Brassica oleracea L.
Distribution
Native to:
France, Great Britain, Spain
Introduced into:
Albania, Algeria, Antipodean Is., Assam, Azores, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, California, Canary Is., Caroline Is., Central European Rus, Chatham Is., Chile South, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Connecticut, Costa Rica, Crozet Is., Czechoslovakia, East European Russia, East Himalaya, Easter Is., Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Falkland Is., Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Illinois, India, Iowa, Iraq, Juan Fernández Is., Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Kenya, Korea, Krym, Labrador, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Marianas, Marshall Is., Maryland, Massachusetts, Morocco, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Newfoundland, North European Russi, Northern Territory, Northwest European R, Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Prince Edward I., Queensland, Québec, Rhode I., Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, South Australia, South European Russi, Tadzhikistan, Tanzania, Tasmania, Texas, Trinidad-Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Vermont, Victoria, Vietnam, Washington, Western Australia, Zaïre
Synonyms
Homotypic Synonyms
- Crucifera brassica E.H.L.Krause in J.W.Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild. ed. 2. 6: 135 (1902), nom. superfl.
- Napus oleracea (L.) K.F.Schimp. & Spenn. in F.C.L.Spenner, Fl. Friburg. 3: 939 (1829)
- Raphanus brassica Crantz in Cl. Crucif. Emend.: 63 (1769), nom. superfl.
Heterotypic Synonyms
- Brassica alba Boiss. in Voy. Bot. Espagne 1: 39 (1839)
- Brassica alboglabra L.H.Bailey in Gentes Herbarum 1: 79 (1922)
- Brassica arborea Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 116 (1821)
- Brassica bullata Pasq. in Cat. Ort. Bot. Napoli: 17 (1867)
- Brassica campestris subsp. sylvestris (DC.) Janch. in unknown publication
- Brassica capitala DC. ex H.Lév. in Monde Pl. 12: 24 (1910)
- Brassica cauliflora Garsault in Fig. Pl. Méd.: t. 179 (1764), opus utique rej.
- Brassica caulorapa (DC.) Pasq. in Cat. Ort. Bot. Napoli: 17 (1867)
- Brassica cephala DC. ex H.Lév. in Monde Pl. 12: 24 (1910)
- Brassica cretica convar. italica (Plenck) G.H.Loos in Florist. Rundbr., Beih. 7: 125 (2004)
- Brassica fimbriata Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 223 (1840)
- Brassica gemmifera H.Lév. in Monde Pl. 12: 24 (1910)
- Brassica laciniata Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 116 (1821)
- Brassica maritima DC. ex Tardent in Essai Hist. Nat. Bessarabie: 79 (1841), nom. nud.
- Brassica millecapitata H.Lév. in Monde Pl. 12: 24 (1910)
- Brassica muscovita Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 117 (1821), nom. nud.
- Brassica odorata Schrank ex Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 117 (1821), nom. nud.
- Brassica oleracea var. aberdeenea Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 240 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 583 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea convar. acephala (DC.) Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 234 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subsp. acephala (DC.) Metzg. in Syst. Beschr. Kohlart.: 14 (1833)
- Brassica oleracea stirps acephala DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 583 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. alba Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 743 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. alba DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 586 (1821), nom. illeg.
- Brassica oleracea subvar. alba-praecox Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 744 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. albida Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 745 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. albiflora Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 19 (1891)
- Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra (L.H.Bailey) Musil in Misc. Publ. U.S.D.A. 643: 12 (1948)
- Brassica oleracea var. aloides Kitt. in Taschenb. Fl. Deutschl.: 552 (1837)
- Brassica oleracea var. ardeina Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 237 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. asparagoides DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 587 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. atrorubens Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 240 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. aurata (DC.) Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 238 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. aurata DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 585 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea f. azurea Uspenski in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 7: 376 (1834)
- Brassica oleracea var. bardovicensis Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 236 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. brumalis Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 743 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. bullata (Pasq.) DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 583 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea stirps bullata DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 584 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea subsp. bullata (DC.) Metzg. in Syst. Beschr. Kohlart.: 22 (1833), not validly publ., Metzg. used a misplaced rank. Protol
- Brassica oleracea convar. bullata (DC.) Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 237 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea convar. capitata (L.) Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 238 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea proles capitata (L.) Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 743 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. in Sp. Pl.: 667 (1753)
- Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (L.) Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 435 (1834)
- Brassica oleracea stirps capitata (L.) DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 585 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. cauliflora DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 586 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea convar. caulorapa (DC.) Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 240 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg. in Syst. Beschr. Kohlart.: 33 (1833)
- Brassica oleracea stirps caulorapa DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 583 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. chamaegongyla Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 240 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. chamjodusa Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 241 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. chlorusa Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 242 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. communis DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 587 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. communis DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 586 (1821), nom. superfl.
- Brassica oleracea subvar. compressa Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 744 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. conica (Duchesne) DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 586 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. conica Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 744 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea convar. costata (DC.) Gladis ex Diederichsen in Mansfeld's Encycl. 3: 1444 (2001)
- Brassica oleracea var. costata DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 584 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. crassa Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 743 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. crispa Vill. in Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 3: 336 (1788), nom. illeg.
- Brassica oleracea subvar. crispa Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 743 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. crispa Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 744 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. culinarum Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 237 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. cymosa Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 745 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. cymosa Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 745 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. cymosa-albida Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 745 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. cymosa-violacea Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 745 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. depressa DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 585 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. dinojodusa Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 242 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea f. dissecta Peterm. in Fl. Lips. Excurs.: 490 (1838)
- Brassica oleracea var. elliptica DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 586 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. erythrobotrys Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 244 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea f. exaltata (Rchb.) Thell. in G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 246 (1918)
- Brassica oleracea var. fimbriata Mill. in Gard. Dict. ed. 8.: s.p. (1768)
- Brassica oleracea var. flandrica Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 235 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. frutescens Vis. in Fl. Dalmat. 3: 135 (1850), nom. illeg.
- Brassica oleracea subsp. fruticosa Metzg. in Syst. Beschr. Kohlart.: 12 (1833)
- Brassica oleracea convar. fruticosa (Metzg.) Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 234 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea convar. gemmifera (DC.) Gladis ex Diederichsen in Mansfeld's Encycl. 3: 1443 (2001)
- Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 585 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea subsp. gemmifera (DC.) O.E.Schulz in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 105(70): 31 (1919)
- Brassica oleracea var. germanorum Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 238 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. glomerosa Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 684 (1821 publ. 1822)
- Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L. in Sp. Pl.: 667 (1753)
- Brassica oleracea subsp. gongylodes (L.) Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 436 (1834)
- Brassica oleracea proles gongylodes (L.) Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 745 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. grangei Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 243 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. herbacea Spach in Hist. Nat. Vég. 6: 359 (1838)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. humilis DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 585 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck in Icon. Pl. Med. 6: 29 (1794)
- Brassica oleracea var. jodocephala Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 239 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. jodogongyla Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 241 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. kashmiriana Naqshi & Javeid in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 9: 91 (1987)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. laciniata (L.) O.E.Schulz in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 105(70): 31 (1919)
- Brassica oleracea var. laciniata L. in Sp. Pl.: 667 (1753)
- Brassica oleracea subsp. laevis Metzg. in Syst. Beschr. Kohlart.: 26 (1833), not validly publ., Metzg. used a misplaced rank.
- Brassica oleracea var. longa Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 238 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. loudonii Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 242 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. luteola Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 235 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. macrocephala Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 239 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. macrogongyla Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 240 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. magniportana Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 243 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. major Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 745 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. major (Duchesne) DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 585 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. major Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 744 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. maritima Coss. in Comp. Fl. Atlant. 2: 183 (1885)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. maxima Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 744 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. media Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 237 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. medullosa Thell. in G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 248 (1918)
- Brassica oleracea var. microcephala Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 238 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. micropodium Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 19 (1891)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. minor Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 745 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. nepenthiformis DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 584 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. oblonga DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 585 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. obovata DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 586 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. opsibotrys Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 244 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. opsigongyla Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 241 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. opsjodusa Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 242 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. palmifolia DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 584 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. parva-praecox Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 744 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. pentovillea Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 239 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. percrispa Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 235 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. phaeusa Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 242 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. pinnata DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 584 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. plumacea Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 236 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. praecox DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 585 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. praecox Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 237 (1866), nom. illeg.
- Brassica oleracea var. procera Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 235 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. procerior Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 743 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. protobotrys Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 244 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. protojodusa Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 241 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. purpurascens DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 586 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. purpurascens DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 584 (1821), nom. nud.
- Brassica oleracea f. pyramidalis Mill. in Gard. Dict. ed. 8.: s.p. (1768)
- Brassica oleracea var. pyramidula Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 239 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. quercifolia DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 584 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. ramosa DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 583 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. rubra (L.) Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 744 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea f. rubra (L.) Peterm. in Fl. Lips. Excurs.: 489 (1838)
- Brassica oleracea var. rubra L. in Sp. Pl.: 667 (1753)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. rubra-minor Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 744 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. sabauda L. in Sp. Pl.: 667 (1753)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. sabauda (L.) O.E.Schulz in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 105(70): 31 (1919)
- Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L. in Sp. Pl.: 667 (1753)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. sabellica (L.) O.E.Schulz in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 105(70): 30 (1919)
- Brassica oleracea f. salinaria Kitt. in Taschenb. Fl. Deutschl.: 553 (1837)
- Brassica oleracea var. schizogongyla Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 241 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. scotica Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 235 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. selenisia L. in Sp. Pl.: 667 (1753)
- Brassica oleracea f. selenisia (L.) O.E.Schulz in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 105(70): 31 (1919)
- Brassica oleracea var. selinoides Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 684 (1821 publ. 1822)
- Brassica oleracea var. semiclausa Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 238 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. serotissima Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 242 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. sibirica Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 234 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. sphaerica DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 585 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. sphaerica (DC.) G.Martens in G.M.von Martens & C.A.Kemmler, Fl. Würtemberg, ed. 2: 35 (1865)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. subacuta Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 744 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. sublaciniata Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 238 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. subrubens Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 683 (1821 publ. 1822)
- Brassica oleracea var. sylvestris L. in Sp. Pl. ed. 2.: 932 (1763), nom. illeg.
- Brassica oleracea stirps sylvestris DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 583 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. theiusa Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 243 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. turionensis DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 585 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. ulmensis Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 237 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea var. veris Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 243 (1866)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. versicolor DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 584 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. violacea Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 745 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea f. violascens G.Martens in G.M.von Martens & C.A.Kemmler, Fl. Würtemberg, ed. 2: 35 (1865)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. viridis Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 745 (1785), nom. illeg.
- Brassica oleracea f. viridis Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 745 (1785), nom. illeg.
- Brassica oleracea var. viridis L. in Sp. Pl.: 667 (1753)
- Brassica oleracea proles viridis (L.) Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 743 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea subvar. viridis (L.) DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 583 (1821)
- Brassica oleracea var. vulgaris DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 584 (1821), nom. superfl.
- Brassica oleracea subvar. vulgaris Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 743 (1785)
- Brassica oleracea var. vulgaris DC. in Syst. Nat. 2: 583 (1821), nom. illeg.
- Brassica peregrina Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 117 (1821), nom. nud.
- Brassica quercifolia DC. ex H.Lév. in Monde Pl. 12: 24 (1910)
- Brassica rubra Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 224 (1840)
- Brassica rupestris var. gongylodes (L.) Janch. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 91: 246 (1942)
- Brassica rupestris subsp. gongylodes (L.) Janch. in Phyton (Horn) 8: 235 (1959)
- Brassica sabellica Pers. in Syn. Pl. 2: 206 (1806), pro syn.
- Brassica suttoniana H.Lév. in Monde Pl. 12: 24 (1910)
- Brassica sylvestris (L.) Mill. in Gard. Dict. ed. 8.: n.° 4 (1768)
- Rapa rotunda Mill. in Gard. Dict. ed. 8.: n.° 1 (1768)
- Raphanus brassica-officinalis Crantz in Cl. Crucif. Emend.: 112 (1769)
- Raphanus erucoides L.f. in Suppl. Pl.: 299 (1782), nom. illeg.
- Sinapis brassicata L. in Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 3 : 231 (1768)
Publications
POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:
- (1982). Flora of Australia 8: 1-420. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
- Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
- Broughton, D.A. & McAdam, J.H. (2002). The non-native vascular flora of the Falkland islands. Botanical Journal of Scotland 54: 153-190.
- Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
- Collenette, S. (1999). Wildflowers of Saudi Arabia: 1-799. National commission for wildlife conservation and development (NCWCD), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Cossu, T.A, Camarda, I. & Brundu, G. (2014). A catalogue of non-native weeds in irrigated crops in Sardinia (Italy). Webbia; Raccolta de Scritti Botanici 69: 145-156.
- Danihelka, J. Chrtek, J. & Kaplan, Z. (2012). Checklist of vascular plants of the Czech Republic. Preslia. Casopsi Ceské Botanické Spolecnosti 84: 647-811.
- Delipavlov, D. & Cheshmedzhiev, I. (eds.) (2011). Opredelitel na rasteniiata v Bulgariia: 1-590. Akad. Isd. Agrar. Univers. Plovdiv.
- Dimopoulos, P., Raus, T., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, T., Iatrou, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A., & Tzanoudakis, D. (2013). Vascular plants of Greece. An annotated checklist: 1-372. Botanic gardens and botanical museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin and Hellenic botanical society, Athens.
- Edwards, S., Tadesse, M., Demissew, S. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (2000). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 2(1): 1-532. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2010). Flora of North America North of Mexico 7: 1-797. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
- Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
- Frenot, Y., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P.M., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M. & Bergstrom,D.M. (2005). Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 80: 45-72.
- Gilman, A.V. (2015). New flora of Vermont. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 110: 1-614.
- Govaerts, R. (1996). World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1-492. MIM, Deurne.
- Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2020). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4(2): 1-524. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
- Jalas, J., Suominen, J. & Lampinen, R. (eds.) (1996). Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of vascular plants in Europe 11: 1-310.
- Jonsell, B. (1982). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Cruciferae: 1-73.
- Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
- MacKee, H.S. (1994). Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2: 1-164. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.
- Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
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Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
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Kew Backbone Distributions
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- Musselman, L.J. (2011). Checklist of Plants of Lebanon and Syria http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf.
- Ovchinnikov, P.N. (ed.) (1978). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 5: 1-678. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
- Robyns, W. & al. (eds.) (1948-1963). Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi 1-10.
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- Vangjeli, J. (2017). Flora Albania Atlas 1: 1-933. Koeltz Botanical Books.
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Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
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Flora of Tropical East Africa
- A. Chev., Fl. Viv. 1: 210 (1939).
- A. Engler & O. Drude, Die Vegetation Der Erde, IX, Pflanzenwelt Afrikas 3 (1): 261 (1915).
- A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 22 (1847).
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- Dammer in Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas und der Nachbargebiete, Theile B: 139, 153 (1895).
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- L., Sp. Pl.: 667 (1753).
- O.E. Schulz in A. Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 105, 70: 27 (1919).
- Robyns & Boutique in Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi, 2: 530 (1951).
- Th. Dur. & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. 1 (2): 117 (1898).
Other Data
Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
s.coll. [Cat. no. 4798] | K001039932 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 4798] | K001039933 | Yes | |||
70000.267 | No |
Sources
-
Art and Illustrations in Digifolia
- Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew
-
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible
- ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
-
Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Flora of Tropical East Africa
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
- Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
-
IUCN Categories
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Kew Backbone Distributions
- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
- © Copyright 2022 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Kew Living Collection Database
- Common Names from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Living Collection https://www.kew.org/
-
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
- © Copyright 2022 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Kew Science Photographs
- Copyright applied to individual images
-
Kew Species Profiles
- Kew Species Profiles
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- ColPlantA database
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0