Combretaceae
Laguncularia

Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F.Gaertn.

First published in Suppl. Carp.: 209 (1807)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Tropical & Subtropical America, W. Tropical Africa to Angola. It is a shrub or tree and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. It is has environmental uses, as animal food and a medicine and for fuel and food.

Distribution

Native to:

Angola, Aruba, Bahamas, Belize, Benin, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Cameroon, Cayman Is., Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Florida, French Guiana, Gabon, Galápagos, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Liberia, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panamá, Peru, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Southwest Caribbean, Suriname, Texas, Trinidad-Tobago, Turks-Caicos Is., Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is.

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

Kew's Tree of Life Explorer

Discover the flowering plant tree of life and the genomic data used to build it.

View the Tree of Life
PAFTOL

Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  • Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D.E. Atha (2000). Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: 1-246.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.
  • Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
  • Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau). Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
  • Exell, A.W. (1973). Angiosperms of the islands of the gulf of Guinea (Fernando Po, Príncipe, S.Tomé, and Annobon). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany 4: 325-411.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2021). Flora of North America North of Mexico 10: 1-456. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
  • Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera & C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2010). Manual de plantas de Costa Rica volumen V. Dicotiledóneas (Clusiaceae-Gunneraceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 119: 1-970. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. & Keay, R.W.J. (1954-1958). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 1: 1-828.
  • Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
  • Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée. Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
  • Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P.G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E.J. & Martin, C.A. (2022). An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, sér. 3, 44: 345-903.
  • Niembro Rocas, A., Vázquez Torres, M. & Sáchez Sáchez, O. (2010). Árboles de Veracruz 100 especies para la reforstación estratégica: 1-253. Gombierno del Estado de Veracruz, México.
  • Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
  • Stevens, W.D., Ulloa U., C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (2001). Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1-2666. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Flora of the Cayman Islands

  • Gaertn. in Gaertn. f., Fruct. 3: 209, t. 217 (1805).

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Flora of West Tropical Africa

  • Aubrév. Fl. For. C. Iv. 3: 52, t. 262, 6–10.
  • Chev. Bot. 260
  • Engl. & Diels Monogr. Afr. Combretac. 33, fig. 4
  • —F.T.A. 2: 419

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.
  • Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
  • Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau). Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
  • Correll, D.S. & Correll, H.B. (1982). Flora of the Bahama Archipelago: 1-1692. J.Cramer, Vaduz.
  • Exell, A.W. (1973). Angiosperms of the islands of the gulf of Guinea (Fernando Po, Príncipe, S.Tomé, and Annobon). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany 4: 325-411.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Forzza, R.C., Zappi, D. & Souza, V.C. (2016-continuously updated). Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/ConsultaPublicaUC/ResultadoDaConsultaNovaConsulta.do.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Gonzalez, F., Nelson Diaz, J. & Lowry, P. (1995). Flora Illustrada de San Andrés y Providencia: 1-281. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Colombia.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. & Keay, R.W.J. (1954-1958). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 1: 1-828.
  • Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
  • Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée. Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
  • Niembro Rocas, A., Vázquez Torres, M. & Sáchez Sáchez, O. (2010). Árboles de Veracruz 100 especies para la reforstación estratégica: 1-253. Gombierno del Estado de Veracruz, México.
  • Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
  • Stevens, W.D., Ulloa U., C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (2001). Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1-2666. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • USDA, NRCS ( 2021-continuously updated). Natural Resources Conservation Services Plant Database http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=checklist.html.
  • Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.

Kew Plants for Health

  • "UPWTA (Burkill, 2025)"
  • "World Checklist of Useful Pl. Spp. (Diazgranados et al., 2020)"
  • MPNS Import
  • US-FDA GSRS (2025)

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (2019). Lista de especies vedadas por la resolución 213 de 1977. 8256 especies. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=le_plantaspriorizadas_2019
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jan 12, 2005 Valverde, O., et al. [1272] Costa Rica K000260574 Yes
Jan 1, 1993 Wheatley, J.I. [666] Cameroon K000339755 Yes
Jan 1, 1968 Leeuwenberg, A.J.M. [6925] Cameroon K000050869 Yes
s.coll. [893] Jamaica K000819597 No
Davis, D.H. [2051] Guyana K004515269 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004515396 Yes
Miller, R.G. [FHI4329] Nigeria K004515278 Yes
Hu, S.Y.; But, P. [23217] Hong Kong K004515373 Yes
Lawson, M.A. [s.n.] India K004515388 Yes
Miller; Daramola [FHI46338] Nigeria K004515268 Yes
Fung, H. [20384] China K004515378 Yes
Matthew, K.M. [RHT25424] India K004515381 Yes
Miller, F.R. [89] K004515399 Yes
Curran, H.M.; Haman, M. [1135] K004515350 Yes
Steyermark, J.A.; Manara, B.J. [110512] K004515355 Yes
Combs, R. [221] Cuba K000819593 No
s.coll. [2453] India K004515383 Yes
Carvalho; Casas, F. [10259] Equatorial Guinea K004515275 Yes
Morton, J.K. [6626] Ghana K004515267 Yes
Dalziel, J.M. [8179] Cameroon K000050870 Yes
Galan, P.; Olmedo, M.; Galan, J. [4771] El Salvador K001532250 No
Cheek, M.; Elad; Ndumbe,P. [3473] Cameroon K000593203 Yes
Boldingh, I. [3028B] K000862564 No
Appun, C. [s.n.] Guyana K000862563 No
[Rev. L. G.] [s.n.] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines K000819594 No
Chipp, T.F. [176] Ghana K004515272 Yes
Lushington, A.W. [s.n.] India K004515387 Yes
[Mr. Spencer] [s.n.] K000819874 No
Williams, R.O.; [A. A. Williams] [10715] K000819595 No
Luke, Q. [12150] Tanzania K000566694 Yes
Hu, S.Y. [13763] Hong Kong K004515375 Yes
Llewellyn Williams [12184] K004515353 Yes
Wieringia, J.J. [1966] Cameroon K001562941 Yes
Breteler, F.J. [5170] K004515356 Yes
Little, E.L. (Jr.) [6286] K004515359 Yes
Carvalho, M.F.; Fernandez Casas, J. [12042] Equatorial Guinea K004515276 Yes
Hodge, W.H.; Godfrey, R.K.; Godfrey, R.K. [4208] Cuba K000819585 No
Karstedt, P. [M67] K004515354 Yes
Robertson, E.T. [3334dup] Jamaica K000819623 No
Fendler, A. [398] Trinidad and Tobago K000819873 No
Maitland, T.D. [0s.n.36] Cameroon K000050872 Yes
Hahn, L. [655] Martinique K000819596 No
Carvalho, M.F.; Fernandez Casas, J. [3430-1] Equatorial Guinea K004515273 Yes
Johnston, J.R. [247] K004515351 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [12651] India K004515385 Yes
How, F.C. [70886] China K004515379 Yes
Guile, D.P.M. [6195] Hong Kong K004515374 Yes
Handover, W.P. [s.n.] K004515352 Yes
{J. de Bruijn} [1266] K004515357 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [10120] K004515398 Yes
Hicks, J.B. [408] K004515361 Yes
s.coll. [2328] K004515401 Yes
Bentley, P.S. [28] K004515360 Yes
Maitland, T.D. [388] Cameroon K000050871 Yes
[Capt. Baukuk] [s.n.] Ghana K004515271 Yes
Dechamps, R. [12007] Cuba K004515308 Yes
s.coll. [[IV]] Hong Kong K004515377 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [18249] India K004515386 Yes
Milliken; Bevan; Smart [139] Venezuela K000752677 Yes
Howard, R.A.; Howard, E.S. [10092] Bahamas, The K000819587 No
Brunt, M.A. [382] Cameroon K000050868 Yes
Raynal-Roques, A. [AR19648] Guadeloupe K000862570 No
Fischer, C.E.C. [s.n.] India K004515390 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] India K004515384 Yes
Ford, C. [s.n.] Hong Kong K004515376 Yes
[Gonan]; [Wilson] [236] Jamaica K000819628 No
Fischer, C.E.C. [s.n.] India K004515389 Yes
van der Werff, H.H. [1718] K004515362 Yes
s.coll. [4148] India K004515400 Yes
Carvalho; Casas, F. [10259] Equatorial Guinea K004515277 Yes
John, I.; Northrop, A.R. [594] Bahamas, The K000819872 No
Carvalho [2018] Equatorial Guinea K004515274 Yes
Cudjoe, P. [s.n.] Ghana K004515266 Yes
Purdie [s.n.] Jamaica K004515309 Yes
Axelrod, F.; Thomas, R. [9109] Puerto Rico K000862571 No
Bos, J.J. [2298] Liberia K004515265 Yes
Shiu Ying Hu [13763] Hong Kong K004515372 Yes
Camara, A. [78] Guinea K000460833 Yes
Fuertes, P.M. [529] Dominican Republic K000819586 No
de Wilde, J.J.F.E.; Voorhoeve, A.G. [3761] Liberia K004515264 Yes
s.coll. [1004] India K004515382 Yes
Davis, D.H. [2051] Guyana K004515270 Yes
Asplund, E. [s.n.] Ecuador K004515358 Yes
Smith, L.S. [13512] Jamaica K004515310 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Jamaica K000862569 No
Lane [s.n.] Jamaica K000862598 No
Lau, S.K. [ 461] China K004515380 Yes
Rosevear, D.R. [M7] Nigeria Conocarpus racemosus K004515259 Yes
Vogel [110] Conocarpus racemosus K004515243 Yes
s.coll. [SLFD21] Sierra Leone Conocarpus racemosus K004515249 Yes
Thomas, N.W. [7081] Sierra Leone Conocarpus racemosus K004515244 Yes
Small, D. [116] Sierra Leone Conocarpus racemosus K004515248 Yes
Batten-Poole, W.H. [53] Nigeria Conocarpus racemosus K004515261 Yes
Jordan, H.D. [1046] Sierra Leone Conocarpus racemosus K004515247 Yes
Miller, R.G. [FHI43296] Nigeria Conocarpus racemosus K004515260 Yes
Unwin, A.H. [22] Nigeria Conocarpus racemosus K004515258 Yes
Thomas, N.W. [6952] Sierra Leone Conocarpus racemosus K004515245 Yes
Lisowski, S. [51930] Guinea Conocarpus racemosus K004515239 Yes
Morton, J.K. [SL701] Sierra Leone Conocarpus racemosus K004515257 Yes
Stubbings, H.G. [39] Nigeria Conocarpus racemosus K004515262 Yes
d'Orey, J. [36] Guinea-Bissau Conocarpus racemosus K004515240 Yes
Jones, T.S. [48] Sierra Leone Conocarpus racemosus K004515253 Yes
Vogel [197] Niger Conocarpus racemosus K004515252 Yes
Lane-Poole, C.E. [290] Sierra Leone Conocarpus racemosus K004515250 Yes
s.coll. [1057] Nigeria Conocarpus racemosus K004515263 Yes
Kirk (Dr.) [46] Sierra Leone Conocarpus racemosus K004515255 Yes
Morton, J.K. [SL631] Sierra Leone Conocarpus racemosus K004515256 Yes
Deighton, F.C. [2360] Sierra Leone Conocarpus racemosus K004515254 Yes
Holland, J.H. [144] Conocarpus racemosus K004515241 Yes
Hepper, F.N.; Enti, A.A.; Abbiw, D. [7451] Ghana Conocarpus racemosus K004515237 Yes
Hepper, F.N.; Enti, A.A.; Abbiw, D. [7451] Ghana Conocarpus racemosus K004515242 Yes
Small, D. [782] Sierra Leone Conocarpus racemosus K004515246 Yes
Pobéguin, C.H.O. [5] Gabon Conocarpus racemosus K004515238 Yes
Hooker [52] Niger Conocarpus racemosus K004515251 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • EBC Common Names

    • Common Names from Kew's Economic Botany Collection https://www.kew.org/science/collections-and-resources/collections/economic-botany-collection

  • Flora of West Tropical Africa

    • Flora of West Tropical Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of the Cayman Islands

    • Flora of the Cayman Islands
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2026. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Kew's Living Collection Database

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2026. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0