- Family:
- Gentianaceae Juss.
Gentiana Tourn. ex L.

[FIQ]
Ghazanfar, S. A. & Edmondson, J. R (Eds). (2014) Flora of Iraq, Volume 5 Part 2: Lythraceae to Campanulaceae.
- Morphology General Habit
- Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, diffuse or erect
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite, sessile, entire
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers usually blue, axillary, cymose or solitary and terminal, sessile or shortly pedicellate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx tubular, usually shortly, (4‒)5(‒7)-lobed
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla ± tubular-campanulate, lobes spreading, (4‒)5(‒7)-lobed, with a small tooth-like lobe in each sinus
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens shorter than the corolla
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary 1-locular
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Style
- Style short or absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Stigma
- Stigma 2-lobed
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule 2-valved
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds numerous, globose or lenticular, rarely winged.
- Note
- Gentiana (name of plant in Pliny after Gentius, King of Illyria (W Balkans) who was reputed to have discovered its medicinal properties). Gentian. Ibn Baitar mentions the name JANTIANA, an obvious transliteration of the Latin name, BELCHELCHEKA (BALSHALSHIKA) (in the Arabic of Andalusia, an apparent corruption of the Greek ‘basilika’), KUSHAD (Pers.) and SÎNANDIĀN (Greek): also KAFF ADH-DHÎB and DAWĀ ‘L-HAIYA (from its reputation as an antidote for snake bite).
[FIQ]
- Use
- The root of G. lutea, Yellow Gentian, has long been known in Europe as a popular an innocuous bitter tonic, used to improve the appetite and stimulate digestion, this being the Gentian Root of commerce. Uphof (1959) says it is used in the manufacture of liqueurs and made into Gentian Bitter. He mentions that a decoction of the roots of another specices (G. adsurgens) is used as a stomachic and stimulant by the Maya Indians of S Mexico and The flowers of a European species (G. pneumonanthe) provide the source of a blue dye (Uphof 1959).
Native to:
Afghanistan, Alabama, Alaska, Albania, Alberta, Aleutian Is., Altay, Amur, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Assam, Austria, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Borneo, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Buryatiya, California, Cambodia, Central European Rus, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Chita, Colombia, Colorado, Connecticut, Corse, Costa Rica, Czechoslovakia, Delaware, Denmark, District of Columbia, East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Falkland Is., Finland, Florida, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Greenland, Guatemala, Hainan, Hungary, Iceland, Idaho, Illinois, India, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Irkutsk, Italy, Japan, Jawa, Kamchatka, Kansas, Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Krym, Kuril Is., Labrador, Laos, Lebanon-Syria, Louisiana, Magadan, Maine, Malaya, Manchuria, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mongolia, Montana, Morocco, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nebraska, Nepal, Netherlands, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Guinea, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New South Wales, New York, North Carolina, North Caucasus, North Dakota, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Northwest Territorie, Norway, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Pakistan, Panamá, Pennsylvania, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Qinghai, Québec, Rhode I., Romania, Sakhalin, Sardegna, Saskatchewan, South Carolina, South Dakota, South European Russi, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Tennessee, Texas, Thailand, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Tuva, Ukraine, Utah, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vermont, Victoria, Vietnam, Virginia, Washington, West Himalaya, West Siberia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yakutskiya, Yugoslavia, Yukon
- Gentiana acaulis L.
- Gentiana affinis Griseb.
- Gentiana alba Muhl. ex J.McNab
- Gentiana albicalyx Burkill
- Gentiana albomarginata C.Marquand
- Gentiana algida Pall.
- Gentiana alii (Omer & Qaiser) T.N.Ho
- Gentiana alpina Vill.
- Gentiana alsinoides Franch.
- Gentiana altigena Harry Sm.
- Gentiana altorum Harry Sm. ex C.Marquand
- Gentiana × ambigua Hayek
- Gentiana amplicrater Burkill
- Gentiana andrewsii Griseb.
- Gentiana angustifolia Vill.
- Gentiana anisostemon C.Marquand
- Gentiana aperta Maxim.
- Gentiana apiata N.E.Br.
- Gentiana aquatica L.
- Gentiana arenicola Kerr
- Gentiana arethusae Burkill
- Gentiana argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.Don
- Gentiana arisanensis Hayata
- Gentiana aristata Maxim.
- Gentiana arunii D.Maity, S.K.Dey, J.Ghosh & Midday
- Gentiana asclepiadea L.
- Gentiana asterocalyx Diels
- Gentiana atlantica Litard. & Maire
- Gentiana atuntsiensis W.W.Sm.
- Gentiana austromontana J.S.Pringle & Sharp
- Gentiana autumnalis L.
- Gentiana baeuerlenii L.G.Adams
- Gentiana bambuseti T.Y.Hsieh, T.C.Hsu, S.M.Ku & C.I Peng
- Gentiana bavarica L.
- Gentiana beamanii J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana bella Franch.
- Gentiana bicuspidata (G.Don) Briq.
- Gentiana × billingtonii Farw.
- Gentiana boissieri Schott & Kotschy ex Boiss.
- Gentiana bokorensis Hul
- Gentiana bolavenensis Nagah., Tagane & Soulad.
- Gentiana borneensis Hook.f.
- Gentiana boryi Boiss.
- Gentiana brachyphylla Vill.
- Gentiana bredboensis L.G.Adams
- Gentiana brentae Prosser & Bertolli
- Gentiana bryoides Burkill
- Gentiana burseri Lapeyr.
- Gentiana cachemirica Decne.
- Gentiana caelestis (C.Marquand) Harry Sm.
- Gentiana caeruleogrisea T.N.Ho
- Gentiana caliculata Lex.
- Gentiana calycosa Griseb.
- Gentiana capitata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
- Gentiana carinata (D.Don ex G.Don) Griseb.
- Gentiana carinicostata Wernham
- Gentiana catesbaei Walter
- Gentiana cephalantha Franch.
- Gentiana cephalodes Edgew.
- Gentiana × charpentieri E.Thomas ex Hegetschw.
- Gentiana chinensis Kusn.
- Gentiana choanantha C.Marquand
- Gentiana chungtienensis C.Marquand
- Gentiana clarkei Kusn.
- Gentiana clausa Raf.
- Gentiana clusii Perr. & Songeon
- Gentiana confertifolia C.Marquand
- Gentiana coronata Royle
- Gentiana crassa Kurz
- Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burkill
- Gentiana crassula Harry Sm.
- Gentiana crassuloides Bureau & Franch.
- Gentiana cristata Harry Sm.
- Gentiana cruciata L.
- Gentiana cruttwellii Harry Sm.
- Gentiana cuneibarba Harry Sm.
- Gentiana × curtisii J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana dahurica Fisch.
- Gentiana davidii Franch.
- Gentiana decemfida Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
- Gentiana decora Pollard
- Gentiana decumbens L.f.
- Gentiana delavayi Franch.
- Gentiana deltoidea Harry Sm.
- Gentiana dendrologi C.Marquand
- Gentiana densiflora T.N.Ho
- Gentiana depressa D.Don
- Gentiana × digenea Jakow.
- Gentiana divaricata T.N.Ho
- Gentiana diversifolia Merr.
- Gentiana douglasiana Bong.
- Gentiana dschungarica Regel
- Gentiana dshimilensis K.Koch
- Gentiana duclouxii Franch.
- Gentiana durangensis Villarreal
- Gentiana ecaudata C.Marquand
- Gentiana elmeriana Halda
- Gentiana elwesii C.B.Clarke
- Gentiana emodi C.Marquand ex Sealy
- Gentiana ettingshausenii F.Muell.
- Gentiana exigua Harry Sm.
- Gentiana faucipilosa Harry Sm.
- Gentiana fieldiana J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana filistyla Balf.f. & Forrest
- Gentiana flavomaculata Hayata
- Gentiana flexicaulis Harry Sm.
- Gentiana formosa Harry Sm.
- Gentiana forrestii C.Marquand
- Gentiana franchetiana Kusn.
- Gentiana fremontii Torr.
- Gentiana frigida Haenke
- Gentiana froelichii Jan ex Rchb.
- Gentiana futtereri Diels & Gilg
- Gentiana × gaudiniana E.Thomas ex W.D.J.Koch
- Gentiana gayi Griseb.
- Gentiana gelida M.Bieb.
- Gentiana georgei Diels
- Gentiana gilvostriata C.Marquand
- Gentiana glauca Pall.
- Gentiana grandiflora Laxm.
- Gentiana × grandilacustris J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana grata Harry Sm.
- Gentiana × grisebachiana Rouy
- Gentiana grumii Kusn.
- Gentiana gyirongensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana handeliana Harry Sm.
- Gentiana haraldi-smithii Halda
- Gentiana harrowiana Diels
- Gentiana haynaldii Kanitz
- Gentiana heleonastes Harry Sm.
- Gentiana helophila Balf.f. & Forrest
- Gentiana hesseliana Hosseus
- Gentiana hexaphylla Maxim. ex Kusn.
- Gentiana himalayensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana hirsuta Ma & E.W.Ma ex T.N.Ho
- Gentiana hohoxiliensis S.K.Wu & R.F.Huang
- Gentiana hooperi J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana hsinganica J.H.Yu
- Gentiana hugelii Griseb.
- Gentiana huxleyi Kusn.
- Gentiana × hybrida Schleich. ex DC.
- Gentiana intricata C.Marquand
- Gentiana jamesii Hemsl.
- Gentiana jarmilae Halda
- Gentiana jingdongensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana jouyana Hul
- Gentiana kaohsiungensis Chih H.Chen & J.C.Wang
- Gentiana kauffmanniana Regel & Schmalh.
- Gentiana khammouanensis Hul
- Gentiana kirilowii Turcz.
- Gentiana kurroo Royle
- Gentiana kurumbae Anilkumar & Udayan
- Gentiana lacerulata Harry Sm.
- Gentiana laciniata Kit. ex Kanitz
- Gentiana × laengstii Hausm.
- Gentiana laevigata M.Martens & Galeotti
- Gentiana lagodechiana (Kusn.) Grossh.
- Gentiana langbianensis A.Chev. ex S.Hul
- Gentiana laotica Soulad., Tagane & Yahara
- Gentiana lateriflora Hemsl.
- Gentiana latidens (House) J.S.Pringle & Weakley
- Gentiana lawrencei Burkill
- Gentiana laxiflora T.N.Ho
- Gentiana leroyana Hul
- Gentiana leucomelaena Maxim.
- Gentiana lhassica Burkill
- Gentiana liangshanensis Z.Y.Zhu
- Gentiana licentii Harry Sm.
- Gentiana ligustica R.Vilm. & Chopinet
- Gentiana linearis Froel.
- Gentiana lineolata Franch.
- Gentiana linoides Franch.
- Gentiana loerzingii Ridl.
- Gentiana longicollis G.L.Nesom
- Gentiana loureiroi (G.Don) Griseb.
- Gentiana lowryi Hul
- Gentiana lutea L.
- Gentiana lycopodioides Stapf
- Gentiana macgregoryi Hemsl.
- Gentiana macrophylla Pall.
- Gentiana maeulchanensis Franch.
- Gentiana mairei H.Lév.
- Gentiana makinoi Kusn.
- Gentiana manshurica Kitag.
- Gentiana × marcailhouana Rouy
- Gentiana × marceli-jouseaui Halda
- Gentiana × media Arv.-Touv.
- Gentiana meiantha (C.B.Clarke) Harry Sm.
- Gentiana melandriifolia Franch.
- Gentiana membranulifera T.N.Ho
- Gentiana micans C.B.Clarke
- Gentiana micantiformis Burkill
- Gentiana micrantha Aitch. ex Hemsl.
- Gentiana microdonta Franch.
- Gentiana microphyta Franch.
- Gentiana mirandae Paray
- Gentiana moniliformis C.Marquand
- Gentiana muscicola C.Marquand
- Gentiana myrioclada Franch.
- Gentiana namlaensis C.Marquand
- Gentiana nanobella C.Marquand
- Gentiana nerterifolia P.Royen
- Gentiana newberryi A.Gray
- Gentiana nipponica Maxim.
- Gentiana nivalis L.
- Gentiana nubigena Edgew.
- Gentiana nudicaulis Kurz
- Gentiana nyalamensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana obconica T.N.Ho
- Gentiana occidentalis Jakow.
- Gentiana officinalis Harry Sm.
- Gentiana olgae Regel & Schmalh.
- Gentiana oligophylla Harry Sm.
- Gentiana olivieri Griseb.
- Gentiana oreocharis Halda & Juráek
- Gentiana oreodoxa Harry Sm.
- Gentiana ornata (G.Don) Wall. ex Griseb.
- Gentiana ovatiloba Kusn.
- Gentiana pachyphylla Merr.
- Gentiana × pallidocyanea J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana pannonica Scop.
- Gentiana panthaica Prain & Burkill
- Gentiana papillosa Franch.
- Gentiana paradoxa Albov
- Gentiana parryae C.Marquand
- Gentiana parryi Engelm.
- Gentiana parvula Harry Sm.
- Gentiana pedata Harry Sm.
- Gentiana pedicellata (D.Don) Griseb.
- Gentiana perpusilla Brandegee
- Gentiana phyllocalyx C.B.Clarke
- Gentiana piasezkii Maxim.
- Gentiana picta Franch.
- Gentiana platypetala Griseb.
- Gentiana plurisetosa C.T.Mason
- Gentiana pneumonanthe L.
- Gentiana praeclara C.Marquand
- Gentiana praticola Franch.
- Gentiana prattii Kusn.
- Gentiana pringlei M.Shabir, P.Agnihotri, J.K.Tiwari & T.Husain
- Gentiana producta T.N.Ho
- Gentiana prolata Balf.f.
- Gentiana prostrata Haenke
- Gentiana pseudosquarrosa Harry Sm.
- Gentiana puberulenta J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana pubigera C.Marquand
- Gentiana pulvinarum W.W.Sm.
- Gentiana pumila Jacq.
- Gentiana pumilio Standl. & Steyerm.
- Gentiana punctata L.
- Gentiana purpurea L.
- Gentiana pyrenaica L.
- Gentiana qiujiangensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana quadrifaria Blume
- Gentiana querceticola Halda & Juráek
- Gentiana radiata C.Marquand
- Gentiana radicans Harry Sm.
- Gentiana recurvata C.B.Clarke
- Gentiana riparia Kar. & Kir.
- Gentiana robusta King ex Hook.f.
- Gentiana rostanii Reut. ex Verlot
- Gentiana rubicunda Franch.
- Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein.
- Gentiana sagarmathae Miyam. & H.Ohba
- Gentiana saginifolia Wernham
- Gentiana saginoides Burkill
- Gentiana saltuum C.Marquand
- Gentiana saponaria L.
- Gentiana sasidharanii K.M.P.Kumar & Sunil
- Gentiana satsunanensis T.Yamaz.
- Gentiana scabra Bunge
- Gentiana scabrida Hayata
- Gentiana sceptrum Griseb.
- Gentiana sedifolia Kunth
- Gentiana septemfida Pall.
- Gentiana setigera A.Gray
- Gentiana shaanxiensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana sierrae Briq.
- Gentiana sikkimensis C.B.Clarke
- Gentiana sikokiana Maxim.
- Gentiana simulatrix C.Marquand
- Gentiana sino-ornata Balf.f.
- Gentiana siphonantha Maxim. ex Kusn.
- Gentiana sirensis J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana spathacea Kunth
- Gentiana spathulifolia Kusn.
- Gentiana spathulisepala T.N.Ho & S.W.Liu
- Gentiana springateana D.Maity
- Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb.
- Gentiana stellata Turrill
- Gentiana stellulata Harry Sm.
- Gentiana stipitata Edgew.
- Gentiana stragulata Balf.f. & Forrest
- Gentiana straminea Maxim.
- Gentiana suborbisepala C.Marquand
- Gentiana subpolytrichoides Grubov
- Gentiana subuliformis S.W.Liu
- Gentiana sumatrana Ridl.
- Gentiana susamyrensis Pachom.
- Gentiana sutchuenensis Franch.
- Gentiana szechenyii Kanitz
- Gentiana taiwanica T.N.Ho
- Gentiana takushii T.Yamaz.
- Gentiana taliensis Balf.f. & Forrest
- Gentiana tarokoensis Chih H.Chen & J.C.Wang
- Gentiana tatsienensis Franch.
- Gentiana terglouensis Hacq.
- Gentiana ternifolia Franch.
- Gentiana tetraphylla Maxim. ex Kusn.
- Gentiana tetrasepala Biswas
- Gentiana tetrasticha C.Marquand
- Gentiana thunbergii (G.Don) Griseb.
- Gentiana tibetica King ex Hook.f.
- Gentiana timida Kerr
- Gentiana tongolensis Franch.
- Gentiana tonkinensis Hul
- Gentiana tornezyana Litard. & Maire
- Gentiana trichotoma Kusn.
- Gentiana tricolor Diels & Gilg
- Gentiana triflora Pall.
- Gentiana tubiflora (G.Don) Griseb.
- Gentiana ulmeri Merr.
- Gentiana uniflora Georgi
- Gentiana urnula Harry Sm.
- Gentiana utriculosa L.
- Gentiana vandellioides Hemsl.
- Gentiana vandewateri Wernham
- Gentiana veitchiorum Hemsl.
- Gentiana venusta (G.Don) Wall. ex Griseb.
- Gentiana verna L.
- Gentiana vernayi C.Marquand
- Gentiana viatrix Harry Sm. ex C.Marquand
- Gentiana villosa L.
- Gentiana waltonii Burkill
- Gentiana walujewii Regel & Schmalh.
- Gentiana wangchukii E.Aitken & D.G.Long
- Gentiana wardii W.W.Sm.
- Gentiana wasenensis C.Marquand
- Gentiana wilsonii C.Marquand
- Gentiana winchuanensis T.N.Ho
- Gentiana wingecarribiensis L.G.Adams
- Gentiana woodii J.S.Pringle
- Gentiana xanthonannos Harry Sm.
- Gentiana yakushimensis Makino
- Gentiana yokusai Burkill
- Gentiana yunnanensis Franch.
- Gentiana zekuensis T.N.Ho & S.W.Liu
- Gentiana zhenxiongensis L.H.Wu & Z.T.Wang
- Gentiana zollingeri Fawc.
- Aloitis Raf.
- Anthopogon Neck.
- Asterias Borkh.
- Bilamista Raf.
- Calathiana Delarbre
- Chaelothilus Neck.
- Chiophila Raf.
- Chondrophylla A.Nelson
- Ciminalis Adans.
- Coilantha Borkh.
- Cruciata Gilib.
- Cuttera Raf.
- Dasistepha Raf.
- Dasystephana Adans.
- Dicardiotis Raf.
- Diploma Raf.
- Endotriche Steud.
- Ericala Reneaulme ex Gray
- Ericoila Reneaulme ex Borkh.
- Favargera Á.Löve & D.Löve
- Gaertneria Neck.
- Gentianodes Á.Löve & D.Löve
- Gentianusa Pohl
- Hippion F.W.Schmidt
- Holubia Á.Löve & D.Löve
- Holubogentia Á.Löve & D.Löve
- Kudoa Masam.
- Kuepferella M.Laínz
- Kurramiana Omer & Qaiser
- Lexipyretum Dulac
- Pneumonanthe Gled.
- Psalina Raf.
- Qaisera Omer
- Rassia Neck.
- Ricoila Reneaulme ex Raf.
- Sebeokia Neck.
- Selatium D.Don ex G.Don
- Spiragyne Neck.
- Thylacitis Reneaulme ex Adans.
- Thyrophora Neck.
- Tretorhiza Adans.
- Tretorrhiza Reneaulme ex Delarbre
- Varasia Phil.
- Xolemia Raf.
Gentiana Tourn. ex L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Melville, R. [5977], New Zealand | 36964.000 | No | |||
Melville, R. [6129], New Zealand | 36970.000 | No | |||
Melville, R. [6480], New Zealand | 36983.000 | No | |||
Wood, J.R.I. [14664], Bolivia | K000014444 | Yes | |||
Rico, L. [2041], Mexico | K000266018 | No |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 227 (1753)
Accepted by
- Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Seed Plants Database in ACCESS G: 1-40325.
Literature
Flora of Iraq
- Linnaeus, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 285 (1754)
- Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 227 (1753);
-
Flora of Iraq
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
-
Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Kew Science Photographs
Copyright applied to individual images