Asteraceae
Silybum

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.

First published in Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 378 (1791)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Macaronesia, Medit. to Central Asia and India, Ethiopia. It is an annual or biennial and grows primarily in the subtropical biome. It is used as a poison, a medicine and invertebrate food and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Azores, Baleares, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Corse, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Gulf States, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kriti, Kuwait, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, North Caucasus, Pakistan, Palestine, Portugal, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Sicilia, Sinai, Spain, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, Western Sahara, Yemen, Yugoslavia

Introduced into:

Alabama, Alberta, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Borneo, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, British Columbia, California, Cape Provinces, Central European Russia, Chatham Is., Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Colorado, Connecticut, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East European Russia, Ecuador, Falkland Is., Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Hainan, Hungary, Illinois, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Ireland, Jawa, Juan Fernández Is., Korea, Krym, Lesser Sunda Is., Louisiana, Malaya, Manchuria, Maryland, Mexico Southeast, Michigan, Mississippi, Netherlands, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Norfolk Is., North Carolina, North European Russia, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Northwest European Russia, Norway, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Paraguay, Pennsylvania, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Primorye, Qinghai, Queensland, Québec, Romania, Saskatchewan, South Australia, South European Russia, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tasmania, Tennessee, Texas, Thailand, Tibet, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vermont, Victoria, Vietnam, Virginia, Washington, West Siberia, West Virginia, Western Australia, Wisconsin, Xinjiang

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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PAFTOL

Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Ali, S.I. & Qaiser, M. (eds.) (2019). Flora of Pakistan 223: 1-363. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
  • Bochumer Botanischer Verein (2023). Beiträge zur Flora Nordhein-Westfalens aus dem Jahr 2022. Jahrbuch des Bochumer Botanischen Vereins 14: 167-231.
  • Flora of China Editorial Committee (1988-2013). Checklist & Addendum. Flora of China Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2006). Flora of North America North of Mexico 19(1): 1-579. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • GCC (2011). Global Compositae Checklist http://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/.
  • Ghazanfar, S.A., Edmondson, J.R. & Hind, D.J.N. (eds.) (2019). Flora of Iraq 6: 1-458. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1992). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 6: 1-428. Nauka, Leningrad.
  • Kiew, R. & al. (eds.) (2021). Malayan Forest Records 49: 1-403.
  • Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
  • Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
  • Krasnoborov, I.M. (ed.) (2007). Flora of Siberia 13: 1-499. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Mehboob-ur-Rahman (2012). Wild plants of Swat, Pakistan 1: 1-281. Department of botany, govt. Jehanzeb post graduate college.
  • Muer, T., Sauerbier, H. & Cabrara Calixto, F. (2020). Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Madeiras: 1-792. Verlag und Versandbuchhandlung Andreas Kleinsteuber.
  • Nowak, A. & Nobis, M. (eds.) (2020). Illustrated Flora of Tajikistan and adjacent areas 1: 1-366. PAN, Polish academy of sciences.
  • Pruski, J.F. (ed.) (2018). Flora Mesoamericana 5(2): 1-608. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
  • Schäfer, H. (2021). Flora of the Azores a field guide: 1-445. Margraf Publishers GmbH.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • de Salas, MF, Baker, ML (2022). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island: 1-161. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart. https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/resources/census/.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Flora of Iraq

  • Anthony in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 291 (1935)
  • Blakelock in Kew Bull. 4: 64 (1949)
  • Boissier, Fl. Orient. 3: 556 (1875)
  • Boulos & Hind in Fl. Egypt 3: 158 (2002)
  • Breckle, Hedge & Rafiqpoor, Vasc. Pl. Afghan. Checkl.: 188 (2013)
  • Collenette, Wild Flow. Saudi Arabia: 218 (1999)
  • Dinsmore in Post, Fl. Syria, Palest. & Sinai ed. 2, 2: 93 (1933)
  • Feinbrun-Dothan Fl. Palaest. 3: 382 (1978)
  • Franco in Fl. Europ. 4: 249 (1976)
  • Franco in Fl. Iranica 139b: 281 (1977)
  • Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 378 (1791)
  • Guest in Dep. Agr. Iraq Bull. 27: 94 (1933)
  • Haloob & Al- Kaisi, Illustr. Fl. Lowland Iraq 1(1): 56 (2016)
  • Handel-Mazzetti in Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 497 (1913)
  • Hassawi, Taminy & Husham al-Izzi in Dep. Agr. Iraq Tech. Bull. 167: 129 (1968)
  • Kupicha in Fl. Turkey 5: 369 (1975)
  • Nábělek in Publ. Fac. Sci. Univ. Masaryk 52: 94 (1925)
  • Rawi in Dep. Agr. Iraq Tech. Bull. 14: 125 (1964)
  • Rechinger, Fl. Lowland Iraq: 646 (1964)
  • Taifour & El-Oqlah, Pl. Jordan Ann. Checkl.: 47 (2017).
  • Zohary in Dep. Agr. Iraq Bull. 31: 154 (1950)

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2006). Flora of North America North of Mexico 19(1): 1-579. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • GCC (2011). Global Compositae Checklist http://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/.
  • Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1992). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 6: 1-428. Nauka, Leningrad.
  • Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
  • Krasnoborov, I.M. (ed.) (2007). Flora of Siberia 13: 1-499. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Pruski, J.F. (ed.) (2018). Flora Mesoamericana 5(2): 1-608. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.

Flora of Tropical East Africa

  • Agnew, A.D.Q. & Agnew, S., Upland Kenya Wild Flowers, ed. 2: 228 (1994).
  • C. Jeffrey in Kew Bulletin 22: 131 (1968).
  • Gaertn., Fruct. & Sem. 2: 378, t. 162/2 (1791).

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • RBG, Kew (ed.) (1999). Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jan 1, 2018 Cassini, A.G.H. [s.n.] France K000778277 Holotype Yes
Jun 14, 2007 Simpson, N.D. [197] Egypt K001617043 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006612 No
Camp, W.H. [E-2046] Ecuador K002006796 No
André, É. [596] K002006794 No
Syngrassides, A. [1122] Cyprus K002006720 No
Wright, H.E.; Bent, A.M. [418-501] Iran K002006751 Yes
Brummitt, R.K. [19823] United States K002006790 No
Brummitt, R.K. [19823] United States K002006791 No
Davis; Bokhari [D.55950] Iran K002006748 Yes
s.coll. [908] United Kingdom K002006627 Yes
Guillon, A.; Willmott, E.A. [2131] France K002006635 No
{Monier Abd El Ghani} [3284] Egypt K002006727 Yes
Thurston, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006593 No
Thurston, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006591 No
Horwood, A.R.; Milne Redhead, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006617 No
Stapf, O. [80] Iran K002006749 Yes
Stapf, O. [231] K001617042 Yes
Hewen, T.F. [3677] Iran K002006752 Yes
Maitland, T.D. [117] Jordan K002006757 Yes
Jeffrey, C.; Trujillo, B. [2469] Venezuela K002006797 No
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006589 No
Davis; Bokhari [D.56587] Iran K002006754 Yes
Haussknecht, C. [s.n.] Armenia K002006758 No
Davis [50413] Libya K002006739 Yes
Mann, R.J. [868] United Kingdom K002006609 No
Hansen, G. [390] United States K002006789 No
Hossain, M. [2010] Iraq K002006694 No
Theron, G.C. [871] South Africa K002006786 No
Furse, P. [6135] Afghanistan K002006723 No
Bonnet, E.; Willmott, E.A. [s.n.] France K002006633 No
Thurston, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006594 No
Bor, N.L. [91] Ireland K002006623 No
[Wyc] [s.n.] K002006807 No
Barlase, W. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006590 No
Warwick; Lloyd, G.N. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006622 No
Malan, D. [s.n.] South Africa K002006785 No
Jackson, A.B.; Horwood, O.M. [637] United Kingdom K002006613 No
Khattab [5054] Egypt K002006729 Yes
Stevens, W. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006624 No
Dawe, M.T. [391] Colombia K002006792 No
Barkley, F.A. [7699] Iraq K002006695 No
Simpson, N.D. [5054] Egypt K002006733 Yes
Guest, C.; Guest, E.R.; Haider, M.E. [18343] Iraq K002006698 No
Pichler [s.n.] Austria K002006629 No
Saunders [s.n.] Chile K002006800 No
Bertoldi, M. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006607 No
Last, G.V.C. [399/1.] United Kingdom K002006625 No
Gamble, J.S.; Hante, E. [30721] United Kingdom K002006602 No
Chapman, E. [602] Cyprus K002006717 No
Cardo [s.n.] K002006799 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K002006805 No
Guillon, A. [2131] France K002006634 No
Guest, E.R.; Haider, M.E. [18343] Iraq K002006697 No
Hunt, P.F. [531] United Kingdom K002006595 No
Jacobs, M. [6418] Iran K002006750 No
Pichler [s.n.] Croatia K002006630 No
Chapman, E. [602] Cyprus K002006718 No
Willmott, E.A. [8] France K002006638 No
Simpson, N.D. [2469] Egypt K002006728 Yes
Syngrassides, A. [1122] Cyprus K002006721 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Jersey K002006626 No
Syngrassides, A. [634] Cyprus K002006719 No
Dallimore, W. [s.n.] K002006804 No
T.F.H. [4729] Cyprus K002006716 No
Medlin, L.T. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006592 No
Furse, P. [6018] Afghanistan K002006725 Yes
Melville, R. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006600 No
[?]orvitz]; Fisch [s.n.] Azerbaijan K002006759 Yes
Fraser, J. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006620 No
Summerhayes, V.S. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006616 No
s.coll. [3303] Afghanistan K002006726 Yes
Horwood, A.R. [637] United Kingdom K002006614 No
K:SPC-32345.000 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K002006806 No
Brenan, J.P.M. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006596 No
Horwood, A.R.; Milne Redhead, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006618 No
A.K. [1785] Cyprus K002006714 No
Furse, P. [6018] Afghanistan K002006724 Yes
{Dr. Wray} [s.n.] United States K002006788 No
Barkley, F.A. [7383] Iraq K002006692 No
[Fle?] [s.n.] K002006738 Yes
Dawe, M.T. [391] Colombia K002006793 No
Gregor, A.G. [[637]] United Kingdom K002006621 No
Reid, S.M. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006610 No
Guest, E.R. [775] Iraq K002006693 No
Davis [2909] Cyprus K002006715 No
Lester-Garland, R. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006604 No
Britton, C.E. [1044] United Kingdom K002006599 No
s.coll. [s.n.] France K002006637 No
Senogles, F. [125] United Kingdom K002006619 No
R. [Schendermenn] [s.n.] Germany K002006639 No
Hall [37] K002006795 No
Worsdell, W.C. [399/1] United Kingdom K002006597 No
Pennington, R.V. (Mrs) [4] Albania K002006628 No
[?] [493] Kuwait K002006732 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [1316] Egypt K002006731 Yes
Prior, A. [s.n.] Croatia K002006631 No
Steevs, V.E. [637] United Kingdom K002006608 No
Bonnet, E.; Willmott, E.A. [s.n.] France K002006636 No
Rogers, F.A. [[0367]] Iraq K002006696 No
Parker, R.N. [4258] South Africa K002006787 No
s.coll. [4539] United Kingdom K002006611 No
Felippone, F. [4570] Uruguay K002006801 No
Gamble, J.S. [29992] United Kingdom K002006603 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Argentina K002006798 No
Worsdell, W.C. [399/1] United Kingdom K002006598 No
MacMillan, H.F. [182] Iran K002006753 Yes
Summerhayes, V.S. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002006615 No
Prior, A.; Lesina [s.n.] Croatia K002006632 No

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Iraq

    • Ghazanfar, S. A., Edmondson, J. R. (Eds). (2013-2019). Flora of Iraq, Volumes 5.1, 5.2 and 6.0. Kew Publishing
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0