- Family:
- Solanaceae Juss.
Cestrum L.

[FTEA]
Solanaceae, Jennifer M Edmonds. Oliganthes, Melongena & Monodolichopus, Maria S. Vorontsova & Sandra Knapp. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 2012
- Morphology General Habit
- Shrubs, sub-shrubs or small trees, rarely vine-like, evergreen or deciduous
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves alternate or opposite, simple, often pseudo-stipulate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescences axillary or terminal cymes, racemes or panicles, often congested, usually many- but occasionally solitary-flowered, bracts often present; flowers actinomorphic, occasionally zygomorphic, diurnal or nocturnal, often subtended by a small bracteole; pedicels usually erect. Calyx tubular, campanulate or cupulate, with five valvate calyx lobes, persistent and usually enlarged in fruit
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla tubular; tube often ampliate above and constricted at the throat, with short, induplicate/valvate lobes, usually spreading after anthesis; often densely pubescent internally
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens 5, sub-equal or equal, usually included; filaments variously joined to corolla tube, straight or flexuose, cylindrical or enlarged at point of fusion, sometimes with small appendage near base, glabrous to pubescent where adnate; anthers globose to cordate, medifixed, somewhat versatile
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary sometimes shortly stipitate, glabrous, 2-locular, ovules numerous; disc annular or cupulate, small; style filiform, usually exserted; stigma papillate, capitate, bilobed
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a smooth few- to many-seeded berry
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds discoidal, sometimes compressed, reniform, elliptic, ovate or prismatic, few to many; testa crustaceous, reticulate-foveate.
- Note
- The flowers of these species are borne in complex inflorescences which can be compact or lax cymes, racemes, umbels or panicles. The precise structure is extremely difficult to determine from the available herbarium material, and so has not been used diagnostically in the following account. The more important chemical constituents found in Cestrum species are summarised in Hunziker (2001). Species belonging to this genus are often called Jessamines. Night-opening flowers are thought to be sphingid (hawkmoth) pollinated, while pollination of red and yellow flowers is by hummingbirds attracted to plants with the sucrose dominant nectars which characterise Cestrums. Their juicy berries are usually bird-dispersed, though some species with foetid foliage and leathery fruits are probably bat-dispersed. Many authors (e.g. Francey, 1935, 1936; Nee, 2001; and Benítez de Rojas & D’Arcy, 1998) have recognized a number of varieties and even forms in most of the species described below. Since none of the names concerned have been encountered on East African material, they have not been included in the synonymy of these species.
[FZ]
Flora Zambesiaca. Vol. 8, Part 4. Solanaceae. Gonçalves AE. 2005
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens equal or subequal, attached from the middle or higher within the corolla tube and running downwards as ridges, very rarely totally free, mostly included; free part of filaments filiform, often thickened, geniculate or appendaged at or near the base, variously pubescent to glabrous; anthers short, ± globose or obcordate in outline, medifixed, the thecae ± parallel, dehiscing by longitudinal slits Stamens equal or subequal, attached from the middle or higher within the corolla tube and running downwards as ridges, very rarely totally free, mostly included; free part of filaments filiform, often thickened, geniculate or appendaged at or near the base, variously pubescent to glabrous; anthers short, ± globose or obcordate in outline, medifixed, the thecae ± parallel, dehiscing by longitudinal slits.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Disc
- Disk glandular, rather thick or membranous and cupular, occasionally inconspicuous Disk glandular, rather thick or membranous and cupular, occasionally inconspicuous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary on a short, stout stipe or subsessile, ovoid or globose, 2(rarely only incompletely)-locular, the middle dissepiment with subglobose placentas, the ovules few–many in each locule, hemitropous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Style
- Style filiform, usually with minute glands upwards.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Stigma
- Stigma small, ± capitate, subpeltate, concave or 2-lobed, rarely clavate, included or exserted
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit blackish to violaceous, sometimes reddish, rarely white, shortly stipitate, baccaceous, ± globose or ovoid to obovoid, fleshy or juicy, (1)2(4)-locular, indehiscent, rarely with 1–2 apical sutures Fruit blackish to violaceous, sometimes reddish, rarely white, shortly stipitate, baccaceous, ± globose or ovoid to obovoid, fleshy or juicy, (1)2(4)-locular, indehiscent, rarely with 1–2 apical sutures.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds few or solitary by abortion, variable in shape and size, compressed, dorsally convex, the internal face angular; testa often nearly smooth; embryo orbicular, ovate or oblong in outline, usually thick, straight or somewhat curved in the axis of the fleshy endosperm, with the terete radicle inferior, much narrower (or scarcely so) than the small, compressed, foliaceous, often semi-terete cotyledons Seeds few or solitary by abortion, variable in shape and size, compressed, dorsally convex, the internal face angular; testa often nearly smooth; embryo orbicular, ovate or oblong in outline, usually thick, straight or somewhat curved in the axis of the fleshy endosperm, with the terete radicle inferior, much narrower (or scarcely so) than the small, compressed, foliaceous, often semi-terete cotyledons.
- Morphology General Habit
- Erect or drooping shrubs or small trees, sometimes scandent, glabrous to tomentose with simple or branched hairs. Erect or drooping shrubs or small trees, sometimes scandent, glabrous to tomentose with simple or branched hairs
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves solitary, alternate, rarely in pairs, mostly shortly petiolate, ± entire, often gradually passing into bracts; pseudostipules often present in the axils. Leaves solitary, alternate, rarely in pairs, mostly shortly petiolate, ± entire, often gradually passing into bracts; pseudostipules often present in the axils
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Cymes axillary or sometimes appearing terminal, extended, racemiform to more often shortened, corymbiform, spiciform or fasciculiform, sometimes combined into terminal, paniculiform inflorescences; bracts and bracteoles often present. Cymes axillary or sometimes appearing terminal, extended, racemiform to more often shortened, corymbiform, spiciform or fasciculiform, sometimes combined into terminal, paniculiform inflorescences; bracts and bracteoles often present
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers (4)5(6)-merous, actinomorphic, occasionally slightly zygomorphic, usually shortly pedicellate, sometimes opening at night. Flowers (4)5(6)-merous, actinomorphic, occasionally slightly zygomorphic, usually shortly pedicellate, sometimes opening at night
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx shorter than the corolla tube, tubular to campanulate or cupular, 5-dentate to deeply divided, the lobes subequal or occasionally unequal, usually shorter than the tube, with valvate aestivation, persistent in fruit, not very accrescent. Calyx shorter than the corolla tube, tubular to campanulate or cupular, 5-dentate to deeply divided, the lobes subequal or occasionally unequal, usually shorter than the tube, with valvate aestivation, persistent in fruit, not very accrescent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla deep yellow to reddish or purplish, rarely greenish-white or white, often very fragrant, sometimes only so at night, tubular-infundibuliform, salviform or somewhat trumpet-shaped, the tube sometimes obconical or with a bulge, often constricted to bladdery at the throat; limb short, regularly revolute, 5-lobed to deeply divided, subplicate, the lobes short, often with involute, tomentose or pubescent margins, spreading or reflexed, with valvate or induplicate-valvate aestivation. Corolla deep yellow to reddish or purplish, rarely greenish-white or white, often very fragrant, sometimes only so at night, tubular-infundibuliform, salviform or somewhat trumpet-shaped, the tube sometimes obconical or with a bulge, often constricted to bladdery at the throat; limb short, regularly revolute, 5-lobed to deeply divided, subplicate, the lobes short, often with involute, tomentose or pubescent margins, spreading or reflexed, with valvate or induplicate-valvate aestivation
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Pistil
- Ovary on a short, stout stipe or subsessile, ovoid or globose, 2(rarely only incompletely)-locular, the middle dissepiment with subglobose placentas, the ovules few–many in each locule, hemitropous; style filiform, usually with minute glands upwards; stigma small, ± capitate, subpeltate, concave or 2-lobed, rarely clavate, included or exserted.
[FTEA]
- Use
- They have been widely cultivated as ornamentals in many parts of the world, where they are now commonly naturalised. Despite their popularity as garden ornamental and hedging plants, many species are notoriously poisonous, especially to stock; many are used medicinally.
Native to:
Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Florida, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Mexican Pacific Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Southwest Caribbean, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is.
Introduced into:
Andaman Is., Assam, Baleares, Bangladesh, Borneo, Burundi, California, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Caroline Is., China South-Central, China Southeast, Comoros, Cook Is., East Himalaya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Free State, Galápagos, Greece, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hawaii, India, Italy, Jawa, Juan Fernández Is., Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Lebanon-Syria, Lesser Sunda Is., Madeira, Malawi, Marianas, Marshall Is., Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Northern Provinces, Pakistan, Philippines, Queensland, Rwanda, Réunion, Samoa, Sicilia, Society Is., South Australia, Spain, Sri Lanka, St.Helena, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Tubuai Is., Tunisia, Uganda, Victoria, Vietnam, Wallis-Futuna Is., West Himalaya, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
- Cestrum abeggii Urb. & Ekman
- Cestrum aberrans J.F.Macbr.
- Cestrum acuminatum Francey
- Cestrum acutifolium Alain
- Cestrum affine Kunth
- Cestrum alternifolium (Jacq.) O.E.Schulz
- Cestrum amistadense A.K.Monro
- Cestrum anagyris Dunal
- Cestrum angulosum Urb.
- Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl.
- Cestrum auriculatum L'Hér.
- Cestrum azuense Urb. & Ekman
- Cestrum bahamense Britton
- Cestrum benthamii Miers
- Cestrum bicolor Urb.
- Cestrum bigibbosum Pittier
- Cestrum bracteatum Link & Otto
- Cestrum brevifolium Urb.
- Cestrum brunneopurpureum Francey
- Cestrum buxifolium Kunth
- Cestrum buxoides Ekman ex Urb.
- Cestrum cahosianum Urb. & Ekman
- Cestrum capsulare Carvalho & A.Schnoor
- Cestrum chiapense Brandegee
- Cestrum chimborazinum Francey
- Cestrum chiriquianum Francey
- Cestrum citrifolium Retz.
- Cestrum cobanense Francey
- Cestrum coelophlebium O.E.Schulz
- Cestrum colombianum Francey
- Cestrum confertifolium Francey
- Cestrum conglomeratum Ruiz & Pav.
- Cestrum contrerasianum A.K.Monro
- Cestrum corcovadense Miers
- Cestrum cordatum Schott ex Sendt.
- Cestrum coriaceum Miers
- Cestrum corymbosum Schltdl.
- Cestrum cristinae D.A.Soto
- Cestrum cuneifolium Francey
- Cestrum cuspidatissimum Francey
- Cestrum cuspidatum Sendtn.
- Cestrum daphnoides Griseb.
- Cestrum darcyanum C.Benítez de Rojas & Sawyer
- Cestrum darienense A.K.Monro
- Cestrum dasyanthum Donn.Sm.
- Cestrum decurrens Francey
- Cestrum diurnum L.
- Cestrum domingense O.E.Schulz
- Cestrum dumetorum Schltdl.
- Cestrum dunalii Francey
- Cestrum ecuadorense Francey
- Cestrum ehrenbergii Schltdl. ex Dunal
- Cestrum ekmanii Urb. & O.E.Schulz
- Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann) Schltdl.
- Cestrum elegantissimum C.V.Morton
- Cestrum endlicheri Miers
- Cestrum endresii Francey
- Cestrum eriochiton Sendtn.
- Cestrum euanthes Schltdl.
- Cestrum evanidum C.V.Morton
- Cestrum falcatum Francey
- Cestrum farinosum Urb. & Ekman
- Cestrum fasciculatum (Schltdl.) Miers
- Cestrum ferrugineum A.Rich.
- Cestrum filipes Urb. & Ekman
- Cestrum flavescens Greenm.
- Cestrum flavinervium Francey
- Cestrum formosum C.V.Morton
- Cestrum forsythii Dunal
- Cestrum fragile Francey
- Cestrum franceyi C.V.Morton
- Cestrum fraternum C.V.Morton
- Cestrum fulvescens Fernald
- Cestrum galeottianum Francey
- Cestrum gardneri Sendtn.
- Cestrum gilliae A.K.Monro
- Cestrum glabrescens (Morton) Steyerm. & Maguire
- Cestrum glabrum Francey
- Cestrum glanduliferum Kerber ex Francey
- Cestrum glaucophyllum Francey
- Cestrum glomeratum Schott ex Sendt.
- Cestrum gracile Francey
- Cestrum granadense Francey
- Cestrum grandifolium Francey
- Cestrum guaraniticum Chodat & Hassl.
- Cestrum guatemalense Francey
- Cestrum hartwegii Dunal
- Cestrum hassleri Francey
- Cestrum heterophyllum Urb.
- Cestrum hirtellum Schltdl.
- Cestrum hirtum Sw.
- Cestrum hotteanum Urb. & Ekman
- Cestrum humboldtii Francey
- Cestrum humile Urb. & Ekman
- Cestrum imbricatum Rusby
- Cestrum inclusum Urb.
- Cestrum intermedium Sendtn.
- Cestrum irazuense Kuntze
- Cestrum jacaltenanginum Loes.
- Cestrum jaramillanum Benítez & D'Arcy
- Cestrum jimenezii Alain
- Cestrum johnniegentryanum D'Arcy
- Cestrum killipii Francey
- Cestrum knappiae A.K.Monro
- Cestrum kunthii Francey
- Cestrum laevifolium Francey
- Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl.
- Cestrum lanceolatum Miers
- Cestrum langeanum D'Arcy
- Cestrum latifolium Lam.
- Cestrum laxum Benth.
- Cestrum lehmannii Francey
- Cestrum lentii A.K.Monro
- Cestrum lindenii Dunal
- Cestrum linearifolium Urb.
- Cestrum longiflorum Ruiz & Pav.
- Cestrum lucidum Francey
- Cestrum luteovirescens Francey
- Cestrum macbridei Francey
- Cestrum macrophyllum Vent.
- Cestrum magnifolium Francey
- Cestrum mancoi J.F.Macbr.
- Cestrum mariquitense Kunth
- Cestrum marmoratum Urb. & Ekman
- Cestrum martii Sendtn.
- Cestrum megalophyllum Dunal
- Cestrum memorabile Witasek
- Cestrum mexicanum Francey
- Cestrum micans Francey
- Cestrum microcalyx Francey
- Cestrum milciomejiae Zanoni
- Cestrum miradorense Francey
- Cestrum moaense Borhidi & O.Muñiz
- Cestrum mononeurum Urb. & Ekman
- Cestrum moquinianum Dunal
- Cestrum morae Hunz.
- Cestrum morretense Toledo ex Handro
- Cestrum mortonianum J.L.Gentry
- Cestrum mositicum Toledo
- Cestrum mutisii Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.
- Cestrum neblinense D'Arcy
- Cestrum neibensis Alain
- Cestrum nemanthum Dunal
- Cestrum nitidum M.Martens & Galeotti
- Cestrum nocturnum L.
- Cestrum oblongifolium Schltdl.
- Cestrum obovatum Sendtn.
- Cestrum obscurum Francey
- Cestrum ochraceum Francey
- Cestrum olivaceum Francey
- Cestrum osnoense J.F.Macbr.
- Cestrum ovale (Sendtn.) Francey
- Cestrum ovalifolium Francey
- Cestrum ovatolanceolatum Francey
- Cestrum pacificum Brandegee
- Cestrum pallidissimum Francey
- Cestrum palmeri Francey
- Cestrum pariense Steyerm.
- Cestrum parqui (Lam.) L'Hér.
- Cestrum pauciflorum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.
- Cestrum pedicellatum Sendtn.
- Cestrum pennellii Francey
- Cestrum petiolare Kunth
- Cestrum pinetorum Britton
- Cestrum pitonianum Urb. & Ekman
- Cestrum poasanum Donn.Sm.
- Cestrum polyanthum Sendtn.
- Cestrum porphyreum Dunal
- Cestrum potaliifolium Dunal
- Cestrum pseudopedicellatum Francey
- Cestrum psittacinum Stapf
- Cestrum psychotrifolium Schltdl.
- Cestrum pulverulentum Francey
- Cestrum quitense Francey
- Cestrum racemosum Ruiz & Pav.
- Cestrum raimondianum Francey
- Cestrum ramulosum Francey
- Cestrum reflexum Sendtn.
- Cestrum reticulatum Francey
- Cestrum retrofractum Dunal
- Cestrum rigidifolium Francey
- Cestrum rigidum Rusby
- Cestrum roseum Kunth
- Cestrum rugulosum Francey
- Cestrum ruizteranianum Benítez & D'Arcy
- Cestrum salicifolium Jacq.
- Cestrum salzmannii Dunal
- Cestrum santanderianum Francey
- Cestrum scandens Vahl
- Cestrum schiedei Francey
- Cestrum schlechtendalii G.Don
- Cestrum schulzianum Francey
- Cestrum sessiliflorum Schott ex Sendt.
- Cestrum skutchii C.V.Morton
- Cestrum sotonunezii Mont.-Castro
- Cestrum sparsiflorum Britton ex Rusby
- Cestrum sphaerocarpum O.E.Schulz
- Cestrum sprucei Francey
- Cestrum strictum Schott ex Sendt.
- Cestrum strigilatum Ruiz & Pav.
- Cestrum stuebelii Hieron. ex Francey
- Cestrum subcordatum Francey
- Cestrum subpulverulentum Mart.
- Cestrum subumbellatum Vig.-Silva & M.Nee
- Cestrum subuniflorum Dunal
- Cestrum taylorii Britton & P.Wilson
- Cestrum tenuifolium Francey
- Cestrum thyrsoideum Kunth
- Cestrum tillettii Benítez & D'Arcy
- Cestrum toledii Carvalho & A.Schnoor
- Cestrum tomentosum L.f.
- Cestrum tubulosum Sendtn.
- Cestrum tuerckheimii O.E.Schulz
- Cestrum turquinense Urb.
- Cestrum uhdei Dammer ex Francey
- Cestrum undulatum Ruiz & Pav.
- Cestrum validum Francey
- Cestrum velutinum Hiern
- Cestrum vestitum Hook.
- Cestrum viminale Sendtn.
- Cestrum violaceum Urb.
- Cestrum virgaurea Urb. & Ekman
- Cestrum viride Moric. ex Dunal
- Cestrum viridifolium Francey
- Cestrum weberbaueri Francey
- Cestrum yucatanense Francey
- Cestrum zarucchianum D'Arcy, Brako & Zarucchi
Cestrum L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan 1, 2000 | Souza, V.C. [8976], Brazil | K001073226 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Sano, P.T. [CFCR 14577], Brazil | K001073221 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 1986 | Silva, M.N. [75], Brazil | K001073239 | Yes | ||
Ecuador | 46191.000 | No | |||
Harley, R.M. [22026], Brazil | 72771.000 | No | |||
Hinton, G.B. [17473], Mexico | K000063489 | Yes | |||
Hinton, G.B. [17436], Mexico | K000063490 | Yes | |||
Reveal, J.L. [4204], Mexico | K000063491 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. s.n.] | K001132440 | Yes | |||
Krukoff, B.A. [6553], Brazil | K001073230 | Yes | |||
Harley, R.M. [20165], Brazil | K001073238 | Yes | |||
Maguire, B. [35094], Venezuela | K001073232 | Yes | |||
Forzza, R.C. [4345], Brazil | K001073233 | Yes | |||
Pereira, B.A.S. [294], Brazil | K001073223 | Yes | |||
Trail, J.W.H. [597], Brazil | K001073231 | Yes | |||
Williams, L.O. [6994], Brazil | K001073228 | Yes | |||
Silva, N.T. da [60639], Brazil | K001073229 | Yes | |||
Burchell, W.J. [5260], Brazil | K001073222 | Yes | |||
Harley, R.M. [CFCR7611], Brazil | K001073225 | Yes | |||
Burchell, W.J. [7797], Brazil | K001073224 | Yes | |||
Harley, R.M. [28201], Brazil | K001073236 | Yes | |||
Vasconcellos-Neto, J. [21590], Brazil | K001073237 | Yes | |||
Neto, J.V. [21589], Brazil | K001073235 | Yes | |||
Burchell [4766], Brazil | K000964678 | Yes | |||
Swainson, W. [s.n.], Brazil | K001073227 | Yes | |||
Jardim, J.G. [4770], Brazil | K001073234 | Yes |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 191 (1753)
Accepted by
- Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. MIM, Deurne.
Literature
Flora Zambesiaca
- Candollea 6: 46 (1935)
- Candollea 7: 1 (1936).
- Cestrum L., Sp. Pl.: 191 (1753)
- Francey in Candollea 6: 46 (1935)
- Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 88 (1754).
- Hunziker, Gen. Solanacearum: 32 (2001).
- Sp. Pl.: 191 (1753)
- in Candollea 7: 1 (1936).
Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 275–351 (1998);
- Candollea 6: 46–398 (1935)
- Candollea 7: 1–132 (1936);
- Gen. Pl. ed. 5: 88 (1754);
- Gen. Solanaceae: 32–35 (2001);
- Solanaceae V: 109–136 (2001)
- Sp. Pl. 1: 191 (1753)
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Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
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Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
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Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
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Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Science Photographs
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