Xanthium spinosum L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 987 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Central & E. Canada to Mexico, Peru to S. South America. It is an annual and grows primarily in the temperate biome. It is used as a poison and a medicine and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Alabama, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Bolivia, Brazil South, California, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, Colombia, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Ecuador, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Juan Fernández Is., Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Paraguay, Pennsylvania, Peru, Québec, Rhode I., Saskatchewan, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Uruguay, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia

Introduced into:

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, China North-Central, China Southeast, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, Free State, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Gulf States, Hungary, India, Inner Mongolia, Iran, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kirgizstan, Korea, Kriti, Krym, KwaZulu-Natal, Lebanon-Syria, Lesotho, Libya, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New South Wales, North Caucasus, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Queensland, Rodrigues, Romania, Réunion, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Sicilia, Sinai, South Australia, Spain, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Tasmania, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Victoria, West Himalaya, Western Australia, Western Sahara, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Accepted Infraspecifics

Classification

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PAFTOL

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Ghafoor, A. & al. (2021). Flora of Pakistan 224: 1-310. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
  • Ghazanfar, S.A., Edmondson, J.R. & Hind, D.J.N. (eds.) (2019). Flora of Iraq 6: 1-458. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Hassler, M. & Muer, T. (2022). Flora Germanica: alle Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands in Text und Bild 2: 865-1712. Verlag Regionalkultur, Uberstadt-Weiher.
  • Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
  • Komiljon, T., Natalya, B., Avazbek, B., Dilnoza, A., Ziyoviddin, Y., Deng, T. & Sun, H. (2020). Flora of the Dzhizak Province, Uzbekistan: 1-523. China Forestry Publishing House.
  • Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
  • Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
  • Krasnoborov, I.M. (ed.) (2007). Flora of Siberia 13: 1-499. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.
  • Nowak, A. & Nobis, M. (eds.) (2020). Illustrated Flora of Tajikistan and adjacent areas 1: 1-366. PAN, Polish academy of sciences.
  • Ri͡abinina, Z.N. & Kni͡azev, M.S. (2009). Opredelitel sosudistykh rastenii Orenburgskoi oblasti: 1-757. Moskva: KMK.
  • Roskov Y. & al. (eds.) (2018). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands.
  • Schäfer, H. (2021). Flora of the Azores a field guide: 1-445. Margraf Publishers GmbH.
  • Serapio, J. & al. (2023). Contribution to the alien flora of the Balearic Islands. Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural. Secció de botanica 87: 11-28.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Tomasello, S. (2018). How many names for a beloved genus? Coalescent-based species delimitation in Xanthium L. (Ambrosiinae, Asteraceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 135-145.
  • Zhao, Y.Z., Zhao, L.Q. & Rui, C. (eds.) (2019). Flora Intramongolica, edition 3, 5: 1-451. Typis Intramongolicae popularis, Huhhot.
  • de Salas, MF, Baker, ML (2022). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island: 1-161. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart. https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/resources/census/.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Flora of Iraq

  • Boissier, Fl. Orient. 3: 252 (1875)
  • Boulos & Hadidi, Weed Fl. Egypt: 45 (1984)
  • Boulos & Hind in Fl. Egypt 3: 227 (2002)
  • Collenette, Wild Flow. Saudi Arabia: 225 (1999)
  • D. Löve in Fl. Europ. 4: 143 (1976)
  • Dinsmore in Post, Fl. Syria, ed. 2, 2: 43 (1933)
  • Feinbrun-Dothan, Fl. Palaest. 3: 324 (1978)
  • Kupicha in Fl. Turkey 5: 48 (1975)
  • L., Sp. Pl.: 897 (1753)
  • Taifour & El-Oqlah, Pl. Jordan Ann. Checkl.: 49 (2017).
  • Täckholm, Stud. Fl. Egypt, ed. 2: 568 (1974)

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • (2023). https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jeanh/article/view/245890/232619. epublication.
  • Benedi, C. & al. (eds.) in Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2019). Flora Iberica 16(III): 1453-2353. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.
  • Ghafoor, A. & al. (2021). Flora of Pakistan 224: 1-310. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
  • Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1992). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 6: 1-428. Nauka, Leningrad.
  • Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
  • Ri͡abinina, Z.N. & Kni͡azev, M.S. (2009). Opredelitel sosudistykh rastenii Orenburgskoi oblasti: 1-757. Moskva: KMK.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Zhao, Y.Z., Zhao, L.Q. & Rui, C. (eds.) (2019). Flora Intramongolica, edition 3, 5: 1-451. Typis Intramongolicae popularis, Huhhot.

Flora of Somalia

  • Pickering, H. & Awale, A. I. (2018). Introduction to plants in Central Somaliland. Ponte Invisibile, Redsea Cultural Foundation.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • Plants for malaria, plants for fever: Medicinal species in Latin America, a bibliographic survey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Hassler, E. [11495] Paraguay K002483804 Yes
Gilliat-Smith, B. [957] Bulgaria K002483144 Yes
Turrill, W.B. [529] Greece K002483162 Yes
Syngrassides, A.I. [514] Cyprus K002483211 Yes
Tamanyan, K.; Sh. Mnatsakanyan [76] Armenia K002483207 Yes
Gillies [96] Argentina K000373062 Type Yes
Terribile, M. [427] Argentina K002483845 Yes
Coville, F.V. [77] United States K002483721 Yes
Omar, S.; Hamad, K. [50420] Iraq K002483250 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Italy K002483176 Yes
[Brauntting] [s.n.] Austria K002483140 Yes
Beechey [s.n.] K000373059 Unknown Type Material Yes
Maitland, T.D. [141] Lebanon K002483231 Yes
Everist, S.L. [8011] Australia K002483576 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [s.n.] Egypt K002483217 Yes
{Khan; Prance; Ratcliffe} [692] Türkiye K002483242 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Belgium K002483142 Yes
Sylvén, N.; Samuelsson, G. [s.n.] Sweden K002483202 Yes
Porta [s.n.] Italy K002483174 Yes
Glaziou, A. [12919] Brazil K001031228 Yes
[J. W. Berse] [15669] Australia K002483571 Yes
Wall, E.; Sparre, B. [s.n.] Argentina K002483844 Yes
Parlatore [s.n.] Italy K002483184 Yes
[Moh. Eff. Fayek] [3506] Egypt K002483218 Yes
Mititelu, D. [s.n.] Romania K002483190 Yes
Chevallier, L.P.D. [s.n.] Algeria K002483384 Yes
Money-Kyrle, A.F. [pA16] Algeria K002483386 Yes
Hubbard, C.E. [3737] Australia K002483565 Yes
Davis, P.H. [24535] Türkiye K002483244 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [264] France K002483151 Yes
Malvarez, R. [148] Argentina K002483853 Yes
Jury, S.L.; Springate, L.S. [11334] Morocco K002483380 Yes
Collenette, I.S. [2978] Saudi Arabia K002483237 Yes
Hansen, G. [479] United States K002483725 Yes
Seydel, R. [617] K002483699 Yes
Turner, L.V. [100] Greece K002483161 Yes
Schlieben, H.J. [7791] K002483700 Yes
Haradjian, M. [1015] Cyprus K002483209 Yes
Gilliat-Smith, B. [2150] Iran K002483227 Yes
Meebold, A. [s.n.] Italy K002483173 Yes
Martindale, G.E. [3] Spain K002483196 Yes
Brown, E.S. [2119] Iran K002483215 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Spain K002483200 Yes
Burchell [1194] Brazil K000955672 Yes
Gergely, I. [s.n.] Romania K002483191 Yes
Rigo [s.n.] Italy K002483179 Yes
Turrill, W.B. [612] Serbia K002483195 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Portugal K002483389 Yes
Sintenis, G. [429] Türkiye K002483189 Yes
Tweedie [738] Argentina K000373061 Type Yes
Nelson, D.J. [139] Australia K002483573 Yes
[Franc à Nouméa] [1346] New Caledonia K002483593 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United States K002483730 Yes
Gruner, L. [s.n.] Russia K002483192 Yes
P.J.M.; Maas, H. [9779] Italy K002483178 Yes
Martindale, G.E. [59] Spain K002483197 Yes
Casey, E.C. [938] Cyprus K002483210 Yes
Golde, D. [s.n.] Russia K002483193 Yes
Biggs, N.; Hughes, A.; Jimenez Vazques, C.; Mendoza F, J.M.M.; Balcazar, M. [59] Bolivia K002483823 Yes
Brynard, A.M. [315] South Africa K002483698 Yes
Radcliffe-Smith, A.; Henchie, S.J. [4600] Yemen K002483247 Yes
Seydel, R. [642] Namibia K002483689 Yes
Baur, R. [1141] K002483692 Yes
Porta [s.n.] Italy K002483183 Yes
Nation, O. [182] South Africa K002483694 Yes
Noë [[1974]] Italy K002483171 Yes
Grabmayr, V. [s.n.] Austria K002483141 Yes
Nuttall, L.W. [251] United States K002483724 Yes
Rigo, G. [s.n.] Italy K002483180 Yes
Aguilar, R.M. [554] Argentina K002483848 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Bulgaria K002483145 Yes
Cuming, H. [90] Chile K002483851 Yes
Porta [s.n.] Italy K002483175 Yes
Plat, J.J.; Dunn, C.; Coveny, R.G. [8] Australia K002483579 Yes
Aucher-Eloy [3463] Türkiye K002483205 Yes
Schlechter, R. [2734] South Africa K002483691 Yes
Jacobs, S. [2168] Australia K002483568 Yes
Furse, P. [8914] Iran K002483223 Yes
Brueckner, A. [94] South Africa K002483687 Yes
Atchley, S.C. [298] Greece K002483166 Yes
Faure, A. [s.n.] Algeria K002483385 Yes
Ball, J. [s.n.] Croatia K002483148 Yes
Boulos, L. [s.n.] Qatar K002483236 Yes
Ingoldby, C.M. [560] Türkiye K002483204 Yes
Reverchon [s.n.] France K002483158 Yes
Jordan; Schultz, F.G. [s.n.] Germany K002483156 Yes
Rawden, P.A. [68] Spain K002483198 Yes
Maitland, T.D. [141] Lebanon K002483233 Yes
Hassler, E. [8638] Paraguay K002483806 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K002483155 Yes
Giuseppi [22] Serbia K002483194 Yes
Verdcourt, B. [4132] Greece K002483164 Yes
Coveny, R.G. [7610] Australia K002483569 Yes
Wood, J.R.I.; Haigh, A. [21852] Bolivia K002483822 Yes
Della, A. [s.n.] Cyprus K002483208 Yes
Davis [47748] Türkiye K002483241 Yes
Kitching, L. [s.n.] South Africa K002483697 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Romania K002483188 Yes
[Acres] [417] Yemen K002483246 Yes
Staub, M. [s.n.] Croatia K002483149 Yes
K000373060 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K002483154 Yes
Gandoger, M. [s.n.] France K002483153 Yes
Morel, I. [8528] Spain K002483846 Yes
Schimper; [Wices] [s.n.] K002483169 Yes
Smith, L.S. [03566] Australia K002483577 Yes
Syngrassides, A. [1246] Cyprus K002483213 Yes
Wilms, F. [870] South Africa K002483693 Yes
McAllister, W.V. [8071] Zimbabwe K002483647 Yes
Hoehne, W. [908] Brazil K001031229 Yes
Lindberg, H. [s.n.] Cyprus K002483212 Yes
Pedersen, T.M. [8597] Paraguay K002483807 Yes
s.coll. [6365] Uzbekistan K002483404 Yes
Rechinger, K.H.; Rechinger, F. [5639] Iran K002483228 Yes
Todaro [s.n.] Italy K002483185 Yes
[A. Charif]; [K. Hamid]; [H. Hamed] [47315] Iraq K002483249 Yes
Vasey, G.R. [282] United States K002483727 Yes
Connell, B. [3] South Africa K002483695 Yes
Hendy, C. [156] Yemen K002483245 Yes
Hendy, C. [152] Yemen K002483248 Yes
Alston, A.H.G.; Sandwith, N.Y. [2305] Albania K002483136 Yes
Thompson, P.H. [247] Bosnia and Herzegovina K002483137 Yes
Matz [s.n.] Austria K002483138 Yes
[J. N. Spinlock] [1408] United States K002483729 Yes
Van Vuuren, D.R.J. [1615] South Africa K002483701 Yes
[C. H. Cromin] [79959] Zimbabwe K002483646 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K002483203 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Austria K002483139 Yes
[Audueralete] [4108] Uruguay K002483849 Yes
Haynald [s.n.] Hungary K002483170 Yes
Burchell, J. [4207/2] Brazil K000955671 Yes
Howean [s.n.] Belgium K002483143 Yes
Gandoger, M. [s.n.] France K002483157 Yes
[H. H. Huidehs] [2219] Argentina K002483847 Yes
Tedd, H.G. [863] K002483168 Yes
Hunt, T.C. [s.n.] Portugal K002483388 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Italy K002483182 Yes
Wójcicki, G.L. [s.n.] Poland K002483187 Yes
Trethewy, A.W. [138] Morocco K002483382 Yes
Meyers, F. [4131] Israel K002483235 Yes
Torrey [122] United States K002483728 Yes
Nesbitt, R.M.A. [1349] Türkiye K002483239 Yes
Macrae [s.n.] Chile K002483852 Yes
Hassler, E. [1024] Paraguay K002483805 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [2829] Egypt K002483220 Yes
Davis, P.H. [7272] Egypt K002483216 Yes
Wright, P.A. [83] Iran K002483226 Yes
Smith, L.S. [3029] Australia K002483574 Yes
Davis, P.H. [14584] Türkiye K002483240 Yes
Sisi, S. [s.n.] Egypt K002483221 Yes
Anderson, B. [[1556]] Iran K002483225 Yes
Trethewy, A.W. [131] Morocco K002483381 Yes
Täckholm, V.; Elsayed, I.; El Mahdi, M.E. [s.n.] Egypt K002483219 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K002483152 Yes
Maitland, T.D. [141] Lebanon K002483232 Yes
Fries, H. [s.n.] Sweden K002483201 Yes
Davis; Polunin, O. [24535] Türkiye K002483243 Yes
Omar, S.; Hamad, K. [50391] Iraq K002483251 Yes
Lowne, B.T. [s.n.] Greece K002483167 Yes
Khatib, A.; Boulos, L. [s.n.] Syria K002483238 Yes
Morel, I. [4332] Argentina K002483854 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K002483159 Yes
Hubbard, C.E. [4869] Australia K002483566 Yes
Spicer, R.B. [45] Greece K002483165 Yes
Mashaly, I.A. [s.n.] Egypt K002483214 Yes
Furse, P. [8914] Iran K002483224 Yes
Stephenson Vine, R. [3] Greece K002483163 Yes
Rodway, F.A. [384] Australia K002483570 Yes
Camerik, A.M. [94] Botswana K002483644 Yes
Wright, C.A. [3142] Malta K002483186 Yes
Money-Kyrle, A.F. [pA14] Algeria K002483387 Yes
Domin [6102] Australia K002483567 Yes
Walters, J.A.S. [[2390]] Zimbabwe K002483645 Yes
Coveny, R.G.; Hind, P.; Hancock, R. [6083] Australia K002483578 Yes
Hubbard, C.E. [4317] Australia K002483575 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Armenia K002483206 Yes
Rodin, R.J. [3678] South Africa K002483696 Yes
Wyatt, J.W. [284] France K002483160 Yes
Kirk [s.n.] New Zealand K002483587 Yes
Gilliat-Smith, B. [347] Bulgaria K002483146 Yes
Haffner [s.n.] Italy K002483181 Yes
Porta [s.n.] Italy K002483177 Yes
Whiting, M.M.; Richmond, K. [38/60] Morocco K002483383 Yes
Nicholas, A.; Bishop, B. [2185] South Africa K002483688 Yes
Willkommii, H.M. [327] Spain K002483199 Yes
Shabetai, J.R. [219] Egypt K002483222 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Croatia K002483147 Yes
Seydel, R. [3891] South Africa K002483690 Yes

Sources

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    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
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    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
  • Flora of Iraq

    • Ghazanfar, S. A., Edmondson, J. R. (Eds). (2013-2019). Flora of Iraq, Volumes 5.1, 5.2 and 6.0. Kew Publishing
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images
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    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0