[FTEA]
Monimiaceae, B. Verdcourt. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1968
- Morphology General Habit
- Trees, shrubs or rarely climbers, often aromatic; leaves exstipulate, opposite or rarely alternate, simple, entire or toothed (the teeth sometimes glandular)
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers small, hermaphrodite or unisexual, sometimes polygamous, often dioecious, regular or rarely irregular, arranged in axillary or terminal racemes, panicles or racemes of cymules
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Perianth
- Perianth-lobes 4–?, small, imbricate in 2–several whorls, rarely absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens free, 6–?; anthers dehiscing introrsely or extrorsely by longitudinal slits, more rarely by valves
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary superior, of 1–numerous 1-locular carpels; style long or short or stigma sessile; ovules solitary in each carpel, usually anatropous, pendulous or erect
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Sterile Parts
- Staminodes sometimes present in the ? flowers
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit of l–? separate drupes or achenes, sometimes enclosed by the calyx or in or on the fleshy receptacle
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds with fleshy endosperm
[NTK]
Rener, S. (2009). Neotropical Monimiaceae.
- Morphology
-
Description
Evergreen scambling shrubs, treelets or trees, with spherical oil cells in all parts of the plants. Leaves oppposite, decussate or in whorls of 3-4, simple , exstipulate , those of a pair often unequal in size, with simple or stellate hairs, glabrescent, the margin variously serrate , dentate , or entire . Inflorescences axillary or cauliflorous , cymose or fasciculate . Flowers radial, unisexual or rarely bisexual , plants dioecious , floral cup ( receptacle ) well-developed (the perigon perigynous ), subglobose or cup-shaped, tepals 3 to numerous, petaloid , sepaloid, or connate and forming a calyptra; stamens few to very numerous, dispersed irregularly in the floral cup, filaments lacking appendages or more rarely with paired basal nectary glands on the filaments, anthers with 4 pollen sacs dehiscing by longitudinal, lateral , or circumscissile slits; carpels 1 to numerous, free or immersed in and fused with the receptacle tissue, the stigmas and/or styles free or joined by mucilage plugs, ovules solitary, pendulous and anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate. Fruitingreceptacle repand and with few to many sessile or stipitate drupes, or the drupes enclosed in a fleshy receptacle and exposed at maturity by the splitting of the receptacle ; the mesocarp fleshy , rarely half covered by an orange stylar aril , the endocarp stony.
- Distribution
-
Distribution in the Neotropics
Currently 28 genera and 195-200 species, mostly in the Malagasy floristic region, New Guinea (this has 75 species), and the Neotropics (four genera and ca. 24 species), with a few species in the rest of Malesia, Eastern Australia, and New Zealand. A single species, Xymalos monospora Baill., occurs from South Africa to Kenya, Uganda, and Cameroon.
- Hennecartia Poisson: monospecific (H. omphalandra Poisson), Argentina.
- Macropeplus Perkins: monospecific (M. ligustrinus (Tul.) Perkins) in gallery forest of southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina.
- Macrotorus Perkins: monospecific (M. utriculatus (Mart.) Perkins) in gallery forest of southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina.
- Mollinedia Ruiz & Pav.: ca. 20 species in understorey lowland moist forest, from Central America to the Amazon basin and in gallery forests in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina.
- Peumus Molina: monospecific (P. boldus Molina) included here despite being outside the Flora region, in sclerophyllous Chilean forests between 30º and 41º latitude.
- Diagnostic
-
Distinguishing characters (always present)
- Leaves opposite, decussate or in whorls of 3 to 4.
- Flowers closed, somewhat fig-like, only the style tips or anther tips emerging from an apical ostiole.
- Rarely confused.
- An inordinate number of genera are monotypic (and hence devoid of informative generic characters).
- Several others are poorly circumscribed.
- Renner et al. 2010 paper, which has sequences for all but one genus and the majority of species.
- General Description
-
Status
- Monimiaceae are not cultivated, with the exception of Peumus, which is cultivated in a few botanical gardens in Europe.
- The fossil record of Monimiaceae is relatively extensive. Fossils from the Upper Senonian of the eastern Cape Province (Hedycaryoxylonhortonioides Mädel) and the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of James Ross Island in Antarctica (Hedycaryoxylontambourissoides Poole & Gottwald) undoubtedly represent Monimiaceae. Somewhat younger fossil woods, referred to Xymaloxylonzeltenense (Louvet) Louvet (syn. Monimiaxylonzeltenense Louvet), have been described from the Early Oligocene of Oman.
- There are also leaves from Paleocene/Eocene boundary strata on King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula (Monimiophyllumantarcticum Zastawniak). Even fossil woods from the Late Eocene of Germany, namely Hedycaryoxylomsubaffine (Vater) Süss and Hortonioxylonhenericiungeri Gottwald, have been compared to Hortonia Wight ex Arn., Hedycarya Forst., and Tambourissa Sonn. [This is from S. S.Renner, unpublished manuscript, which contains all the refs.]
- Morphologically and molecularly strongly supported as monophyletic (once Siparunaceae, Atherospermataceae, Amborellaceae, and Trimeniaceae were excluded).
See above.
- Literature
-
Important literature
Philipson, W.R. 1986. Monimiaceae. In: Steenis, C.G.G.J. van, ed. Flora Malesiana Spermatophyta: flowering plants. vol.10, part 2. Revisions. Dordrecht etc., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 255-326.
Renner, S.S. 2004. Monimiaceae. Pp. 252-253. In: Smith, N., Mori, S.A., Henderson, A., Stevenson, D.W. & Heald, S.V. (eds.). Flowering Plants of the Neotropics. New York Botanical Garden, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Renner, S.S., and Hausner, G. 1997. Siparunaceae, Monimiaceae. In: Harling, G. & Andersson, L. (eds.). Flora of Ecuador no. 59, Pp. 1-124. Department of Systematic Botany, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg.Renner, S. S., J. S. Strijk, D. Strasberg, and C. Thébaud. 2010. Biogeography of the Monimiaceae (Laurales): A role for East Gondwana and long distance dispersal, but not West Gondwana. Journal of Biogeography 37(7): 1227-1238.
[FZ]
Monimiaceae, B.L. Stannard. Flora Zambesiaca 9:2. 1997
- Morphology General Habit
- Trees, shrubs or rarely lianes, often aromatic
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite or less often alternate, exstipulate, simple, entire or toothed, sometimes glandular-toothed, coriaceous, sometimes minutely pellucid-punctate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescences axillary or terminal, racemose, cymose or fasciculate; bracts small or absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, actinomorphic or more rarely zygomorphic; plants monoecious, sometimes dioecious, less often polygamous Staminodes sometimes present in female flowers
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Perianth
- Perianth 4–many-lobed; lobes in 2–several whorls, imbricate, rarely absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens few to numerous, 1–2- seriate or irregular, usually free; filaments very short, sometimes with glands at the base; anthers erect, 2-locular, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, or more rarely by valves
- sex Female
- Staminodes sometimes present in female flowers
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary superior; carpels usually several, rarely solitary, 1-locular; stigma sessile or with a long or short style; ovules solitary, erect or pendulous, usually anatropous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit of separate drupes, or more rarely achenes, often enclosed by the perianth or in a fleshy receptacle
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds erect or pendulous, endosperm fleshy, copious
[FWTA]
Monimiaceae, Hutchinson and Dalziel. Flora of West Tropical Africa 1:1. 1954
- Morphology General Habit
- Trees or shrubs, rarely climbers, usually fragrant, with opposite, or rarely alternate, entire or serrate, coriaceous leaves with pellucid dots; stipules absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers actinomorphic, rarely oblique, hermaphrodite, polygamous or unisexual, cymose or racemose, rarely solitary, small or medium-sized; inflorescence axillary or rarely terminal Female fl.: staminodes present or none; carpels several or rarely solitary, 1-celled; style short or elongated; stigma terminal; ovule solitary, erect or pendulous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Perianth
- Perianth inferior, with 4 to many often connivent teeth or lobes in 2 to many series and imbricate, equal, or the outer sepaloid and the inner petaloid, rarely obsolete
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Nectaries
- Disk adnate to the perianth-tube
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens numerous or few in 1–2 series; filaments very short, often flattened, with or without glands at the base; anthers erect, 2-celled, opening by a longitudinal slit or by valves from the base upwards
- sex Female
- Female fl.: staminodes present or none; carpels several or rarely solitary, 1-celled; style short or elongated; stigma terminal; ovule solitary, erect or pendulous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Carpels separate in fruit, enclosed by the perianth or the latter deciduous, indehiscent, often drupaceous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seed erect or pendulous; testa membranous; endosperm fleshy; embryo small to half as large as the endosperm; cotyledons erect or spreading
- Austromatthaea L.B.Sm.
- Decarydendron Danguy
- Ephippiandra Decne.
- Grazielanthus Peixoto & Per.-Moura
- Hedycarya J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Hemmantia Whiffin
- Hennecartia J.Poiss.
- Hortonia Wight ex Arn.
- Kairoa Philipson
- Kibara Endl.
- Kibaropsis Vieill. ex Jérémie
- Laureliopsis Schodde
- Lauterbachia Perkins
- Levieria Becc.
- Macropeplus Perkins
- Macrotorus Perkins
- Matthaea Blume
- Mollinedia Ruiz & Pav.
- Monimia Thouars
- Palmeria F.Muell.
- Parakibara Philipson
- Pendressia Whiffin
- Peumus Molina
- Steganthera Perkins
- Tambourissa Sonn.
- Wilkiea F.Muell.
- Xymalos Baill.
Monimiaceae Juss. appears in other Kew resources:
First published in Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 14: 133. 1809 (1809)
Accepted by
- APG IV (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
-
Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Neotropikey
Milliken, W., Klitgard, B. and Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0