- Family:
- Basellaceae Raf.
- Genus:
- Basella L.
Basella alba L.

[FTEA]
Basellaceae, B. Verdcourt. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1968
- Morphology General Habit
- Glabrous annual or shortly lived perennial, succulent tangled twiner; stems much branched, 2–10 m. long, sometimes almost leafless, greenish or reddish.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaf-lamina ovate to suborbicular, (2–)5–15 cm. long, (l.25–)5–13.5 cm. broad, acute or acuminate (less commonly obtuse), usually widely cordate at the base; lateral nerves 4–5 on either side; petiole (1–)2.5–6.5 cm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers white, rose or purplish, (3–)4–5 mm. long, in long-peduncled spikes, 2.5–15(–25) cm. long, usually unbranched (in African specimens at least) but branched in some cultivated forms.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Perianth
- Perianth fleshy, urceolate, somewhat saccate at the base; lobes short, ovate, about one-third the length of the tube, not opening.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruits ± 0.5 cm. in diameter (4–7 × 5–10 mm. according to van Steenis), red, white or black; surface crinkly in the dry state.
- Figures
- Fig. 1/1–10.
- Habitat
- In thickets, forest edges, margins of cultivated land and swampy ground, frequently by rivers or streams; 0 (cultivated)–2450 m.
- Distribution
- Madeira, West Africa to Cameroun Republic, S. Tomé, Congo Republic, Sudan Republic, Ethiopia, Rwanda Republic, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia and Angola but rare in central AfricaAsia to China, Japan, Philippines, Borneo, Fiji and Hawaii, also in West Indies, Brazil and Guianaalmost certainly indigenous in Africa. K1 K3 K4 K6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T6 T7 U2 U4 Z
[KBu]
Eriksson, R. (2007). A Synopsis of Basellaceae. Kew Bulletin, 62(2), 297-320. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20443356
- Distribution
- Cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide and naturalised after escape. Its native area is unknown, but somewhere in Africa or perhaps Asia seems probable.
- Morphology General Habit
- Twining vine or sometimes procumbent to erect herb
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaf blades 3 - 15 x 2.5 - 12 cm, often cordate, or sometimes ovate to broadly elliptic, at base cordate to cuneate or attenuate, at apex acute to somewhat acuminate or obtuse
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers not sunken into rachis, cleistogamous or sometimes chasmogamous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens Anthers
- Anthers pale
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals 3.5 - 5.5 x 2 - 2.5 mm at anthesis, up to 7.5 mm long in fruit, equalling petals in length, ± erect, ovate to elliptic, connate at base or up to c. 1/2 of their length, at anthesis white to reddish, in mature fruit purple to black, very thick and juicy
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals 3.5 - 5.5 x 1.5 - 2.5 mm at anthesis, up to 7.5 mm long in fruit, + erect, ovate to elliptic, connate 1/3 - 2/3 of their length, at anthesis white to reddish, in mature fruit purple to black, very thick and juicy
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Style
- Style 1, 3-parted almost to the base, or styles 3
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit completely and tightly enclosed by persistent, fleshy perianth, appearing drupaceous when fresh, wrinkled when dry, the entire structure up to 7.5 x 10 mm.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescences 1 - 20 cm long, unbranched or sometimes with few branches, with stout and fleshy axis
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracteoles
- Bracteoles well -developed, ovate to triangular
- Morphology Stem
- Stem glabrous
- Note
- The Linnaean names B. alba and B. lucida were neotypified by Sidwell (1999), since no original specimens or illustrations exist. Roxburgh, who was the first author to treat the simultaneously described B. alba and B. rubra as the same species, adopted the name B. alba and consequently established the priority (see Sidwell 1999). Many of the synonymised names were described without specimen citations or from cultivated individuals, and it has not been possible to locate their types. Basella alba is easily identified by its sessile, urceolate flowers with a whitish to reddish perianth that becomes purplish black and fleshy, completely enclosing the fruit. This species is cultivated for its edible, succulent and mucilaginous, leaves. It is easily propagated from both seeds and stem cuttings (e.g. Palada & Chang 2003). A red dye, used for food colouring, is produced from the fleshy perianth (e.g. van Steenis 1957). It is also used in, e.g. ethnomedicine, and can be found as an ornamental pot plant in some countries. Its wide cultivation gave rise to the large number of now synonymised names.
- Type
- Nepal, Mahakali Zone, Kanchapur District, 15 mi W of Dhangarhi, 7 Dec. 1966, Nicolson 2848 (neotype BM, designated by Sidwell 1999: 563; isotype US).
- Vernacular
- Baselle blanche, Ceylon spinach, Indian spinach, Malabar nightshade, and Malabar spinach, just to mention the most commonly used of the more than hundred different names.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 0 - 1500 m.; Andes, Islas Caribeñas, Pacífico.
- Morphology General Habit
- Hierba, trepadora
[FZ]
Basellaceae, B. L. Stannard. Flora Zambesiaca 9:1. 1988
- Morphology General Habit
- Plant 1–8 m. tall; stems much branched, sometimes sparsely leaved, sometimes reddish.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves: lamina 2.5–15 × 2.0–12.5 cm., ovate to circular, usually acute or acuminate, sometimes rounded or emarginate at apex, usually cordate at base, entire, lateral nerves 3–4 (5) on either side; petioles 0.5–9 cm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescences axillary, long peduncled, usually unbranched spikes, 1.5–22 (30) cm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers 2.5–6 mm. long, white, pink or mauvish.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Perianth
- Perianth somewhat fleshy, urceolate, lobes c. one-quarter length of tube, remaining closed.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens inserted near apex of tube.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary 0.5 mm. tall, ovoid.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Style
- Style with 3 linear stigmas, 0.5 mm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit 4–5 mm. diam., subglobose, black.
[UNAL]
Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
- Vernacular
- espinaca, espinaca de enredadera, gallinita
[FWTA]
Basellaceae, Hutchinson and Dalziel. Flora of West Tropical Africa 1:1. 1954
- Morphology General Habit
- A climber, cultivated in vegetable gardens; sometimes subspontaneous.
[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean, Caribbean, Pacific. Elevation range: 0–1500 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Naturalised in Colombia. Colombian departments: Cundinamarca, Nariño, Quindío, San Andrés y Providencia, Valle del Cauca.
- Habit
- Herb, Climbing.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, savanna, shrubland, artificial - terrestrial.
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Environmental
- Environmental uses.
- Use Gene Sources
- Used as gene sources.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Materials
- Used as material.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
- Use Social
- Social uses.
Native to:
Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam
Introduced into:
Alabama, Andaman Is., Angola, Belize, Benin, Brazil Southeast, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Repu, Chad, China Southeast, Christmas I., Colombia, Congo, Cook Is., Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, Gilbert Is., Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Guyana, Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Leeward Is., Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, New Caledonia, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Rodrigues, Rwanda, Réunion, Senegal, Society Is., South China Sea, Southwest Caribbean, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Trinidad-Tobago, Uganda, Windward Is., Zambia, Zaïre
- Basella alba var. cordifolia (Lam.) M.R.Almeida
- Basella cananifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.
- Basella cordifolia Lam.
- Basella crassifolia Salisb.
- Basella japonica Burm.f.
- Basella lucida L.
- Basella nigra Lour.
- Basella oleracea Alef.
- Basella ramosa J.Jacq. ex Spreng.
- Basella rubra L.
- Basella volubilis Salisb.
- Gandola nigra (Lour.) Raf.
Basella alba L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jun 1, 2008 | Tchiengue, B. [2203], Cameroon | K000436603 | No | ||
Jan 1, 2003 | Williams, S. [143], Cameroon | K000000011 | No | ||
Jul 1, 2002 | Cheek, M. [9147], Cameroon | K000027192 | No | ||
Jul 1, 2002 | Cheek, M. [9147], Cameroon | K000749780 | No | ||
Aug 1, 1997 | Etuge, M. [2320], Cameroon | K000580142 | No | ||
Feb 1, 1997 | Cheek, M. [8539], Cameroon | K000580152 | No | ||
Dawkins, H.C. [412], Uganda | 23696.000 | No | |||
Dawkins, H.C. [590], Uganda | 24377.000 | No | |||
Faulkner, H., Tanzania | 25710.000 | No | |||
Milne-Redhead, E. [11402], Tanzania | 3750.000 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6960] | K001126364 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6960], India | K001126363 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6961], India | Basella cordifolia | K001126367 | Yes | ||
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 6961], India | Basella cordifolia | K001126374 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6961], India | Basella cordifolia | K001126366 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6961] | Basella cordifolia | K001126372 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6961] | Basella cordifolia | K001126371 | Yes | ||
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 6961], Myanmar | Basella cordifolia | K001126376 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6961], India | Basella cordifolia | K001126365 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6961] | Basella cordifolia | K001126373 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6961] | Basella cordifolia | K001126370 | Yes | ||
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 6961], Myanmar | Basella cordifolia | K001126377 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6961] | Basella cordifolia | K001126369 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6961] | Basella cordifolia | K001126368 | Yes | ||
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 6961], Myanmar | Basella cordifolia | K001126375 | Yes |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 272 (1753)
Accepted by
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots' Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
- Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
- Berhaut, J. (1974). Flore illustrée du Sénégal 2: 1-695. Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du développement rural direction des eaux et forêta, Dakar.
- Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 2(1): 1-85. ORSTOM, Bangui.
- Brundu, G. & Camarda, I. (2013). The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis PhytoKeys 23: 1-18.
- Catarino, L., Sampaio Martins, E., Pinto-Basto, M.F. & Diniz, M.A. (2006). Plantas Vasculares e Briófitos da Guiné-Bissau: 1-298. Instituto de investigação científica tropical, Instituto Português de apoio ao desenvolvimento.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Fischer, E., Rembold, K., Althof, A. & Obholzer, J. (2010). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Kakamega forest, Western province, Kenya Journal of East African Natural History 99: 129-226.
- Franck, A.R., Anderson, L.C., Burkhalter, J.R. & Dickman, S. (2016). Additions to the flora of Florida, U.S.A. (2010-2015) Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 10: 175-190.
- George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. & Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2 Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
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- Govaerts, R. (1996). World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1-492. MIM, Deurne.
- Kral, R., Diamond, A.R., Ginzbarg, S.L., Hansen, C.J., Haynes, R.R., Keener, B.R., Lelong, M.G., Spaulding, D.D. & Woods, M. (2011). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Alabama: 1-112. Botanical reseach institute of Texas.
- Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo) Taxonomania. Revue de Taxonomie et de Nomenclature Botaniques 30: 1-307.
- Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
- Sikarwar, R.L.S. (2014). Angiosperm diversity assessment of Chitrakootthe legendary place of Vindhyan range, India Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 38: 563-619.
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- Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.
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- Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots' Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
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