Cichorium intybus L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 813 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Europe to Central Asia and W. Himalaya, Macaronesia to N. Africa. It is a perennial and grows primarily in the temperate biome. It is used as animal food, a poison and a medicine, has social uses and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Central European Russia, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Kriti, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Morocco, Netherlands, North Caucasus, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Norway, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, Sinai, South European Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, Yugoslavia

Introduced into:

Alabama, Alberta, Altay, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Borneo, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, British Columbia, Buryatiya, California, Cambodia, Cape Provinces, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colorado, Connecticut, Costa Rica, Cuba, Delaware, District of Columbia, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Florida, Free State, French Guiana, Georgia, Great Britain, Guatemala, Gulf of Guinea Is., Gulf States, Guyana, Hainan, Honduras, Idaho, Illinois, India, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Ireland, Irkutsk, Jawa, Juan Fernández Is., Kamchatka, Kansas, Kentucky, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., Kuwait, KwaZulu-Natal, Labrador, Laos, Lesotho, Lesser Sunda Is., Libya, Louisiana, Madagascar, Maine, Malaya, Manchuria, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mongolia, Montana, Myanmar, Nebraska, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Newfoundland, North Carolina, North Dakota, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oman, Ontario, Oregon, Paraguay, Pennsylvania, Philippines, Primorye, Prince Edward I., Puerto Rico, Qinghai, Queensland, Québec, Rhode I., Réunion, Sakhalin, Saskatchewan, Saudi Arabia, South Australia, South Carolina, South Dakota, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Suriname, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tasmania, Tennessee, Texas, Thailand, Tibet, Uruguay, Utah, Venezuela, Vermont, Victoria, Vietnam, Virginia, Washington, West Siberia, West Virginia, Western Australia, Western Sahara, Windward Is., Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yakutskiya, Yemen, Zaïre, Zimbabwe

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Accepted Infraspecifics

Classification

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PAFTOL

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • GCC (2011). Global Compositae Checklist http://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/.
  • Ghazanfar, S.A. (1992). An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Oman and their Vernacular names. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2: 1-153.
  • Ghazanfar, S.A., Edmondson, J.R. & Hind, D.J.N. (eds.) (2019). Flora of Iraq 6: 1-458. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1992). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 6: 1-428. Nauka, Leningrad.
  • Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
  • Komiljon, T., Natalya, B., Avazbek, B., Dilnoza, A., Ziyoviddin, Y., Deng, T. & Sun, H. (2020). Flora of the Dzhizak Province, Uzbekistan: 1-523. China Forestry Publishing House.
  • Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
  • Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
  • Krasnoborov, I.M. (ed.) (2007). Flora of Siberia 13: 1-499. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Litvinskaya, S.A. & Murtazaliev, R.A. (2013). Flora of the Northern Caucasus: An Atlas and Identification Book: 1-688. Fiton XXI.
  • Meades, S.J. & Brouillet, L. (2019). Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Newfoundland and Labrador https://newfoundland-labradorflora.ca/checklist/.
  • Mehboob-ur-Rahman (2012). Wild plants of Swat, Pakistan 1: 1-281. Department of botany, govt. Jehanzeb post graduate college.
  • Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.
  • Nikolin, E.G. (2020). Opredelitel' vysshikh rasteniy Yakutii: 1-895. Moskva : Tovarishchestvo Nauchnykh Izdaniy KMK Novosibirsk "Nauka".
  • Pruski, J.F. (ed.) (2018). Flora Mesoamericana 5(2): 1-608. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
  • Schäfer, H. (2021). Flora of the Azores a field guide: 1-445. Margraf Publishers GmbH.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • de Salas, MF, Baker, ML (2022). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island: 1-161. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart. https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/resources/census/.

Kew Species Profiles

  • Adanson, M. (1763). Familles des Plantes.
  • Brickell, C. (Ed.) (2003). The Royal Horticultural Society A–Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. Dorling Kindersley Ltd., London.
  • Hamilton, N. (2007). Grow Organic: Fruit and Vegetables Fresh From Your Garden. New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd., London.
  • Kiers, A. M. (2000). Endive, Chicory, and their Wild Relatives: a Systematic and Phylogenetic Study of Cichorium (Asteraceae). National Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden branch.
  • Mabberley, D. J. (2008). Mabberley’s Plant-book: a Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses. 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Mahr, S. (2012). The Wisconsin Master Gardener Program species page.
  • Missouri Botanical Garden (2013). Tropicos, Name search.
  • The Royal Horticultural Society (2013). RHS Grow Your Own.
  • USDA, NRCS. (2013). The PLANTS Database, National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
  • Vaughan, J. G. & Geissler, C. A. (2009). The New Oxford Book of Food Plants. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Flora of Iraq

  • Abdulridha, Taha & Wedad, Ecology and Fl. Basra: 203 (2016)
  • Bornmüller in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 60B: 216 (1940)
  • Collenette, Wild Flow. Saudi Arabia: 180 (1999)
  • Dinsmore in Post, Fl. Syria, ed. 2, 2 : 124 (1933)
  • Guest in Dep. Agr. Iraq Bull. 27: 22 (1933)
  • Handel-Mazzetti in Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 432 (1913)
  • Kilian & Ghazanfar in Fl. Oman 3: 220 (2015)
  • L., Sp. Pl.: 813 (1753)
  • Lack in Fl. Iranica 122: 6 (1977)
  • Matthews in Fl. Turkey 5: 627 (1975)
  • Rawi & Chakraverty, ibid. 15: 26 (1964)
  • Rawi in Dep. Agr. Iraq Tech. Bull. 14: 111 (1964)
  • Rechinger, Fl. Lowland Iraq: 663 (1964)
  • Taifour & El-Oqlah, Pl. Jordan Ann. Checkl.: 39 (2017).
  • Tsvelev in Fl. S.S.S.R. 29: 16 (1964)

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • (2020). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26958715. epublication.
  • Danihelka, J. Chrtek, J. & Kaplan, Z. (2012). Checklist of vascular plants of the Czech Republic. Preslia. Casopsi Ceské Botanické Spolecnosti 84: 647-811.
  • GCC (2011). Global Compositae Checklist http://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/.
  • Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1992). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 6: 1-428. Nauka, Leningrad.
  • Krasnoborov, I.M. (ed.) (2007). Flora of Siberia 13: 1-499. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Nikolin, E.G. (2020). Opredelitel' vysshikh rasteniy Yakutii: 1-895. Moskva : Tovarishchestvo Nauchnykh Izdaniy KMK Novosibirsk "Nauka".
  • Pruski, J.F. (ed.) (2018). Flora Mesoamericana 5(2): 1-608. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Allen, D., Bilz, M., Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M., Timoshyna, A., & Window, J. (2014). European Red List of medicinal plants. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 10:907382.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Jansen, P., Lemmens, R., Oyen, L., Siemonsma, J., Stavast, F. & Van Valkenburg, J. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Basic list of species and commodity grouping. Final version. Pudoc, Wageningen.
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • Plants for malaria, plants for fever: Medicinal species in Latin America, a bibliographic survey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Schreurs [s.n.] K002681222 No
Hunter, A. [s.n.] India K000796601 Unknown Type Material Yes
Clarke, C.B. [2282] Portugal K002681215 No
Virgo, K.J. [247] Algeria K002681189 No
Rico, L.; Windsor-Shaw, T. [1202] Bolivia K000295118 No
{Hooker} [s.n.] Morocco K002681191 No
Perez, G.V. [38] Spain K002681217 No
Licent, A.E. [1651] China K002681227 No
Leon, C.J.; Lin, Y-L. [TCMK 855] China K001873638 No
Hosie [s.n.] China K002681226 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K002681221 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Morocco K002681199 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K000796600 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Morocco K002681195 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K001731850 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K000796599 Unknown Type Material Yes
Watson, H.C. [170] Portugal K002681212 No
[?] [s.n.] Portugal K002681214 No
Trethewy, A.W. [3] Morocco K002681190 No
Ross-Craig, S.; Sealy, J.R. United Kingdom K:SPC-25939.000 No
[Louranza] [816] K001731849 No
Sheahan, M-C. [MCS270] K000696390 No
Watson, H.C. [170] Portugal K002681211 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Morocco K002681192 No
[Teneriffa] [2477] K002681210 No
[?] [s.n.] K002681194 No
Cope, T.A. [RBG 272] United Kingdom K000914408 Yes
Ferguson, K.; Parra R, R.; Sanchez, M.C.; Valdés, B. [6164/95] Morocco K002681188 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Morocco K002681198 No
Pitard, C.J. [1903] Morocco K002681196 No
s.coll. [65] K001731848 No
Hunt, T.C. [s.n.] K002681216 No
Bourgeau, E. [871] Spain K002681213 No
Trethewy, A.W. [289] Morocco K002681193 No
Lim, B.K.; Chung, H.H. [1530] China K002681225 No
Lefebvre, J.; Reichenbach, H.G. [s.n.] Algeria K002681197 No

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
  • Flora Zambesiaca

    • Flora Zambesiaca
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
  • Flora of Iraq

    • Ghazanfar, S. A., Edmondson, J. R. (Eds). (2013-2019). Flora of Iraq, Volumes 5.1, 5.2 and 6.0. Kew Publishing
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images
  • Kew Species Profiles

    • Kew Species Profiles
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0