898] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546388 Yes
Whistler, W.A. [6955] Samoa K002546297 No
Louis, J.L.P. [16139] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546392 Yes
Combs, R. [670] Cuba K002546416 Yes
Farfán, J.; Davidson, C.; Christoph, S.; Martínez, R.; Pineda, R. [700] Peru K002546458 No
Kostermans, A. [9705] Indonesia K002546290 Yes
s.coll. [1498] Guinea-Bissau K002546305 No
[illegible] [602] Ghana K002546328 No
Onyeachusim, H.D. [46990] Nigeria K002546354 Yes
Hardy, T. [279] Guyana K002546439 Yes
Jayasuriya, A.H.M. [1396] Sri Lanka K002546265 Yes
[illegible] [s.n.] Nigeria K002546343 Yes
Sandwith, N.Y. [661] Guyana K002546441 Yes
Lisowski, S. [17269] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546389 Yes
Tindall, H.D. [45] Sierra Leone K002546309 No
Letouzey, R. [3704] Cameroon K002546371 Yes
Leeuwenberg, A.J.M. [10345] Cameroon K002546365 Yes
Chevalier, A.J.B. [23310] Benin K002546339 Yes
Fendler, A. [142] Panama K002546457 No
Pilz, G.E. [2263] Nigeria K002546341 Yes
Smith, A.C. [7394] Fiji K002546295 No
Coombe, D.E. [120] Nigeria K002546360 No
[schomborgh] [206] Guyana K001734546 Yes
Poeppig [s.n.] Cuba K002546418 Yes
s.coll. [4282] K002546283 Yes
Ridley, H.N. [s.n.] Malaysia K002546271 Yes
Marck [1326] Jamaica K002546422 Yes
Whistler, W.A. [W 3229] Samoa K002546302 No
Raynal, J.; Raynal, A. [9615] Cameroon K002546364 Yes
Wood, G.H.S. [505] Uganda K002546401 Yes
Jayasuriya, A.H.M. [1396] Sri Lanka K002546261 Yes
Thieme, C. [s.n.] Honduras K002546409 Yes
Allen, C. [933] Colombia K002546454 No
Sørensen, T.; Larsen, K.; Hansen, B. [436] Thailand K002546273 Yes
Riedel [s.n.] Brazil K000964337 Yes
Harris, W.H. [12072] Jamaica K002546419 Yes
[H. Vanderiist] [33272] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546396 Yes
Hepper, F.N.; Maley, J. [8255] Cote d'Ivoire K002546323 No
Sintenis, P. [s.n.] K002546433 Yes
Baldwin, J.T. [9085] Liberia K002546317 No
Schipp, W.A. [942] Belize K002546410 Yes
Whistler, W.A. [W 2231] Samoa K002546303 No
Simpson, N.D. [8863] Sri Lanka K002546262 Yes
Kerr, A.F.G. [3893] Thailand K002546274 Yes
Riedel [s.n.] Brazil K000997565 Yes
Veldkamp, J.F. [6146] Ghana K002546333 No
Amdjah [025] Indonesia K002546285 Yes
Curtiss, A.H. [478] Cuba K002546415 Yes
Mturi, F.A. [163] Tanzania K002546404 Yes
Onyeachusim [59196] Nigeria K002546355 Yes
Houngnon, P. [6241] Benin K002546336 No
Smith, Chr. [s.n.] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546397 Yes
Germain, R.G.A. [7393] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546398 Yes
Breteler, F.J. [1260] Cameroon K002546370 Yes
Broadway, W.E. [6232] Trinidad and Tobago K002546435 Yes
Louis, J.L.P. [16251] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546399 Yes
Evrard, C.M. [3473] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546382 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Sierra Leone K002546307 No
Boughey, A.S. [A28] Cote d'Ivoire K002546322 No
Luke, Q.; J.P. [10656Z] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546381 Yes
Purdie; [Jms] [s.n.] Jamaica K002546424 Yes
Thomas, N.W. [9364] Sierra Leone K002546316 No
s.coll. [4405] Sierra Leone K002546311 No
Irwin, H.S.; Prance, G.T.; Soderstrom, T.R.; Holmgen, N. [57503] Suriname K002546447 Yes
Santo, E. [5] Sao Tome and Principe K002546377 Yes
Schomburgk [154] Guyana K002546444 Yes
Baker, R.E.D.; Simmonds, N.W. [14993] Trinidad and Tobago K002546436 Yes
Schomburgk [904] Guyana K002546445 Yes
Purseglove, J.W. [P4040] Singapore K002546267 Yes
Nash, G.V. [61] Haiti K002546426 Yes
Van der Ben, D. [1290] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546385 Yes
Carvalho [2694] Equatorial Guinea K002546374 Yes
Letouzey, R. [14595] Cameroon K002546372 Yes
Wright [s.n.] Jamaica K002546425 Yes
Le Testu, M.G.L. [7160] Gabon K002546376 Yes
Sharjand [1075] Nigeria K002546340 Yes
B.W.; Stahel; Gonggryp [2943] Suriname K002546450 Yes
Bamps, P. [645] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546386 Yes
Davidse, G. [7805] Sri Lanka K002546263 Yes
Heller, A.A.; Halbach, E.G. [668] Puerto Rico K002546430 Yes
Robinson, B. [1843] Indonesia K002546293 Yes
s.coll. [[656]] Senegal K002546306 No
Thomas, N.W. [5341] Sierra Leone K002546312 No
Spare, G.H. [34468] Malaysia K002546270 Yes
Chew, M.Y.; Chin, W.Y.M. [FRI 63664] Malaysia K002546266 Yes
Lisowski, S. [40544] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546387 Yes
Whistler, W.A. [7060] Samoa K002546299 No
s.coll. [3005] Central African Republic K002546400 Yes
Hall, J.B. [0226] Ghana K002546330 No
Morton, J.K. [A260] Ghana K002546331 No
Hepper, F.N. [2627] Sierra Leone K002546315 No
Mexia, Y. [6350] Peru K002546461 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K002546414 Yes
Baldwin, J.T. [6802] Liberia K002546337 No
Bates, G.L. [264] Cameroon K002546373 Yes
Dunselman, J. [160] Indonesia K002546289 Yes
Prance, G.T.; Philcox, D.; Forero, E.; Coelho, L.F.; Ramos, J.F.; Farias, L.G. [5272] Brazil K001384129 No
Ern, H.; Hein, B.; Pircher, A. [268] Togo K002546334 No
Bauters [s.n.] Equatorial Guinea K002546363 Yes
Anthony [A783] Malaysia K002546287 Yes
Baldwin, J.T. [9016] Liberia K002546338 No
Erady, N.A. [s.n.] India K002546259 Yes
Thompson, S.A. [1471] Cameroon K000051449 Yes
Ule, E. [5142] Brazil K000964330 Yes
Hepper, F.N. [2250] Nigeria K002546358 Yes
Breteler, F.J. [15490] Gabon K002546378 Yes
Hallé, F. [661] French Guiana K002546446 Yes
Robyns [1167] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002546394 Yes
Ekman, E.L. [H11586] Dominican Republic K002546429 Yes
Backer [18298] Indonesia K002546282 Yes
Morton, J.K. [A2467] Ghana K002546332 No
Casas, F. [12076] Equatorial Guinea K002546375 Yes
Fuertes, P. [581] Dominican Republic K002546427 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M.; Jones, E.W. [8584] Nigeria K002546344 Yes
Barthelat, F.; M'Changama, M.; Ali Sifari, B. [557] Mayotte Sparganophorus vaillantii K002546406 Yes
Hildebrandt, J.M. [2897] Madagascar Sparganophorus vaillantii K002546407 Yes
Lundell, C.L. [2530] Guatemala Sparganophorus vaillantii K002546412 Yes
Yii; Runi [S60623] Malaysia Sparganophorus vaillantii K002546291 Yes
Decary, R. [8058] Madagascar Sparganophorus vaillantii K002546408 Yes
Yii; Runi [S6021] Malaysia Sparganophorus vaillantii K002546292 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Maitland, T.D. [977] Cameroon Sparganophorus sparganophora K000051452 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Morton, J.K. [905] Cameroon Sparganophorus sparganophora K000051451 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Maitland, T.D. [358] Cameroon Sparganophorus sparganophora K000051453 Yes

Sources

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    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
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    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
  • Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible

    • ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
    • https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images
  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0