Distribution
Native to:
Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Rhode I., Saskatchewan, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia
Synonyms
Homotypic Synonyms
- Mnemion rafinesquei (Greene) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 217 (1914)
- Viola kitaibeliana var. rafinesquei (Greene) Fernald in Rhodora 40: 443 (1938)
Heterotypic Synonyms
- Mnemion tenellum Webb in Iter Hispan.: 68 (1838)
- Viola bicolor Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 175 (1813), nom. illeg.
- Viola rafinesquei f. caerulea Moldenke in Phytologia 26: 225 (1973)
- Viola rafinesquei f. minor Moldenke in Phytologia 26: 226 (1973)
- Viola tenella Raf. in Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 4: 191 (1819), nom. illeg.
Publications
POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:
- Jones, R.L. (2005). Plant life of Kentucky. An illustrated guide to the vascular flora: 1-833. The universitry press of Kentucky.
- Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
- Weakley, A.S. & al. (2020). Studies in the vascular flora of the Southeastern United States: VI. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 14: 199-239.
An alternative taxonomy had been proposed by the following authorities:
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2015). Flora of North America North of Mexico 6: 1-468. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford. [Cited as Viola bicolor.]
- Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151. [Cited as Viola bicolor.]
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Bailey, C. & al. (2015). Guide to the Vascular Plants of Tennessee: 1-813. University of Tennessee press.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2015). Flora of North America North of Mexico 6: 1-468. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
- Jones, R.L. (2005). Plant life of Kentucky. An illustrated guide to the vascular flora: 1-833. The universitry press of Kentucky.
- Kral, R., Diamond, A.R., Ginzbarg, S.L., Hansen, C.J., Haynes, R.R., Keener, B.R., Lelong, M.G., Spaulding, D.D. & Woods, M. (2011). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Alabama: 1-112. Botanical reseach institute of Texas.
- Lamont, E.E., Werier, D. & Glenn, S.D. (2014). Noteworthy plants reported from the Torrey range - 2011 and 2012. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 141: 95-108.
- Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
Other Data
Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:
Sources
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Kew Backbone Distributions
- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
- © Copyright 2022 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
- © Copyright 2022 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0