- Family:
- Bignoniaceae Juss.
- Genus:
- Kigelia DC.
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.
Kigelia africana is an African tree, easily recognised due to the large sausage-shaped fruits hanging from its branches. The generic name Kigelia comes from the Mozambican name for sausage tree, 'kigeli-keia'. Sausage trees are sacred to many communities and are often protected when other forest trees are cut down. In Kenya, the Luo and Luhya people bury a fruit to symbolise the body of a lost person believed to be dead.

[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean. Cultivated in Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia.
- Habit
- Tree.
- Conservation
- IUCN Red List Assessment (2021): LC.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: shrubland, artificial - terrestrial.
[FWTA]
Bignoniaceae, H. Heine. Flora of West Tropical Africa 2. 1963
- Morphology General Habit
- A medium-sized tree 20-50 ft. high
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers variable in colour, purplish-red, purple-yellow, orange, greenish-yellow, and sometimes spotted with darker reddish colours
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruits like long sausages
- Vernacular
- The Sausage Tree
[FTEA]
Bignoniaceae, Sally Bidgood, Bernard Verdcourt, Kaj Vollesen. Cobaeaceae, Bernard Verdcourt. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 2006
- Type
- Type: Senegal, Adanson 199A (P-JUSS 4991, holo.; microfiche!) (Note: * Several authors have suggested Thouin was the collector because Lamarck mentions him but Thouin was a gardener at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris and he never went to Africa; he was a friend of Adanson and possibly received material from him.)
- Morphology General Habit
- Shrub 2–3 m tall or tree often with wide spreading crown, 2.5–18(–24) m tall and possibly larger (but reports of up to 35 m incorrect).
- Morphology General Bark
- Bark usually grey, occasionally brown, smooth to rough or ridged, scaly or flaking.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite or ternate.
- Morphology Leaves Leaflets
- Leaflets thin to very coriaceous, (2–)3–8-jugate, oblong, elliptic, ovate or obovate, (6–)10–20(–30) × (4–)6–13(–16) cm, acute to cuneate or rounded, truncate, or emarginate at the base, entire to serrate (particularly sucker shoots), rounded, obtuse or acute to distinctly acuminate at the apex, glabrous to pubescent or tomentellous, smooth or often slightly to very scabrid with raised pale dots, peltate and punctate glands sometimes present; venation plane or sometimes raised or impressed, with 7–12 pairs of veins.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers said to smell unpleasant, in lax terminal hanging panicles 30–80(–150) cm long including peduncle up to 40 cm long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts
- Bracts lanceolate, 1 cm long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Individual cymes 1–3flowered.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Pedicel
- Pedicels hooked, 1–4(–5) cm long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx campanulate, 2–5 cm long, ± 2–lipped, irregularly lobed, the lobes ± 1 cm long, tomentose to glabrous, with scattered glands.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla at first with tube yellow outside, turning orange or red and with dark red to blackish inside, 3–9 cm long, cylindrical at base for a very variable length; lobes yellow-green outside suffused with crimson, dark crimson inside, ± ovate, 3–4.5 cm long and wide.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruits cylindrical, 30–90 cm long, 7.5–10 cm wide, tough and woody; stalks up to 50 cm long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds ovoid, ± 11 mm long, 7 mm wide and 4 mm thick.
- Figures
- Fig. 11, p. 45.
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Tree, up to 20 m tall
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves 12–30 cm long; petiole 3–6 cm long; leaflets 5–7, the terminal one with 1–4 cm long petiolule, the others sessile or subsessile; blade of leaflets 2–15 x 2–8 cm, oblong to elliptic or obovate, ± asymmetric at the base, mucronate to acuminate or truncate to retuse at the apex, with undulate to dentate margin, with 5–10 pairs of lateral nerves, puberulous to glabrous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Panicles 0.3–1(–1.5) m long; pedicels 1–7 cm long, upcurved at the tip
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx 2.5–4.5 cm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla 6–10 cm long, at first yellowish, later reddish to purplish, with darker streaks inside and outside; tube 2–4 cm long, abruptly widening upwards; lobes ± rounded, c. 3 cm wide
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Filaments 3.5–5.5 cm long; anthers 0.5–1 cm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Disc
- Disk c. 1 cm in diam., irregularly lobed
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Style
- Style up to 8 cm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit up to 80 x 13 cm, greyish-ochraceous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds c. 10 x 7 mm.
- Distribution
- S1–3 widespread in tropical Africa.
- Ecology
- Altitude range 0–400 m.
- Vernacular
- Bakaroor, barde, berde, sag (Somali).
- Note
- This species is very variable in, for example, habit and leaf morphology.
[UNAL]
Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
- Vernacular
- árbol de las salchichas, árbol salchicha, árbol vela
[KSP]
Kew Species Profiles
- General Description
-
The sausage tree is sacred to many African communities and has a wide variety of uses in traditional and Western medicine, including commercially available skin lotions.
Kigelia africana is an African tree, easily recognised due to the large sausage-shaped fruits hanging from its branches. The generic name Kigelia comes from the Mozambican name for sausage tree, 'kigeli-keia'. Sausage trees are sacred to many communities and are often protected when other forest trees are cut down. In Kenya, the Luo and Luhya people bury a fruit to symbolise the body of a lost person believed to be dead.
The flowers only open at night and are pollinated by bats and hawk-moths. They are dark red, which is unusual for a bat-pollinated species (bats are normally attracted to white flowers), but the strong unpleasant smell of the flowers is thought to attract bats.
Every part of the tree is used in herbal medicines (eg for digestive and respiratory disorders, and to treat infections and wounds). The sausage tree is used in a variety of commercial applications to treat skin complaints. Research into its anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-tumour activity is ongoing.
- Species Profile
-
Geography and distribution
The sausage tree is found across sub-Saharan tropical Africa and as far south as South Africa. It is cultivated in other tropical countries and is used as an ornamental tree in Australia, the USA and parts of South-East Asia.
DescriptionKigelia africana is a tree, 2.5-18 m tall, or sometimes a shrub 2-3 m tall. The bark is smooth and grey-brown in colour. The leaves are in groups of three at the ends of the branches and are 10-20 cm long with 3-8 leaflets. The inflorescence is a panicle, 30-80 cm long. The tubular flowers are dark red with yellow veins, and have an unpleasant smell. The fruits are sausage-shaped, 30-90 cm long and 7.5-10 cm in diameter.
The sausage tree is very variable in habit and leaf morphology. Trees growing in forests have larger leaflets than trees growing in open areas. It was once thought that there were ten different species of Kigelia , but botanists now recognise only one. In East Africa two subspecies are recognised, K. africana subsp. africana growing in grasslands and woodlands and K. africana subsp. moosa in tropical forests.
Multiple namesA comprehensive collation of data on sausage tree has been made by Kew's Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL).
Apart from detailed information on uses throughout Africa, the SEPASAL database (available online) also records over 400 vernacular names by which the sausage tree is known - an indication of the tree's importance and value to communities throughout its geographic range.
Threats and conservationThe sausage tree is widespread across tropical Africa. It is a sacred tree for many communities and is usually protected on farm lands when other tree species are cut down. In Malawi, Kigelia africana is now protected after many trees were cut down to make canoes.
UsesKigelia africana is an important tree for many people and has a wide range of uses.
Both ripe and unripe fruits are poisonous to humans but the fruits can be dried and fermented, and used along with the bark to enhance the flavour of traditional beers. The seeds are sometimes roasted and eaten in times of food shortage. The wood makes good quality timber for fences, planking, boxes and canoes.
Kigelia africana is a suitable tree for planting to stabilise riverbanks, while its broad canopy makes it a good shade tree in the open savanna. It is, however, not advisable to park a vehicle or to sit beneath a fruiting tree - the 'sausages' (fruits) can weigh up to 12 kg and can cause considerable damage when they fall!
Millennium Seed Bank: Seed storageThe Millennium Seed Bank Partnership aims to save plant life worldwide, focusing on plants under threat and those of most use in the future. Seeds are dried, packaged and stored at a sub-zero temperature in our seed bank vault.
Two collections of sausage tree seeds are held in Kew's Millennium Seed Bank based at Wakehurst in West Sussex.
For further information on Kigelia africana seeds see Kew's Seed Information Database
Sausage tree at KewThe sausage tree can be seen growing in the Palm House and the Princess of Wales Conservatory.
Dried and spirit-preserved specimens of Kigelia africana are held in the Herbarium, one of the behind-the-scenes areas of Kew. Details, including images, of some of these specimens can be seen on-line in the Herbarium Catalogue.
Bark, fruits, seeds and wood from K. africana are also held in the Economic Botany Collection. These specimens are made available to researchers from around the world by appointment.
- Ecology
- Riverine forest, wooded grassland, savanna and forest margins.
- Conservation
- Least Concern (LC) in the Red List of South African Plants.
- Hazards
-
Both ripe and unripe fruits are toxic to humans and can also do considerable damage if they fall on vehicles or unsuspecting humans.
[FZ]
Bignoniaceae, M. A. Diniz. Flora Zambesiaca 8:3. 1988
- Morphology General Habit
- Medium or large sized tree up to 25 m. tall.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, imparipinnate, crowded towards the tops of the branches; leaflets (1) 2–5-jugate, sessile or subsessile, except the terminal ones with petiolule (0.7)1–4(6.5) cm., long; leaflet lamina 3.5–17.5 (22.5) x 2.5–11 cm., ovate elliptic, obovate to rounded, apex obtuse, broadly tapering to rounded or retuse ana not so often apiculate, base rounded to cuneate, slightly to profoundly asymmetric except in the terminal leaflet which is asymmetric, glabrous to more or less hairy in both surfaces sometimes more roughly hairy in the superior one, papyraceous to coriaceous, margins entire, serrate or toothed and sometimes conspicously wavy; lateral nerves (4)6–13 pairs impressed above, prominent below, venation laxly reticulate; petiole (2)3.5–14(16) cm. long; rhachis 3–25 (29) cm. long, sulcate above, terete below.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers in pendulous very lax, terminal panicles, 30–100 (150) cm. long, longly pedunculate; pedicels 1–11 (13.5) cm. long, upcurved at the tip; bracts small lanceolate caducous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx shortly tubular to campanulate, (1.7)2–4.3 cm. long, irregularly 4–5 lobed with the lobes up to 1 cm. long, ribbed, glabrous to sparsely puberlous outside, sometimes with irregularly scattered small glands.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla large, 6–12 cm. long, widely cup-shaped, at first yellowish, later becoming reddish to purplish, streaked darker inside and outside, glabrous except sometimes at the point where the filaments become free; limb bilabiate, the superior lip bilobed, the lower one 3-lobed and recurved, lobes more or less rounded; corolla tube cylindrical at the base and suddenly widening and incurving upwards.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamen-filament 3.5–6.5 cm. long, adnate up to 1–2.5 cm. from the base of the corolla tube; anthers 7–13 mm. long; staminode rather large.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Disc
- Disk c. 1 cm. in diam. 2–3 mm. high, fleshy, irregularly lobed, sometimes almost truncate.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary 8–15 mm. long, cylindrical; style 4–7(8) cm. long, filiform.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit sausage-shaped up to 1 m. long and 18 cm. in diam., pendulous from a long peduncle, greyish-brown, lenticellate in the youth, massive, wood-walled, indehiscent.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds 10 x 7 mm. numerous, wingless, embedded in a fibrous pulp; testa coriaceous; cotyledons folded.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Andes.
- Morphology General Habit
- Árbol
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Environmental
- Environmental uses.
- Use Fuel
- Used for fuels.
- Use Gene Sources
- Used as gene sources.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Invertebrate Food
- Used as invertebrate food.
- Use Materials
- Used as material.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
- Use Poisons
- Poisons.
- Use Social
- Social uses.
Native to:
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Caprivi Strip, Central African Repu, Chad, Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Ivory Coast, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Ecuador, Mexico Southwest
- English
- Sausage Tree, Sausage tree
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nov 1, 2008 | Onana, J.-M. [3607], Cameroon | K000580298 | No | ||
Jan 1, 2008 | Etuge, M. [2004], Cameroon | K000437530 | No | ||
Jan 1, 2008 | Etuge, M. [2004], Cameroon | K000436152 | No | ||
Oct 1, 2005 | Cheek, M. [11669], Cameroon | K000338410 | No | ||
Dec 1, 2003 | Ghogue, J.-P. [1035], Cameroon | K000746018 | No | ||
Dec 1, 2003 | Zapfack, L. [2004], Cameroon | K000746017 | No | ||
Jul 1, 2001 | Elad, M. [111], Cameroon | K000108473 | No | ||
Jul 1, 2001 | Groves, M. [25], Cameroon | K000108474 | No | ||
Jul 1, 2001 | Ghogue, J.-P. [76], Cameroon | K000108465 | No | ||
Jul 1, 2001 | Kenfack, D. [251], Cameroon | K000108476 | No | ||
Jul 1, 2001 | Cable, S. [2796], Cameroon | K000108471 | No | ||
Jul 1, 2001 | Etuge, M. [2701], Cameroon | K000108470 | No | ||
Jul 1, 2001 | Lane, P. [295], Cameroon | K000108472 | No | ||
Jul 1, 2001 | Cheek, M. [8882], Cameroon | K000108463 | No | ||
May 1, 1999 | Onana, J.-M. [632], Cameroon | K000339225 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1999 | Pollard, B.J. [75], Cameroon | K000339224 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1992 | Wheatley, J.I. [232], Cameroon | K000518908 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1992 | Wheatley, J.I. [232], Cameroon | K000518925 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1990 | Manning, S.D. [499], Cameroon | K000029052 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1987 | Manning, S.D. [588], Cameroon | K000029053 | No | ||
Jul 1, 1983 | Welwitsch. [489], Angola | K000430450 | Unknown type material | Yes | |
Jul 1, 1983 | Welwitsch. [489], Angola | K000430451 | Unknown type material | Yes | |
Jul 1, 1983 | Welwitsch. [489], Angola | K000430452 | Unknown type material | Yes | |
May 1, 1983 | Allen, C.E.F. [30], Zimbabwe | K000430449 | syntype | Yes | |
Jan 1, 1965 | Grens, J. [289], Botswana | K000489226 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1960 | Hepper, F.N. [1878], Cameroon | K000029047 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1960 | Binuyo, A. [FHI 35083], Cameroon | K000029043 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1960 | Binuyo, A. [FHI 35083], Cameroon | K000029044 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1960 | Binuyo, A. [FHI 35083], Cameroon | K000029045 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1960 | Hepper, F.N. [1878], Cameroon | K000029046 | No | ||
Troupin, G. [4196], Congo | 25240.000 | No | |||
Faulkner, H. [3030] | 25772.000 | No | |||
Sabatier, M. [s.n.] | K000430380 | Yes | |||
Sabatier, M. [s.n.] | K000430381 | Yes | |||
Vogel [88], Ghana | K000430396 | Unknown type material | Yes | ||
Chevalier, A. [3315], Burkina Faso | K000386442 | No | |||
Chevalier, A. [1208], Mali | K000386444 | No | |||
Biegel, H. [3848], Botswana | K000489224 | No | |||
Thompson, S.A. [1396], Cameroon | K000029048 | No | |||
Chevalier, A. [3313], Mali | K000386443 | No | |||
Elffers, R. [109], Botswana | K000489227 | No | |||
Harvey, Y.B. [151], Cameroon | K000338857 | No | |||
Chevalier, A. [3314], Burkina Faso | K000386445 | No | |||
Thompson, S.A. [1396], Cameroon | K000029049 | No | |||
Brown, R.C. [7743], Botswana | K000511039 | No | |||
Chevalier, A. [3315], Burkina Faso | K000386441 | No | |||
Thomas, D.W. [2796], Cameroon | K000029050 | No | |||
Brunt, M.A. [1233], Cameroon | K000029042 | No | |||
Nemba, J. [41], Cameroon | K000029051 | No | |||
Chevalier, A. [3314], Burkina Faso | K000386446 | No | |||
Smith, P.A. [1158], Botswana | K000489223 | No | |||
Gossweiler, J. [1101], Angola | K001009735 | Yes | |||
Laferrere, M. [84], Burkina Faso | K000386447 | No | |||
Story, R. [4738], Botswana | K000489228 | No | |||
Gossweiler, J. [1101], Angola | K001009734 | Yes | |||
Grens, J. [373], Botswana | K000489225 | No |
First published in W.J.Hooker, Niger Fl.: 463 (1849)
Accepted by
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots' Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
- Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L Englera 29-1: 1-438.
- Boudet, G., Lebrun, J.P. & Demange, R. (1986). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Mali: 1-465. Etudes d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux.
- Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 3: 1-89. ORSTOM, Bangui.
- Brunel, J.F., Hiepo, P. & Scholz, H. (eds.) (1984). Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames: 1-751. GTZ, Eschborn.
- Curtis, B. & Mannheimer, C. (2005). Tree Atlas of Namibia: 1-688. The National Botanical Research Institute, Windhoek.
- Diniz, M.A. (1988). 124. Bignoniaceae Flora Zambesiaca 8(3): 61-85. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Fischer, E., Rembold, K., Althof, A. & Obholzer, J. (2010). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Kakamega forest, Western province, Kenya Journal of East African Natural History 99: 129-226.
- Gentry, A. H. (1985). Bignoniaceae Flore du Gabon 27: 19-56. Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
- Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo) Taxonomania. Revue de Taxonomie et de Nomenclature Botaniques 30: 1-307.
- Liben, L. (1977). Bignoniaceae Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaïre - Rwanda - Burundi): 1-39. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Meise.
- Mannheimer, C.A. & Curtis, B.A. (eds.) (2009). Le Roux and Müller's field guide to the trees and shrubs of Namibia, rev. ed.: 1-525. Macmillan Education Namibia, Windhoek.
- Peyre de Fabregues, B. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1976). Catalogue des Plantes Vascularies du Niger: 1-433. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
- Setshogo, M.P. (2005). Bignoniaceae Southen Africa Botany Diversity Network Reports 37.
- Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
- Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
Not accepted by
- Burger, W. & Gentry, A.H. (2000). Bignoniaceae Fieldiana Botany New Series, n.s., 41: 77-160. Field Museum of Natural History. [Cited as Kigelia pinnata.]
- Smithies, S.I. (2003). Bignoniceae, In: Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist Strelitzia 14: 312-313. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. [Cited as Kigelia africana.]
Literature
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
Kew Species Profiles
- Bidgood, S., Verdcourt, B. & Vollesen, K. (2006). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Bignoniaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
- Burkill, H.M. (1985). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Volume 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
- Grace, O. & Davis, S.D. (2002). Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. In Oyen, l.P.A. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (eds), Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Precursor. PROTA Programme, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Pp. 98-102.
- Harris, B. & Baker, H. (1958). Pollination in Kigelia africana. J. W. Afr. Sci. Assn. Vol. 4: No. 1.
- Launert, G., Bell, E. & Goncalves, M. (eds) (1988). Flora Zambesiaca, Volume 8, Part 3. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
- Maundu, P. & Tengas, B. (2005). Useful Trees and Shrubs for Kenya. World Agroforestry Centre.
- Ramundo, D. (2009). Red List of South African Plants, Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
- Roodt, V. (1993).
The Shell Guide to the Common Trees of the Okavango Delta and Moremi Game Reserve. Shell, Gabarone.
Flora of West Tropical Africa
- Aubrév. Fl. For. C. Iv. ed. 2, 3: 242, t. 231
- Chev. Bot. 487
- F.T.A. 4, 2: 536
- Fl. For. Soud.-Guin. 484, t. 111
- Sillans in Not. Syst. 14: 323 (1853)
- in Fl. Nigrit. 463 (1849)
- incl. var. aethiopica (Decne.) Aubrév. ex Sillans and var. elliptica (Sprague) R. Sillans in Not. Syst. 14: 324 (1853).
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Curtis, B. & Mannheimer, C. (2005). Tree Atlas of Namibia: 1-688. The National Botanical Research Institute, Windhoek.
- Diniz, M.A. (1990). Bignoniaceae Flora de Moçambique 120: 1-35. Instituto de Investigaçao Científuca Tropical.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Fischer, E., Rembold, K., Althof, A. & Obholzer, J. (2010). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Kakamega forest, Western province, Kenya Journal of East African Natural History 99: 129-226.
- Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
- Gentry, A.H. (1977). Bignoniaceae Flora of Ecuador 7: 1-172. Botanical Institute, University of Göteborg, Riksmuseum, Stockholm.
- Gentry, A.H. (1984). Bignoniacées Flore du Cameroun 27: 26-61. Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique (Mesres), Yaoundé.
- Hutchinson, J. & Dalziel, J.M. (1931). Bignoniaceae Flora of West Tropical Africa 2(1): 237-242.
- Liben, L. (1977). Bignoniaceae Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaïre - Rwanda - Burundi): 1-39. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Meise.
- Peyre de Fabregues, B. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1976). Catalogue des Plantes Vascularies du Niger: 1-433. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
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Flora of Somalia
- Flora Somalia, (2000) Author: by M. Tardelli & L. Settesoldi [updated by M. Thulin 2008]
Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Acta Trop. Suppl. 8: 148 (1964)
- Blundell, Wild Fl. E. Afr.: 381, t. 485 (1987)
- F.T.A. 4(2): 536 (1906)
- F.W.T.A. ed. 2, 2: 385, fig. 294 (1963)
- F.Z. 8(3): 83, t. 18 (1988)
- Fl. Cameroun 27: 32, t. 9 (1984)
- Fl. Gabon 27: 27, t. 5 (1985)
- Fl. Som. 3: 303, fig. 209 (2006).
- Hamilton, Uganda Forest Trees: 203 (1981)
- K.T.S.L.: 591, fig., map (1994)
- Liben, F.A.C. Bignon.: 4, t. 1 (1977)
- Niger Fl.: 463 (1849)
- Opera Bot.: 59: 77 (1980)
- Palgrave, Trees S. Afr.: 833 (1981)
- Palmer & Pitman, Trees S. Afr. 3: 2011, figs. & photos. (1973)
- Prodr. Fl. SW. Afr. 128: 3 (1967)
- T.T.C.L.: 71 (1949)
Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
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- Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
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Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
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Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
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Flora of Somalia
Flora of Somalia
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Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
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Flora of West Tropical Africa
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Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
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Kew Backbone Distributions
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© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Living Collection Database
Common Names from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Living Collection https://www.kew.org/
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
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Kew Species Profiles
Kew Species Profiles
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Plants and People Africa
Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia
ColPlantA database
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Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
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