[NTK]
Sakuragui, C.M. (2011). Neotropical Ranunculaceae.
- Morphology
-
Description
Annual to perennial herbs, shrubs or lianas (Clematis); plants hermaphrodite or dioecious . Leaves alternate (often) or opposite (Clematis), simple or compound , margins entire , crenate , serrate or dentate ; petiolate ; stipules absent. Inflorescences: flowers solitary or of cymes, racemes or panicles, terminal or axillary . Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic , whorled , partially whorled or spiral; calyx polysepalous or partially gamosepalous, the sepals (3-)5-8, often petaloid ; corolla polypetalous, partially gamopetalous or gamopetalous, the petals 0-50, imbricate , clawed, sessile , various colors; androecium with many free stamens, maturing centripetally, free from the perianth , 1-13 whorled or spiralled, the anthers adnate, dehiscing via longitudinal slits or longitudinal valves; gynoecium superior , apocarpous (1-)3-100-many carpelled, carpels non-stylate or stylate, ovules 2-many, placentation marginal or basal . Fruit follicles or achenes, dry or fleshy (rarely), aggregated (usually) or single, dehiscent or indehiscent .
- Distribution
-
Distribution in the Neotropics
- Although Ranunculaceae species are distributed worldwide (Wang et al., 2009), its members are most common in the temperate and cold areas of the northern hemisphere. The diversity is reduced in the tropics: of nearly 62 genera in total, only 11-13 are native to the Neotropics, with 90-100 species in total.
11-13 native genera:
- Aphanostemma St-Hil. - 1 sp., low elevation, southern Brazil to central Argentina.
- Anemone L. - 5 spp., almost cosmopolitan; in Latin America in temperate areas and zones of high elevation.
- Barneoudia Gay - 3 spp., endemic to high elevation in Chile and Argentina.
- Callianthemoides Tamura - 1 spp., endemic to high elevation in Chile and Argentina.
- Caltha L. - 3 spp., cold, humid zones of the world; the 3 species in the high Andes and southern South America.
- Clematis L. - c. 15 spp., throughout Latin America, mostly temperate and subtropical.
- Hamadryas Comm. ex Juss. - 6 spp., limited to high elevation in Chile and Argentina.
- Krapfia DC. - 8 spp., confined to high elevation in the Andes.
- Laccopetalum Ulbr. - 1 spp., confined to high elevation in the Andes.
- Myosurus L. - 2(?3) spp., Laurasia, Mexico, and soouthern South America.
- Oreithales Schldl. - 1 spp., endemic to the high elevation in Bolivia and Peru.
- Ranunculus L. - 40-50 spp., almost cosmopolitan; in Latin America in areas with high humidity.
- Thalictrum All. - 10 spp., Mexico through Central America and the Andes to southern Argentina.
4 introduced genera:
- Actaea L.
- Aquilegia L.
- Consolida Gray
- Delphinium L.
- Diagnostic
-
Distinguishing characters (always present)
- Flowers parts whorled (Aquilegia), partially whorled /spiral or spiral.
- Petals 0-50, imbricate, clawed, sessile.
- Stamens many, free, maturing centripetally, free from the perianth, 1-13 whorled or spiralled.
- Gynoecium apocarpous (1-)3-100-many carpelled, usually with complete postgenital fusion.
- Aconitum - sepals and petals present, petals hidden by the sepals.
- Anemone - perianth without distinction between sepals and petals, with styles; achenes without veins on lateral surface.
- Aphanostemma - ovary with one ovule. Barneoudia - absence of basal leaves at flowering (See Meyer et al. 2010 for more details).
- Caltha - perianth without distinction between sepals and petals, all sepaloid; follicles.
- Clematis - liana, while all other genera are herbs or shrubs.
- Hamadryas - unisexual flowers, while all other genera have bisexual flowers. Myosurus - ovary with one ovule.
- Oreithales - absence of involucral bracts on the inflorescence (See Meyer et al. 2010 for more details).
- Ranunculus - petals and sepals present, sepals 3-6, petals with basal nectaries.
- Habit: herbs, shrubs or lianas (Clematis).
- Leaves: alternate (often), or opposite (Clematis).
- Fruits: achenes, follicles, or berries.
- General Description
-
Status
- 11-13 native genera; 4 introduced and cultivated.
- Ornamental plants.
- Many taxa within the family are pharmaceutically important and some have confirmed medicinal value.
- Plants belonging to the Ranunculaceae have complex chemical compositions, many of which represent important taxonomic characteristics and the same chemical constituents are shared among different genera (Peng et al., 2006).
- A well-defined family resolved within the Ranunculales. The family is considered as one of the most basal families within the eudicots. The family shows a wide range of morphological characters, especially in fruit types and floral organization. Several classifications have been proposed for Ranunculaceae based on morphological characters (Tamura, 1995), on molecular data (Ro & al., 1997), and on a combined molecular and morphological dataset (Wang & al. 2009).
- The family was subdivided into three subfamilies and eleven tribes by Tamura (1993, 1995). This classification has been based on chromosome base number, carpel and fruit types. Phylogenetic analyses resolve the family as sister to the Menispermaceae and Berberidaceae.
- Literature
-
Important literature
APG II. 2003. An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 399-436.
Cronquist, A. 1981. The families and genera of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York.
Lourteig, A. 1951. Ranunculaceas de Sudamérica templada. Darwiniana 9: 562-604.
Lourteig, A. 1956. Ranunculaceas de Sudamérica tropical. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle 16: 199-224.
Meyer, K.M., Hot, S.B., & Arroyo, M.T.K. 2010. Phylogenetic Affinities of South American Anemone (Ranunculaceae) including the endemic segregate genera Barnoudia and Oreithales. Int. J. Plant Sci. 171 (3): 323-331.
Peng Y., Chen S.B., Chen, S.L. & Xiao, P.G. 2006. Preliminary pharmaphylogenetic study on Ranunculaceae, China. J. Chin. Materia Medica 31: 1124-1128.
Ro, K., Keener, C.S. & McPheron, B.A. 1997. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the Ranunculaceae: Utility of the nuclear 26S ribosomal DNA in inferring intrafamiliar relationships. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 8: 117-127.
Tamura, M. 1993. Ranunculaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer & V. Bittrich (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol. 2, pp. 563-583. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Tamura, M. 1995. Angiospermae. Ordnung Ranunculales. Fam. Ranunculaceae. II. Systematic Part. In: Hiepko, P. (ed.), Die natürliche Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2, 17aIV, pp. 223-519. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin.
Ziman, S.N. & Keener, C.S. 1989. A geographical analysis of the family Ranunculaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76: 1012-1049.
Wang, W., Lu, A.-M., Ren, Y., Endress, M.E. & Chen, Z.-D. 2009. Phylogeny and classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data. Perspect. Pl. Ecol. Evol.Syst. 11: 81-110.
[FWTA]
Ranunculaceae, Hutchinson and Dalziel. Flora of West Tropical Africa 1:1. 1954
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial (rarely annual) herbs with alternate leaves, or rarely shrubs or climbers with opposite leaves; stipules absent
- Morphology General Indumentum
- Indumentum of simple hairs
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers hermaphrodite, hypogynous, usually actinomorphic
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Perianth
- Perianth usually double, of calyx and corolla, or rarely the calyx petaloid and the petals absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals imbricate or valvate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals when present often with a nectariferous claw
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens numerous, free from one another; anthers dehiscing longitudinally
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovules numerous or solitary Carpels numerous, free or rarely partially connate, with a slightly bifid style or subsessile stigma
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a bunch of follicles, rarely baccate, or of dry achenes with often persistent and elongated styles
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds small, usually smooth; embryo very small, at the base of horny or fleshy endosperm
[FTEA]
Ranunculaceae, E. Milne-Redhead And W. B. Turrill. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1952
- Morphology General Habit
- Herbs or woody climbers or subshrubs
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves frequently compound with sheathing bases and most often without stipules, spirally arranged or opposite
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence generally terminal and many flowered, more rarely with few flowers, or these solitary
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers regular or irregular
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals free, hypogynous, sometimes petaloid
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals sometimes absent, if present free, hypogynous, some nectariferous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens indefinite in number, hypogynous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Carpels indefinite in number, few, or solitary, free or more or less joined together (if not solitary), with one or several ovules
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruits achenes, drupelets, follicles, or capsules
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds without arils, with endosperm
[FZ]
Ranunculaceae, A. W. Exell and E. Milne-Redhead. Flora Zambesiaca 1:1. 1960
- Morphology General Habit
- Annual or perennial herbs with radical and alternate or spiral leaves, or shrublets or woody climbers with opposite or verticillate leaves
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves simple or compound, entire, lobed or dissected, usually with sheathing bases
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescences generally terminal and many-flowered or more rarely with few or solitary flowers
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, hypogynous, bisexual or sometimes polygamous or dioecious
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals free, often petaloid
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals free, sometimes nectariferous, often absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens indefinite in number; anthers attached at the base, dehiscing longitudinally
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Carpels indefinite in number, few or solitary, free or more or less united; ovules 1-several
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit usually of achenes, drupelets or follicles, rarely a capsule or berry
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds with endosperm
- Aconitum L.
- Actaea L.
- Adonis L.
- Anemoclema (Franch.) W.T.Wang
- Anemonastrum Holub
- Anemone L.
- Anemonella Spach
- Anemonoides Mill.
- Anemonopsis Siebold & Zucc.
- Aquilegia L.
- Arcteranthis Greene
- Asteropyrum J.R.Drumm. & Hutch.
- Beesia Balf.f. & W.W.Sm.
- Calathodes Hook.f. & Thomson
- Callianthemoides Tamura
- Callianthemum C.A.Mey.
- Caltha L.
- Clematis L.
- Coptis Salisb.
- Cyrtorhyncha Nutt.
- Delphinium Tourn. ex L.
- Dichocarpum W.T.Wang & P.K.Hsiao
- Enemion Raf.
- Eranthis Salisb.
- Eriocapitella Nakai
- Glaucidium Siebold & Zucc.
- Gymnaconitum (Stapf) Wei Wang & Z.D.Chen
- Halerpestes Greene
- Hamadryas Comm. ex Juss.
- Helleborus Tourn. ex L.
- Hepatica Mill.
- Hydrastis J.Ellis ex L.
- Isopyrum L.
- Knowltonia Salisb.
- Leptopyrum Rchb.
- Megaleranthis Ohwi
- Metanemone W.T.Wang
- Nigella L.
- Oxygraphis Bunge
- Paraquilegia J.R.Drumm. & Hutch.
- Paroxygraphis W.W.Sm.
- Peltocalathos Tamura
- Pulsatilla Mill.
- Ranunculus L.
- Semiaquilegia Makino
- Thalictrum Tourn. ex L.
- Trautvetteria Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
- Trollius L.
- Urophysa Ulbr.
- Xanthorhiza Marshall
Ranunculaceae Juss. appears in other Kew resources:
First published in Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 231. 1789 [4 Aug 1789] (1789)
Accepted by
- APG IV (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
-
Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Neotropikey
Milliken, W., Klitgard, B. and Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0