Fabaceae
Myroxylon

Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms

First published in Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 94 (1908)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Mexico to S. Tropical America. It is a tree and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. It is used as a medicine, has environmental uses and social uses and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Belize, Bolivia, Brazil North, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Peru, Venezuela

Introduced into:

Caroline Is., Cuba, Dominican Republic, Florida, Gabon, Ghana, India, Jawa, Marshall Is., Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Trinidad-Tobago, Uganda, Zaïre

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • D'Arcy, W.G. (1987). Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index.. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 17: 1-328. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Forzza, R.C., Zappi, D. & Souza, V.C. (2016-continuously updated). Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/ConsultaPublicaUC/ResultadoDaConsultaNovaConsulta.do.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera & C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2010). Manual de plantas de Costa Rica volumen V. Dicotiledóneas (Clusiaceae-Gunneraceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 119: 1-970. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánes, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador: 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Kumar, S. & Sane, P.V. (2003). Legumes of South Asia. A Checklist: 1-536. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lock, J.M. & Ford, C.S. (2004). Legumes of Malesia a Check-List: 1-295. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lock, J.M. (1989). Legumes of Africa a check-List: 1-619. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Stevens, W.D., Ulloa U., C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (2001). Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1-2666. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.
  • van der Maesen, L.J.G. & Sosef, M.S.M. (2016). Flore du Gabon 49: 1-407. Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Kew Bulletin

  • (L.) Harms 1908: 94
  • Allemão, F. F. (1857). Leguminosae. Myrospermum erythroxylum. Revista Brazil. 1: 51.
  • Baillon, H. (1870). Toluifera L. Histoire des plantes. 2: 369 – 370. Librairie Hachette, Paris.
  • Baillon, H. (1883). Toluifera balsamum L. Traité de botanique médicale, phanérogamique. 5: 676 – 677. Librairie Hachette et Cie, Paris.
  • Bentley, R. & Trimen, H. (1880a). Toluifera pereirae. Medicinal Plants 42: 83. J. & A. Churchill, London.
  • Bentley, R. & Trimen, H. (1880b). Toluifera balsamum. Medicinal Plants 42: 84. J. & A. Churchill, London.
  • Biemer, T. A., Asral, N. & Albanese, J. A. (1992). Simultaneous, stability-indicating capillary gas chromatographic assay for benzocaine and the two principal benzyl esters of Balsamum Peru formulated in a topical ointment. J. Chromatogr. 623: 395 – 398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Cardoso, D., Queiroz, L. P., Pennington, R. T., Lima, H. C., Fonty, E., Wojciechowski, M. F. & Lavin, M. (2012). Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes: New insights from comprehensively sampled early-branching lineages. Amer. J. Bot. 99: 1991 – 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Doyle, J. J. (1995). DNA data and legume phylogeny: a progress report. In: M. D. Crisp & J. J. Doyle (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, part 7, pp. 11 – 30. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Doyle, J. J. , Doyle, J. L., Ballenger, J. A., Dickinson, E. E., Kajita, T. & Ohashi, H. (1997). A phylogeny of the chloroplast gene rbcL in the Leguminosae: taxonomic correlations and insights into the evolution of nodulation. Amer. J. Bot. 84(4): 541 – 554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Farr, E. R., Leussink, J. A. & Stafleu, F. A. (1979). Index nominum genericorum (Plantarum). Regnum Veg. 100. Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht, Bohn.
  • Fluckiger, F. A. & Hanbury, D. (1874). Balsamum tolunatum. Pharmacographia 15: 177 – 184.
  • Harms, H. (1908). VI Zur nomenclatur des Perubalsambaumes. Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 85 – 97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Holmgren, P. K., Holmgren, N. H. & Barnett, L. C. (1990). Index Herbariorum, Vol. I: The herbaria of the world. New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  • Hutchinson, J. (1964). The genera of flowering plants, Vol. 1. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Isely, D. (1981). Leguminosae of the United States III, subfamily Papilionoideae; Tribes Sophoreae, Podalyrieae, Loteae. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 25(3): 1 – 264.
  • Klotzsch, J. F. (1843). Myroxylon punctatum Klotzsch. In: F. G. Hayne, Getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der in Arzneykunde Gebrauchlichen Gewachse 14: 12. Auf kosten des verfassers, Berlin.
  • Klotzsch, J. F. (1857). Eine synoptische Aufzählung der Arten von Myroxylon Mutis und Myrospermum Jacq. Bonplandia 5: 272 – 277.
  • Kunth, C. S. (1823). Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland. In: F. H. A. von Humboldt, A. J. A. Bonpland & K. S. Kunth (eds), Nova Genera et Species Plantarum, Vol. 6: 371 – 375, 570 – 571. Facsimile ed. 1963, J. Cramer, Weinheim.
  • Lamarck, J. B. A. P. de (1797). Encyclopédie Méthodique. Chez H. Agasse, Paris.
  • Lawrence, G. H. M. (1971). Taxonomy of vascular plants. Macmillan, New York.
  • Linares, E. & Bye Jr., R. A. (1987). A study of four medicinal plant complexes of Mexico and adjacent United States. J. Ethno-pharmacol. 19: 153 – 183.
  • Linnaeus filius, C. (1781). Myroxylon peruiferum. Supplementum Plantarum 34: 232 – 234. Impensis Orphanotrophei, Brunsvigae.
  • Linnaeus, C. (1753). Toluifera balsamum. Species Plantarum ed. I, 1: 383 – 385. Impensis l. Salvii, Holmiae.
  • Maranduba, A., Oliveira, A. B., Oliveira, G. G. de, Reis, J. E. de P. & Gottlieb, O. R. (1979). Isoflavonoids from Myroxylon peruiferum. Phytochemistry 18: 815 – 817.
  • McNeill, J. C., Barrie, F. R., Buck, W. R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Marhold, K., Prado, J., Prud'homme van Reine, W. F., Smith, G. F. & Wiersema, J. H. (2011). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Regnum Veg. 154. Koeltz Scientific Books.
  • Oersted, W. (1855). Myrospermum sonsonatense. Vidensk Meddel Naturhist. Foren. Kjöbenhavn: 27 – 32.
  • Pennington, R. T., Stirton, C. H. & Schrire, B. D. (2005). Tribe Sophoreae. In: G. Lewis, B. Schrire, B. Mackinder & M. Lock (eds), Legumes of the world, pp. 227 – 249. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Pereira, J. (1851). On the Myrospermum of Sonsonate, from which balsamum of Peru, white balsamum and balsamito are obtained. Pharm. J. Trans. 10: 27 – 29.
  • Polhill, R. M. (1981). Sophoreae. In: R. M. Polhill & P. H. Raven (eds), Advances in legume systematics part 1, pp. 213 – 230. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Radford, A. E., Dickinson, W. C., Massey, J. R. & Bell, C. R. (1974). Vascular plant systematics. Harper & Row, New York.
  • Royle, J. F. (1853). Myrospermum pereirae. A manual of materia medica and therapeutics 2: 414. John Churchill, London.
  • Rudd, V. E. (1968). Leguminosae of Mexico-Faboideae. I. Sophoreae and Podalyrieae. Rhodora 70: 493 – 532.
  • Ruiz, H. & Pavon, J. (1956). Flora Peruviana et Chilensis. Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 14: 717 – 784.
  • Sartori, A. L. B. & Tozzi, A. M. G. (2002). Comparative leaflet anatomy in Myrocarpus Allemão, Myroxylon L.f. and Myrospermum Jacq. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae-Sophoreae) species. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 140: 249 – 259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Stafleu, F. A. & Cowan, R. S. (1983). Taxonomic Literature, Vol. 4. W. Junk, Utrecht.
  • Stafleu, F. A. (1965). Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis, Vol. 43. Facsimile, J. Cramer, Lehre.
  • Stearn, W. T. (1973). Botanical Latin. Redwood Press Limited, Trowbridge.
  • Stokes, J. (1812). Myroxylon abruptifolium. A botanical materia medica 2, p. 471. J. Johnson, London.
  • Walpers, W. G. (1843). Myrospermum. Repertorium botanices systematicae 1: 805. Sumtibus Friderici Hofmeister, Lipsiae.
  • Willdenow, K. (1799). Species plantarum, vol. 2. Impensis G. C. Nauk, Berolini.
  • Wojciechowski, M. F., Lavin, M. & Sanderson, M. J. (2004). A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid matK gene resolves many well-supported subclades within the family. Amer. J. Bot. 91: 1846 – 1862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • de Candolle, A. P. (1825). Leguminosae. In: A. P. Candolle (ed.), Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, Vol. 2, pp. 93 – 423. Treuttel & Würtz, Paris.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • D'Arcy, W.G. (1987). Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index.. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 17: 1-328. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Forzza, R.C., Zappi, D. & Souza, V.C. (2016-continuously updated). Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/ConsultaPublicaUC/ResultadoDaConsultaNovaConsulta.do.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera & C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2010). Manual de plantas de Costa Rica volumen V. Dicotiledóneas (Clusiaceae-Gunneraceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 119: 1-970. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánes, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador: 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Kumar, S. & Sane, P.V. (2003). Legumes of South Asia. A Checklist: 1-536. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lock, J.M. & Ford, C.S. (2004). Legumes of Malesia a Check-List: 1-295. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lock, J.M. (1989). Legumes of Africa a check-List: 1-619. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Stevens, W.D., Ulloa U., C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (2001). Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1-2666. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.
  • van der Maesen, L.J.G. & Sosef, M.S.M. (2016). Flore du Gabon 49: 1-407. Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Castañeda, R.R. (1991). Frutas silvestres de Colombia. Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (2015). Identificación de las plantas útiles como Productos Forestales No Maderables del Bosque seco-Tropical en tres ventanas del Caribe colombiano. 1386 registros, aportados por: Garcia, H. (Contacto del Recurso), López Camacho, R. (Creador del recurso), Sarmiento Bernal, C. (Proveedor del metadatos). Espitia Palenci, L. (Autor), Gallego, B. (Punto de contacto), Aguilar Cano, J. (Curador), Mendoza, H. (Curador). Versión 2.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=rrbb_bst-caribe_plantae_2015
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (2015). Listado de especies de Productos No Maderables del caribe colombiano. 366 registros, aportados por: Garcia, H. (Contacto del Recurso), López Camacho, R. (Creador del recurso), Espitia Palencia, L. (Proveedor del metadatos). Versión 2.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=le_bst-caribe_plantae_2015
  • Jansen, P., Lemmens, R., Oyen, L., Siemonsma, J., Stavast, F. & Van Valkenburg, J. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Basic list of species and commodity grouping. Final version. Pudoc, Wageningen.
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • RBG, Kew (ed.) (1999). Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

International Legume Database and Information Service

  • Backer, C. A. (1963). Flora of Java. Groningen, The Netherlands
  • Burkart, A. (1952). Acme Agency, Buenos Aires 569 pp Las Leguminosas Argentinas
  • Gillett, J. B. et al. (1971). Papilionoideae. In: Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Milne-Redhead & Polhill
  • Rudd, V. E. (1980). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 1:428-458 Fabaceae
  • Senaratna, L. K. (2001). A check list of the flowering plants of Sri Lanka. Colombo.
  • Standley, P. C. & Steyermark, J. A (1946). Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5) :1-425 Leguminosae
  • Stevens, W. D., et al. (2001). Flora de Nicaragua, 85(2)... Missouri Bot. Gard. Press
  • Terrell, E. E. (1977). Checklist of Names for 3, 000 Vas. Pl... Agric. Handbook No. 505

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Sep 1, 2000 Valente, G.E. [544], Brazil K000892092 Yes
Jul 1, 1997 Moura, F. [473], Brazil K000892095 Yes
Jan 1, 1996 Cheek, M. [5379], Cameroon K000436524 No
Jan 1, 1991 Pinheiro, R.S. [280], Bahia K000188316 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Hinton, G.B. [12540], Mexico K000118964 No
Jan 1, 1988 Hinton, G.B. [12298], Mexico K000118965 No
Jan 1, 1988 Warszewicz, A.J. [s.n.], Ecuador K000500797 isotype Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Pinheiro, R.S. [280], Bahia K000188315 No
Jan 1, 1988 s.coll. [s.n.] K000892079 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Glaziou [12566], Brazil K000892081 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Méllo, J.C. [s.n.], Brazil K000892077 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Méllo, J.C. [s.n.], Brazil K000892090 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Kuhlmann, J.G. [s.n.], Brazil K000892091 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Macedo, A. [787], Brazil K000892086 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Hambury, D. [s.n.], Brazil K000892082 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Heringer, E.P. [12159], Brazil K000892096 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Spruce, R. [5075], Ecuador K000201038 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Spruce, R. [5075], Ecuador K000201039 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 s.coll. [s.n.] K000892080 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 s.coll. [s.n.] K000892078 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Regnell, A.F. [III-1758], Brazil K000892088 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Archer, W.A. [7714], Brazil K000892087 Yes
Jan 1, 1988 Hinton, G.B. [12296], Mexico K000118966 No
Jan 1, 1980 Heringer, E.P. [5288], Brazil K000892094 Yes
Jan 1, 1967 Hatschbach, G.G. [14495], Brazil K000892089 Yes
Lewis, G.P. [1736], El Salvador 55901.000 No
Lewis, G.L. [s.n.], El Salvador 55903.000 No
Souza, L.R.M. [49], Brazil K000892093 Yes
Ducke, A. [s.n.], Brazil K000892083 Yes
Pennington, R.T. [647], Ecuador K000556948 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [5484], Brazil K000892085 Yes
Ducke, A. [s.n.], Brazil K000892084 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [5484], Brazil K000892076 Yes
Owens, S.J., USA Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae 54085.000 No

Sources

  • Art and Illustrations in Digifolia

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible

    • ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
    • https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • International Legume Database and Information Service

    • International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS) V10.39 Nov 2011
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2022 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Bulletin

    • Kew Bulletin
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Living Collection https://www.kew.org/

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2022 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Legumes of the World Online

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0