Xanthium orientale L.

Native to:

Alabama, Alaska, Alberta, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Bolivia, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, British Columbia, California, Cambodia, Chile Central, Chile North, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Paraguay, Pennsylvania, Peru, Prince Edward I., Québec, Rhode I., Saskatchewan, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Uruguay, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming

Introduced into:

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Altay, Amur, Assam, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Botswana, Brazil North, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Central European Rus, Chita, Colombia, Corse, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, Egypt, France, Free State, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Haiti, Hungary, India, Iraq, Italy, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Kriti, Krym, Kuril Is., KwaZulu-Natal, Lebanon-Syria, Leeward Is., Lesotho, Libya, Madeira, Marquesas, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, North Caucasus, North European Russi, Northern Provinces, Northwest European R, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Puerto Rico, Romania, Sakhalin, Sardegna, Sicilia, Sinai, Society Is., South European Russi, Spain, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Thailand, Transcaucasus, Tuamotu, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, West Himalaya, West Siberia, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

• Tomasello, S. (2018). How many names for a beloved genus? Coalescent-based species delimitation in Xanthium L. (Ambrosiinae, Asteraceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 135-145.
• von Raab-Straube, E. (ed.) (2005-2022). The Euro+Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/query.asp.

An alternative taxonomy had been proposed by the following authorities:

• Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2006). Asteraceae. Flora of North America North of Mexico 21: 1-616. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford. [Cited as Xanthium strumarium.]
• Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2011). Asteraceae. Flora of China 20-21: 1-992. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis). [Cited as Xanthium strumarium.]

Kew Backbone Distributions

• (2021). https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590. epublication.
• Aver'ianov, L.V. & al. (2006). Illyustrirovannyi opredelitel' rastenii Leningradskoi oblasti: 1-799. Nauka, Moskva.
• Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
• Chou, S., Chhnang, P. & Kim, Y. (2016). A Checklist for the Seed Plants of Cambodia: 1-272. National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.
• Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2006). Asteraceae. Flora of North America North of Mexico 21: 1-616. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
• Forzza, R.C., Zappi, D. & Souza, V.C. (2016-continuously updated). Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/ConsultaPublicaUC/ResultadoDaConsultaNovaConsulta.do.
• Ghazanfar, S.A., Edmondson, J.R. & Hind, D.J.N. (eds.) (2019). Flora of Iraq 6: 1-458. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
• Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1992). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 6: 1-428. Nauka, Leningrad.
• Koyama, H., Bunwong, S., Pornpongrungrueng, P. & Hind, D.J.N. (2016). Flora of Thailand 13(2): 143-428. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
• Krasnoborov, I.M. (ed.) (2007). Flora of Siberia 13: 1-499. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
• Missouri Botanic Garden (2005). Vascular Tropicos Nomenclatural Database http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html.
• Prakash, L. & Balasubramanian, P. (2018). Invasive alien flora of Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve in Southern Eastern Ghats, India. Indian Forester 144: 857-862.
• Sarder, N.U. & Hassan, M.A. (eds.) (2018). Vascular flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts 3: 1-978. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.
• St. John, H. (1988). Census of the Flora of the Gambier islands, Polynesia. Pacific Plant Studies 43: 1-34.
• Urgamal, M., Oyuntsetseg, B., Nyambayar, D. & Dulamsuren, C. (2014). Conspectus of the vascular plants of Mongolia: 1. Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany.
• Welsh, S.L. (1998). Flora Societensis: 1-420. E.P.S. Inc. Utah.
• von Raab-Straube, E. (ed.) (2005-2022). The Euro+Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/query.asp.