[FWTA]
Apocynaceae, H. Huber. Flora of West Tropical Africa 2. 1963
- Morphology General Habit
- Trees, shrubs or climbers, rarely perennial herbs, with latex
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite or verticillate, rarely alternate, simple, entire; stipules usually absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx often glandular inside; lobes 5 or rarely 4, imbricate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla tubular, variously shaped; lobes contorted-imbricate, very rarely valvate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens 5 or rarely 4, inserted in the tube; filaments free or rarely united; anthers often sagittate, free or connivent around the stigma, rarely adherent to the latter, 2-celled, opening lengthwise, connective often produced at the apex; pollen granular; disk usually present, annular, cupular or of separate glands
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Style 1, split at the base or entire, thickened and stigmatose below the apex; ovules 2 or more in each carpel Ovary superior, 1-celled with 2 parietal placentas or 2-celled with the placentas adnate to the septa, or carpels 2 and free or connate only at the base with ventral placentas in each carpel
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit entire and indehiscent or of 2 separate carpels, baccate, drupaceous or follicular
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds mostly with endosperm and large straight embryo, often winged or appendaged with long silky hairs
[FTEA]
Apocynaceae, E.A. Omino. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 2002
- Morphology General Habit
- Trees, shrubs, lianas, or sometimes herbs (not in our area, except introduced ones); latex nearly always present, usually white, sometimes clear, yellow or red
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves simple, opposite, whorled, or less often alternate (as in Adenium), pinnately veined, entire, rarely stipulate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers bisexual, mostly actinomorphic, 5- or rarely 4-merous, fragrant
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx often with colleters inside, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla tubular, contorted or occasionally valvate, free, overlapping to the right or left in bud, sometimes with a corona
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens included or exserted, epipetalous, free or connate to the style; filaments often very short, epipetalous; anthers frequently triangular, of two cells longitudinally dehiscent, often partly sterile, sometimes with apical appendages
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary superior or sometimes partly inferior, 1-celled and with 2 parietal placentas, 2-celled and with an axile placenta in each cell or composed of 2, or more, separate or at the base partly united carpels each with an adaxial placenta; ovules 2 to many; style one, often split at the base when carpels more or less separate; pistil head composed of a large variously shaped stigmatic basal part and a stigmoid apex; disk annular, cupular, composed of separate glands, or absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit entire or consisting of two (rarely more) separate or partly united carpels, baccate, drupaceous, or follicular
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds in dry fruits often winged or with a coma, mostly with an endosperm and a large embryo
- Note
- The corona presents many diagnostic characters for generic and specific recognition. Following the system devised by Liede & Kunze in Pl. Syst. Evol. 185: 275–284 (1993), it may be corolline (derived from the corolla) or gynostegial (from the staminal column). Corolline coronas can be divided into those occuring in the corolla lobe sinuses and those forming an annulus in the corolla tube. Gynostegial coronas again have two basic elements, a staminal corona attached dorsally to the stamens, and an interstaminal corona, and these elements can be combined in a number of ways: e.g. staminal corona lobes only; a fused ring of staminal and interstaminal lobes; fused staminal and interstaminal corona with additional staminal lobes. Notes on floral structures within the more derived subfamilies of Apocynaceae: the five stamens are fused apically to the expanded stylar head and together form a compound structure called the gynostegium. The ovary is therefore almost entirely concealed within a ring of stamens (the staminal column) whose filaments are usually fused into a tube, but free in subfamily Periplocoideae. Only the sterile apex of the stylar head remains visible, level with or extending beyond the anthers; the receptive parts of the stylar head are on its underside behind the frequently sclerified margins of the anthers which form a chamber for the deposition of pollen. The pollen transfer apparatus is formed by secretions from the stylar head and, in periplocoid genera, generally consists of a spatulate translator onto which pollen tetrads, or more rarely pollen masses (pollinia), from adjacent anthers are shed; in the two remaining subfamilies, the secretions form a central corpusculum linked by caudicles or translator arms to 2 or 4 pollinia of adjacent anthers – the unit is transferred in its entirity from one flower to another and is called a pollinarium.
[FZ]
Apocynaceae, A. J. M. Leeuwenberg and F. K. Kupicha et al.. Flora Zambesiaca 7:2. 1985
- Morphology General Habit
- Trees, shrubs, lianas, or sometimes herbs, mostly with white sticky latex
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite, whorled, or less often alternate, simple, pinnately veined, entire
- Morphology Leaves Stipules
- Stipules usually absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers bisexual, mostly actinomorphic, 5- or rarely 4-merous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx often with colleters inside
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla tubular, sometimes with a corona; lobes contorted or occasionally (not in FZ area) valvate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens inserted on the corolla; filaments free from each other or exceptionally (not in FZ area) united in a tube, often very short, frequently continued downwards as ridges at the corolla inside; anthers frequently triangular, connivent over and often coherent with the stigma, 2-celled, often partly sterile, sometimes with apical appendages; cells parallel, discrete, dehiscent throughout by a longitudinal slit Pollen granular
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary superior or sometimes partly inferior, 1-celled and with 2 parietal placentas, 2-celled and with an axile placenta in each cell, or composed of 2, rarely more, separate or at the base partly united carpels each with an adaxial placenta; ovules 2 to many; style one, often split at the base when carpels more or less separate; stigma composed of a large variously shaped part, usually called the clavuncula, with laterally and/or basally the receptive zone, which is — if stigma coherent with the anthers — below the level of coherence, and a small apical usually sterile (also in FZ) so-called stigma
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Nectaries
- Disk annular, cupular, composed of separate glands, or absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit entire or consisting of two, rarely more, separate or partly united carpels, baccate, drupaceous, or follicular
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds in dry fruits often winged or with a coma, mostly with endosperm and a large embryo
[NTK]
Goyder, D. (2009). Neotropical Apocynaceae (Asclepiadoideae).
- Morphology
-
Description
Large shrubs (Calotropis, introduced in New World), lianas, vines, herbs or subshrubs, mostly perennial , often sending up annual shoots from a perennial rootstock, occasionally annual , and rarely strongly succulent (introduced in the Americas); latex usually white, but clear in non-native, succulent Ceropegieae. Leaves simple , entire , most commonly opposite but occasionally whorled , or reduced to a scale or spine (in introduced succulent genera). Flowers actinomorphic , bisexual , 5- merous except for the paired carpels; corolla fused at least at the base, varying from rotate or shallowly campanulate to tubular or funnel-shaped, lobes twisted in bud and overlapping to the right, or valvate ; coronal structures often present either on corolla (infrequently) or more commonly on gynostegium (formed from fusion of stamens and stylar head ; stamens inserted at base of corolla , filaments fused into a tube, anthers with specialised marginal wings or guide rails; pollen aggregated into pollinia (one per locule , two per pollinarium), these bound by a waxy outer wall, pollinia attached to hard, brown or black, grooved corpusculum by translator arms, forming a pollinarium extracted from the flower as a unit; ovary superior , apocarpous with two carpels, these fused apically to form a stylar head with stigmatic surfaces on underside (secretions from the stylar head are formed into five discrete clip-like structures (corpuscula) which assist in pollen transport). Fruits paired dehiscent follicles (frequently single by abortion). Seeds generally flattened, ovate , mostly with a narrow marginal rim and a tuft of hairs at one end.
- Distribution
-
Distribution in the Neotropics
- Throughout, but most diverse in seasonally dry habitats.
- Diagnostic
-
Distinguishing characters (always present)
- Subfamily Asclepiadoideae can be characterised by the presence of a gynostegium in which the expanded stylar head is fused to the androecium by cell fusion, and where the narrow gap between the sclerified wings of adjacent anthers form five grooves.
- The form of the pollinarium is also diagnostic for the subfamily, and indeed tribes within it can be determined by close observation of pollinarium structure (see below).
- Pollen of one antherlocule is aggregated into a pollinium encased by a waxy wall. This pollen mass is linked to another in an adjacent anther by a pair of translator arms and a single corpusculum. So two pollinia linked by translator arms to a single corpusculum form a pollinarium that can be extracted from the flower as a single unit. The corpusculum is usually black or dark brown, and sits at the top of the groove between adjacent anthers.
- Other striking floral characters include a corona of one or more whorls. This can be derived from the corolla, or from the gynostegium, usually the stamens, but is occasionally absent.
- Subfamilies Apocynoideae and Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae in the narrow sense) lack the pollinarium - pollen is generally distributed as tetrads rather than pollinia. If a corona is present, then it is found only on the corolla. The stylar head and the cone of anthers are positioned part way up the corolla tube rather than at the base, and do not form a compound structure, the gynostegium. Fruit morphology is much more varied, particularly in the basal Rauvolfioideae, where seeds lack a coma of hairs, and the fruit is often an indehiscentberry.
- Asclepias - erect herbs or subshrubs; flowers generally brightly coloured, red, yellow or white, corona of 5 lobes on the back of the stamens, concave with a prominent tooth arising from the cavity of the lobe; follicles always single by abortion.
- Stapelia - stem-succulent with large, foul-smelling, reddish or brownish flowers attracting flies (native to Africa).
- Gonolobus - slender twiners; flowers rotate with exposed discoidhead to gynostegium and laterally disposed pollinia, anthers with dorsal appendages; flowers commonly green; follicles with longitudinal wings.
- Matelea - erect herbs or more usually slender twiners; flowers rotate with exposed discoidhead to the gynostegium and laterally dispose pollinia, anthers laking dorsal appendages; flowers often smelly, green or reddish brown and fly-pollinated; follicles lacking longitudinal wings, but often with soft spiny processes.
- Cynanchum - twiners; corona tubular, at least at the base, around the gynostegium.
- Marsdenia - fairly robust twiners, often with large, thickish leaves, some species associated with inselbergs; corolla usually with well-developed tubular portion enclosing the gynostegium, corona of 5, generally fleshyerect lobes on back of stamens; pollinia erect.
- Schubertia - twiner with large, urceolate white flowers.
- Metastelma - twiners with small flowers; corolla lobes generally pubescent above, corona of 5 staminal lobes.
- Ditassa - mostly twiners with small flowers; corolla lobes mostly not obviously pubescent, corona of five 'double' lobes - each lobe has a ligule on the inner face.
- Minaria - ericoid shubshrubs with flowers similar to Ditassa (recently split from Ditassa).
- Funastrum - mostly vigorous, free-flowering twiners often with their feet in seasonally flooded pools; stems semisucculent and photosynthetic (leaves often drop off); umbels of white or cream flowers, corona mosly with a tubular outer ring, and 5 fleshy lobes on the back of the anthers.
- Oxypetalum - erect herbs or twiners; flowers moderate in size; mostly with conspicuous stylar head appendages (divided into 2 or more lobes); corona lobes arising from the corolla tube NOT on the back of the anthers; pollinaria large, and often with teeth on the translator arms; distribution centred on Brazil.
- Philibertia - Andean version of Oxypetalum but with corona on back of stamens not on the corolla, or absent; stylar head appendages variable or absent.
- If the plant is a stem-succulent with leaves reduced to scales, you are looking at an introduced Stapelia or allied genus in the Ceropegieae. The pollinaria will be held erect, and have a translucent germination zone.
- If the pollinia are held erect, i.e. above the position of the corpusculum, and do not possess a translucent germination zone, then the tribe is Marsdenieae. Marsdenia is the only representative of this tribe in the New World - clue: if the anthers extend significantly beyond the position of the corpusculum, there will be space for the pollinia to be held erect. Marsdenia tends also to have a tubular corolla obscuring the gynostegium, and five erect staminal corona lobes. NB. Barjonia (Asclepiadeae) may have erect pollinia, but will never have a tubular corolla obscuring the gynostegium.
- If the pollinia are pendant or horizontal relative to the position of the corpusculum, then the plant is in tribe Asclepiadeae - the vast majority of New-World asclepiads, and all the remaining NW genera.
- Asclepias can be recognised easily by the combination of erect herb or subshrub AND a staminal corona formed of five concave fleshy organs with a tooth arising from the cavity of each lobe. Corolla and corona are often brightly coloured.
- Now look at the pentagonal drum of stamens - the 'head' of the gynostegium. If this is flattened and subdiscoid, with very short anther wings relative to the diameter of the disc, the pollinia will be displaced laterally in relation to the corpusculum, and you are looking at Gonolobinae - the two big genera being Matelea and Gonolobus (see below for diagnostic features).
- Of the remaining groups, the pollinaria of Oxypetalinae are generally large, and structurally complex, sometimes with teeth on the flattened translator arms. Flowers also tend to be large, and generally the stylar head extends beyond the staminal column as a well-developed appendage.
- Genera of the Metastelmatinae and remaining unplaced groupings tend to have minute or small flowers.
- General Description
-
Status
- All native except those highlighted in list above [Stapelia, Calotropis, Gomphocarpus]. Most endemic to the New World, but Marsdenia is pan-tropical, and Asclepias is most diverse in North America and Africa, with just 12 species extending into central and South America.
- The Asclepiadoideae is the most derived of five subfamilies now included within an expanded Apocynaceae.
- Its extreme floral modifications, with complicated pollination syndromes and structures, often with corona elements in one or more whorls, and with pollen aggregated into pollinaria, led earlier workers to classify it as a separate family; but in reality the trend towards the complicated flowers of the Asclepiadoideae starts midway through Apocynaceae s.s., where the stylar head abutts closely underneath the cone of anthers, forming a functional gynostegium. From there on, progressive synorganisation of floral organs, accompanied by a shortening of the corolla tube, lead to greater control over pollen transfer, through the Apocynoideae and the Old-World subfamilies Periplocoideae and Secamonoideae, to the highly derived Asclepiadoideae.
- The basal subfamily Rauvolfioideae is much more variable both vegetatively and florally than these more derived groups.
c. 50 genera native to neotropics (largest genera listed first in each group, then alphabetical)
Marsdenieae
- Marsdenia R.Br.
Ceropegieae
- [Stapelia L., and possibly other genera - introduced]
Asclepiadeae: Asclepiadinae
- Asclepias L.
- [Calotropis R.Br., Gomphocarpus R.Br. - introduced]
Asclepiadeae: Cynanchineae
- Cynanchum L. [note only c. 12 New World species belong here - most NW 'Cynanchum' are now referable to genera in the Metastelmatinae or Orthosiinae]
Asclepiadeae: MOG unplaced
- Pentacyphus Schltr. [2 species - high Andean]
- Diplolepis R.Br. [temperate S America]
- Tassadia Decne.
Asclepiadeae: Gonolobinae (NW endemic subtribe)
- Gonolobus Michx.
- Matelea Aubl.
- Dictyanthus Decne.
- Fischeria DC.
- Gyrostelma E.Fourn.
- Hypolobus E.Fourn.
- Labidostelma Schltr.
- Macroscepis Kunth
- Metalepis Griseb.
- Pherotrichis Decne.
- Polystemma Decne.
- Prosthediscus Donn. Sm.
- Rojasia Malme
- Schubertia Mart.
- Stelmagonum Baill.
Asclepiadeae: Metastelmatinae (NW endemic subtribe)
- Ditassa R.Br.
- Metastelma R.Br.
- Ampelamus Raf.
- Barjonia Decne.
- Blepharodon Decne.
- Cyathostelma E.Fourn.
- Gonioanthela Malme
- Hemipogon Decne.
- Macroditassa Malme
- Minaria T.U.P.Konno & Rapini
- Nautonia Decne.
- Nephradenia Decne.
- Peplonia Decne.
- Petalostelma E.Fourn.
- Rhyssostelma Decne.
Asclepiadeae: Orthosiinae (NW endemic subtribe)
- Jobinia E.Fourn.
- Orthosia Decne.
Asclepiadeae: Oxypetalinae (NW endemic subtribe)
- Oxypetalum R.Br.
- Philibertia Kunth
- Funastrum E.Fourn.
- Araujia Brot.
- Kerbera E.Fourn.
- Morrenia Lindl.
- Schistogyne Hook. & Arn.
- Stenomeria Turcz.
- Tweedia Hook. & Arn.
- Widgrenia Malme
- Literature
-
Important literature
Endress, M.E. & Bruyns, P.V. (2000). A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l. The Botanical Review 66: 1 - 56.
Fontella Pereira, J. (1980). Estudos em Asclepiadaceae, XI. Chave para determinação dos gêneros de Asclepiadaceae brasileiras e mas cultivadas no Brasil. Bol. Mus. Bot. Mun. Curitiba 42: 1 - 6. [But note some genera recognised now in synonymy]
Goyder, D. J. (2003). A synopsis of Morrenia Lindl. (Apocynaceae subfam. Asclepiadoideae). Kew Bull. 58(3): 713 - 721.
Goyder, D. J. (2004). An amplified concept of Philibertia Kunth (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae), with a synopsis of the genus. Kew Bull. 59: 415 - 451. [Includes key to genera of Oxypetalum group, and key to species of Philibertia]
Goyder, D. J. (2006). An overview of Asclepiad biogeography. In: S. A. Ghazanfar & H. Beentje (eds), Taxonomy and Ecology of African Plants and their conservation and sustainable use (Proceedings of the XVIIth AETFAT congress). pp. 205 - 214.
Heyne, C. O. (2000). A key to American asclepiad genera. Asklepios 79: 29 - 36. [Good in parts, but contains some errors particularly around Oxypetalum group]
Liede-Schumann, S., Rapini, A., Goyder, D.J. & Chase, M. (2005). Phylogenetics of the New World subtribes of Asclepiadeae (Apocynaceae - Asclepiadoideae): Metastelmatinae, Oxypetalinae and Gonolobinae. Syst. Bot. 30: 183 - 194.
Rapini, A., Goyder, D. J., Konno, T. U. P. & Farinaccio, M. A. (2005). Progress in asclepiad taxonomy: species numbers in Brazilian Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) through time. Kew Bull. 60: 111 - 115.
Rapini, A., Mello-Silva, R. & Kawasaki, A. L. (2001). Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) da Cadeia do Espinhaço de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 19: 55 - 169.
[FWTA]
Asclepiadaceae, A.A. Bullock. Flora of West Tropical Africa 2. 1963
- Morphology General Habit
- Twining or erect shrubs or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, linear to orbicular-obovate, entire, or rarely lobed or toothed
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence cymose, most frequently umbelliform but sometimes with flowers more or less racemosely fasciculate along a simple or branched rhachis
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers regular, pentamerous; calyx-tube very short or obsolete; corolla contorted, imbricate or valvate, gamopetalous, the lobes sometimes connivent at the apex; filaments united into a tube, anthers connivent throughout their length and united with the expanded style apex, introrse, bilocular and provided with lateral horny wings
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corona
- Corona arising from the staminal column, very variable in form or rarely absent or reduced to five small fleshy tubercles
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Pollen in waxy masses (pollinia) attached in pairs by caudicles of various form to 5 corpuscular usually horny sutured pollen carriers arising from the style apex and concealing the stigmatic surfaces
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary of two separate carpels; styles free to the apex where they are united in a peltate disk which is convex, conical or beaked; ovules multiseriate, on a single adaxial placenta in each carpel
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit of two (by abortion often one) erect or divergent follicles which may be linear to ovoid or ellipsoidal, membranous to woody, smooth or winged or variously armed with soft or indurated prickles, always dehiscent lengthwise adaxially
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds compressed, often with a membranous or thickened margin and nearly always crowned with a coma of silky hairs
[FWTA]
Periplocaceae, A.A. Bullock. Flora of West Tropical Africa 2. 1963
- Morphology General Habit
- Climbing, twining or erect, softly woody or occasionally with wiry stems, or herbaceous perennials with a tuberous rootstock; leaves opposite, entire, linear to very broad, pinnately nerved; stipules absent, but sometimes with a stipular frill around the stem at the nodes which may become woody; inflorescence a terminal cyme often lateral by sympodial growth of the axis, sometimes racemiform or umbelliform; bracts very small; flowers bisexual, sometimes functionally unisexual and then dioecious; calyx-tube very short or obsolescent, segments 5, valvate or imbricate but opening very early; corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed, tube short or sometimes as long as or longer than the lobes, lobes contorted or very rarely valvate; corona of 5 lobes arising from the base of the stamen filaments, of varied form, or rarely absent or reduced to tubercles; stamens 5, inserted in the corolla-tube or at its throat, free from each other, but with the anthers pressed together and to the expanded apex of the style; anthers basifixed, introrse, usually with a scarious apical appendage inflexed over the style; pollen granular, in tetrads discharged on to 5 spathulate pollen carriers derived from the expanded part of the style and with a glandular base; pollen carriers concealing the 5 stigmatic surfaces; carpels two, joined only by their styles, which unite to form a flat or variously elongated head; ovules numerous, multiseriate on a single adaxial placenta; fruit of two (or one by abortion or pollination failure) divergent or reflexed sessile follicles; follicles more or less fusiform and often greatly elongated, or sometimes broadly ovoid, smooth, glabrous or hairy, sometimes warted or winged, finally dehiscing lengthwise adaxially; seeds flat, often winged, and crowned with a coma of soft silky hairs; endosperm present; embryo straight, almost as long as the seed, cotyledons flat
- Acokanthera G.Don
- Adenium Roem. & Schult.
- Aganosma (Blume) G.Don
- Alafia Thouars
- Allamanda L.
- Allomarkgrafia Woodson
- Allowoodsonia Markgr.
- Alstonia R.Br.
- Alyxia R.Br.
- Amalocalyx Pierre
- Ambelania Aubl.
- Ampelamus Raf.
- Amphineurion (A.DC.) Pichon
- Amsonia Walter
- Ancylobothrys Pierre
- Anechites Griseb.
- Anemotrochus Mangelsdorff, Meve & Liede
- Angadenia Miers
- Anisopus N.E.Br.
- Anisotoma Fenzl
- Anodendron A.DC.
- Apocynum L.
- Apteranthes J.C.Mikan
- Araujia Brot.
- Artia Guillaumin
- Asclepias L.
- Asketanthera Woodson
- Aspidoglossum E.Mey.
- Aspidonepsis Nicholas & Goyder
- Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc.
- Astephanus R.Br.
- Asterostemma Decne.
- Atherandra Decne.
- Atrostemma Morillo
- Australluma Plowes
- Austrochthamalia Morillo & Fontella
- Baharuia D.J.Middleton
- Bahiella J.F.Morales
- Baissea A.DC.
- Ballyanthus Bruyns
- Barjonia Decne.
- Baroniella Costantin & Gallaud
- Baseonema Schltr. & Rendle
- Batesanthus N.E.Br.
- Baynesia Bruyns
- Beaumontia Wall.
- Blepharodon Decne.
- Boucerosia Wight & Arn.
- Bousigonia Pierre
- Bruceholstia Morillo
- Buckollia Venter & R.L.Verh.
- Calciphila Liede & Meve
- Callichilia Stapf
- Calocrater K.Schum.
- Calotropis R.Br.
- Calyptranthera Klack.
- Cameraria L.
- Campestigma Pierre ex Costantin
- Camptocarpus Decne.
- Caralluma R.Br.
- Carissa L.
- Carruthersia Seem.
- Carvalhoa K.Schum.
- Cascabela Raf.
- Catharanthus G.Don
- Caudanthera Plowes
- Cerbera L.
- Cerberiopsis Vieill. ex Pancher & Sebert
- Ceropegia L.
- Chamaeclitandra (Stapf) Pichon
- Chilocarpus Blume
- Chlorocyathus Oliv.
- Chloropetalum Morillo
- Chonemorpha G.Don
- Cibirhiza Bruyns
- Cionura Griseb.
- Cleghornia Wight
- Clitandra Benth.
- Condylocarpon Desf.
- Conomitra Fenzl
- Cordylogyne E.Mey.
- Cosmostigma Wight
- Couma Aubl.
- Craspidospermum Bojer ex A.DC.
- Crioceras Pierre
- Cristobalia Morillo, S.A.Cáceres & H.A.Keller
- Cryptolepis R.Br.
- Cryptostegia R.Br.
- Cycladenia Benth.
- Cyclocotyla Stapf
- Cylindropsis Pierre
- Cynanchum L.
- Decalepis Wight & Arn.
- Decanema Decne.
- Desmidorchis Ehrenb.
- Dewevrella De Wild.
- Dictyophleba Pierre
- Diplolepis R.Br.
- Diplorhynchus Welw. ex Ficalho & Hiern
- Dischidanthus Tsiang
- Dischidia R.Br.
- Ditassa R.Br.
- Dolichopetalum Tsiang
- Dregea E.Mey.
- Duvalia Haw.
- Duvaliandra M.G.Gilbert
- × Duvaliaranthus Bruyns
- Dyera Hook.f.
- Echidnopsis Hook.f.
- Echites P.Browne
- Ectadium E.Mey.
- Ecua D.J.Middleton
- Edithcolea N.E.Br.
- Elytropus Müll.Arg.
- Emicocarpus K.Schum. & Schltr.
- Emplectanthus N.E.Br.
- Ephippiocarpa Markgr.
- Epigynum Wight
- Epistemma D.V.Field & J.B.Hall
- Eucorymbia Stapf
- Eustegia R.Br.
- Fanninia Harv.
- Farquharia Stapf
- Finlaysonia Wall.
- Fischeria DC.
- Fockea Endl.
- Forsteronia G.Mey.
- Funastrum E.Fourn.
- Funtumia Stapf
- Galactophora Woodson
- Geissospermum Allemão
- Genianthus Hook.f.
- Glossostelma Schltr.
- Gomphocarpus R.Br.
- Gongronema (Endl.) Decne.
- Gonioma E.Mey.
- Goniostemma Wight
- Gonolobus Michx.
- Graciemoriana Morillo
- Gunnessia P.I.Forst.
- Gymnanthera R.Br.
- Gymnema R.Br.
- Gymnemopsis Costantin
- Gyrostelma E.Fourn.
- Hancornia Gomes
- Haplophyton A.DC.
- Hemidesmus R.Br.
- Hemipogon Decne.
- Heterostemma Wight & Arn.
- Heynella Backer
- Himatanthus Willd. ex Schult.
- Holarrhena R.Br.
- Hoodia Sweet ex Decne.
- × Hoodiapelia G.D.Rowley
- × Hoodiorbea G.D.Rowley
- × Hoodiotriche G.D.Rowley
- Hoya R.Br.
- Huernia R.Br.
- Hunteria Roxb.
- Hylaea J.F.Morales
- Hypolobus E.Fourn.
- Ibatia Decne.
- Ichnocarpus R.Br.
- Ischnolepis Jum. & H.Perrier
- Isonema R.Br.
- Ixodonerium Pit.
- Jasminanthes Blume
- Jobinia E.Fourn.
- Kamettia Kostel.
- Kanahia R.Br.
- Kerbera E.Fourn.
- Kibatalia G.Don
- Kopsia Blume
- Lachnostoma Kunth
- Lacmellea H.Karst.
- Landolphia P.Beauv.
- Larryleachia Plowes
- Laubertia A.DC.
- Lavrania Plowes
- Laxoplumeria Markgr.
- Leichhardtia R.Br.
- Lepinia Decne.
- Lepiniopsis Valeton
- Leptadenia R.Br.
- Leuconotis Jack
- Lygisma Hook.f.
- Maclaudia Venter & R.L.Verh.
- Macoubea Aubl.
- Macropharynx Rusby
- Macroscepis Kunth
- Mahawoa Schltr.
- Malouetia A.DC.
- Mandevilla Lindl.
- Manothrix Miers
- Margaretta Oliv.
- Marsdenia R.Br.
- Mascarenhasia A.DC.
- Matelea Aubl.
- Melodinus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Mesechites Müll.Arg.
- Metastelma R.Br.
- Micrechites Miq.
- Microloma R.Br.
- Microplumeria Baill.
- Minaria T.U.P.Konno & Rapini
- Miraglossum Kupicha
- Molongum Pichon
- Mondia Skeels
- Monolluma Plowes
- Monsanima Liede & Meve
- Morilloa Fontella, Goes & S.A.Cáceres
- Mortoniella Woodson
- Motandra A.DC.
- Mucoa Zarucchi
- Myriopteron Griff.
- Nautonia Decne.
- Neobracea Britton
- Neocouma Pierre
- Neoschumannia Schltr.
- Nephradenia Decne.
- Nerium L.
- Notechidnopsis Lavranos & Bleck
- Ochrosia Juss.
- Odontadenia Benth.
- Oistonema Schltr.
- Oncinema Arn.
- Oncinotis Benth.
- Ophionella Bruyns
- Orbea Haw.
- × Orbelia G.D.Rowley
- Oreosparte Schltr.
- Orinoquia Morillo
- Orthanthera Wight
- Orthopichonia H.Huber
- Orthosia Decne.
- Oxypetalum R.Br.
- Oxystelma R.Br.
- Pachycarpus E.Mey.
- Pachypodium Lindl.
- Pacouria Aubl.
- Papuahoya Rodda & Simonsson
- Papuechites Markgr.
- Parahancornia Ducke
- Parapodium E.Mey.
- Parepigynum Tsiang & P.T.Li
- Parsonsia R.Br.
- Pattalias S.Watson
- Pectinaria Haw.
- Pentacyphus Schltr.
- Pentalinon Voigt
- Pentasacme Wall. ex Wight
- Pentatropis R.Br. ex Wight & Arn.
- Pentopetia Decne.
- Peplonia Decne.
- Pergularia L.
- Periglossum Decne.
- Periploca Tourn. ex L.
- Peruviasclepias Morillo
- Pervillaea Decne.
- Petalostelma E.Fourn.
- Petchia Livera
- Phaeostemma E.Fourn.
- Pherotrichis Decne.
- Philibertia Kunth
- Phyllanthera Blume
- Piaranthus R.Br.
- Picralima Pierre
- Pinochia M.E.Endress & B.F.Hansen
- Plectaneia Thouars
- Pleiocarpa Benth.
- Pleioceras Baill.
- Plumeria Tourn. ex L.
- Polystemma Decne.
- Pottsia Hook. & Arn.
- Prestonia R.Br.
- Pruskortizia Morillo
- Pseudolachnostoma Morillo
- Pseudolithos P.R.O.Bally
- Pteralyxia K.Schum.
- Ptycanthera Decne.
- Pycnobotrya Benth.
- Pycnorhachis Benth.
- Quaqua N.E.Br.
- Raphionacme Harv.
- Rauvolfia Plum. ex L.
- Rhabdadenia Müll.Arg.
- Rhazya Decne.
- Rhigospira Miers
- Rhyssolobium E.Mey.
- Rhytidocaulon P.R.O.Bally
- Rhytidostemma Morillo
- Richtersveldia Meve & Liede
- Riocreuxia Decne.
- Riparoampelos Morillo
- Rojasia Malme
- Rotundanthus Morillo
- Ruehssia H.Karst.
- Saba (Pichon) Pichon
- Sacleuxia Baill.
- Sarcolobus R.Br.
- Sarcorrhiza Bullock
- Schistonema Schltr.
- Schizoglossum E.Mey.
- Schizostephanus Hochst. ex Benth. & Hook.f.
- Schizozygia Baill.
- Schlechterella K.Schum.
- Schubertia Mart.
- Scyphostelma Baill.
- Secamone R.Br.
- Secamonopsis Jum.
- Secondatia A.DC.
- Sindechites Oliv.
- Sisyranthus E.Mey.
- Skytanthus Meyen
- Socotrella Bruyns & A.G.Mill.
- Solenostemma Hayne
- Spirolobium Baill.
- Spongiosperma Zarucchi
- × Staparesia G.D.Rowley
- Stapelia L.
- Stapelianthus Choux ex A.C.White & B.Sloane
- Stapeliopsis Pillans
- × Stapvalia D.M.Cumming
- Stathmostelma K.Schum.
- Stelmagonum Baill.
- Stenostelma Schltr.
- Stephanostegia Baill.
- Stephanostema K.Schum.
- Stephanotis Thouars
- Stigmatorhynchus Schltr.
- Stipecoma Müll.Arg.
- Stomatostemma N.E.Br.
- Strempeliopsis Benth.
- Streptocaulon Wight & Arn.
- Streptoechites D.J.Middleton & Livsh.
- Strophanthus DC.
- Suberogerens Morillo
- Tabernaemontana Plum. ex L.
- Tabernanthe Baill.
- Tacazzea Decne.
- Tassadia Decne.
- Tavaresia Welw.
- Telectadium Baill.
- Telosma Coville
- Temnadenia Miers
- Thenardia Kunth
- Thevetia L.
- Thoreauea J.K.Williams
- Thyrsanthella (Baill.) Pichon
- Tintinnabularia Woodson
- Topea H.A.Keller
- Toxocarpus Wight & Arn.
- Trachelospermum Lem.
- Tressensia H.A.Keller
- Treutlera Hook.f.
- Trichosandra Decne.
- × Tridentapelia G.D.Rowley
- Tridentea Haw.
- Tromotriche Haw.
- Tweedia Hook. & Arn.
- Tylodontia Griseb.
- Urceola Roxb.
- Vahadenia Stapf
- Vailia Rusby
- Vallaris Burm.f.
- Vallesia Ruiz & Pav.
- Vinca L.
- Vincetoxicum Wolf
- Voacanga Thouars
- Vulcanoa Morillo
- Wattakaka Hassk.
- White-sloanea Chiov.
- Willughbeia Roxb.
- Woodia Schltr.
- Wrightia R.Br.
- Xysmalobium R.Br.
- Zygostelma Benth.
Apocynaceae Juss. appears in other Kew resources:
First published in Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 143. 1789 [4 Aug 1789] (1789)
Accepted by
- APG IV (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
-
Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Interactive Key to Seed Plants of Malesia and Indo-China
The Malesian Key Group (2010) Interactive Key to Seed Plants of Malesia and Indo-China (Version 2.0, 28 Jul 2010) The Nationaal Herbarium Nederland Leiden and The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
-
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Neotropikey
Milliken, W., Klitgard, B. and Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Plants and People Africa
Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
© Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/