- Family:
- Poaceae Barnhart
- Genus:
- Festuca Tourn. ex L.
Festuca rubra L.

[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean. Elevation range: 2500–4000 m a.s.l. Naturalised in Colombia. Colombian departments: Caldas, Cundinamarca.
- Habit
- Herb.
[GB]
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial; culms solitary, or caespitose; clumped loosely. Cataphylls inconspicuous. Rhizomes absent, or short; fleshy; not obviously scaly. Basal innovations extravaginal, or intravaginal. Culms erect, or geniculately ascending; slender; straight; 15-90 cm long; 1-3 -noded; without nodal roots. Culm-internodes terete. Culm-nodes without exudate; glabrous. Lateral branches lacking. Leaves mostly basal; 0-1 per branch. Leaf-sheaths tight; unthickened at base; tubular for much of their length; without keel; striately veined; glabrous on surface, or pubescent. Ligule an eciliate membrane; 0.2 mm long; membranous; white; entire; truncate. Leaf-blade base symmetrical. Leaf-blades straight; filiform; conduplicate; angular in section; 3-40 cm long; 0.5-1(-2) mm wide; coriaceous; flaccid; mid-green. Leaf-blade midrib indistinct. Leaf-blade venation indistinct; comprising 5-7 vascular bundles; with subepidermal sclerenchyma strands similar in size; with subepidermal sclerenchyma free from veins; without layer of subepidermal sclerenchyma masking vein striation. Leaf-blade surface smooth, or scabrous; glabrous. Leaf-blade margins smooth; glabrous. Leaf-blade apex obtuse, or abruptly acute.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence a panicle; with 1 peduncles per sheath. Peduncle terete; eglandular; smooth; glabrous. Panicle open, or contracted; lanceolate, or oblong; continuous; dense; straight; 3-17 cm long; bearing many spikelets, or few spikelets. Primary panicle branches appressed, or ascending; sparsely divided; bearing spikelets almost to the base. Panicle branches straight, or arcuate; angular; scabrous. Spikelets solitary. Fertile spikelets pedicelled. Pedicels 1-5 mm long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Spikelets comprising 3-9 fertile florets; with diminished florets at the apex. Spikelets elliptic, or oblong; laterally compressed; 5-14 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret. Spikelet callus glabrous. Rhachilla internodes smooth. Floret callus glabrous.
- Fertile
- Spikelets comprising 3-9 fertile florets; with diminished florets at the apex. Spikelets elliptic, or oblong; laterally compressed; 5-14 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret. Spikelet callus glabrous. Rhachilla internodes smooth. Floret callus glabrous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume
- Glumes persistent; dissimilar; subequal in width; shorter than spikelet. Lower glume lanceolate; 2-4 mm long; 0.7-0.8 length of upper glume; chartaceous; light green; without keels; 1 -veined. Lower glume lateral veins absent. Lower glume apex acute. Upper glume oblong; 3-5 mm long; 0.7-0.8 length of adjacent fertile lemma; chartaceous; mid-green; without keels; 3 -veined. Upper glume apex acute.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets
- Fertile lemma ovate; symmetrical; 4-6 mm long; chartaceous; dark green; without keel; 5 -veined. Lemma surface scaberulous; rough above. Lemma apex acute; awned; 1 -awned. Principal lemma awn stiff; 0.5-3 mm long overall. Palea 1 length of lemma; 2 -veined. Palea keels scaberulous; adorned above. Apical sterile florets resembling fertile though underdeveloped.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Anthers 3; 2-3 mm long. Ovary glabrous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Caryopsis with adherent pericarp; glabrous. Hilum linear; 1 length of caryopsis.
- Distribution
- Europe: northern, central, southwestern, southeastern, and eastern. Africa: north and Macaronesia. Asia-temperate: Siberia, Soviet far east, Soviet Middle Asia, Caucasus, western Asia, Arabia, China, Mongolia, and eastern Asia. Asia-tropical: India. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. Pacific: north-central. North America: Subarctic, western Canada, eastern Canada, northwest USA, north-central USA, northeast USA, southwest USA, south-central USA, southeast USA, and Mexico. South America: Mesoamericana, western South America, and southern South America. Antarctic: Subantarctic islands.
- Reference
- Poeae. Stancik 2005.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Naturalizada y adventicia en Colombia; Alt. 2500 - 4000 m.; Andes.
- Morphology General Habit
- Hierba
- Conservation
- No Evaluada
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Environmental
- Environmental uses.
- Use Poisons
- Poisons.
Doubtfully present in:
Morocco
Native to:
Afghanistan, Alabama, Alaska, Albania, Alberta, Aleutian Is., Algeria, Altay, Amur, Arizona, Assam, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Buryatiya, California, Central European Rus, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Chita, Connecticut, Corse, Czechoslovakia, Delaware, Denmark, District of Columbia, East European Russia, East Himalaya, Finland, France, Føroyar, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Iceland, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Irkutsk, Italy, Japan, Kamchatka, Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Krym, Kuril Is., Magadan, Maine, Manchuria, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Minnesota, Missouri, Mongolia, Montana, Nebraska, Nepal, Netherlands, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Caucasus, North Dakota, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Northwest Territorie, Norway, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Pakistan, Pennsylvania, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Prince Edward I., Qinghai, Québec, Rhode I., Romania, Sakhalin, Saskatchewan, Sicilia, South Carolina, South European Russi, Spain, Svalbard, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Tennessee, Texas, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Tuva, Ukraine, Utah, Uzbekistan, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Himalaya, West Siberia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yakutskiya, Yugoslavia, Yukon
Introduced into:
Amsterdam-St.Paul Is, Antipodean Is., Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Azores, Canary Is., Chatham Is., Chile Central, Chile South, Colombia, Colorado, Costa Rica, Crozet Is., Ecuador, Falkland Is., Hawaii, Kerguelen, Labrador, Madeira, Marion-Prince Edward, New South Wales, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Newfoundland, South Australia, South Georgia, Tasmania, Tristan da Cunha, Victoria, Western Australia, Yemen
- Avena dura Salisb.
- Bromus glaucus Spreng. ex Hornem.
- Bromus secundus J.Presl
- Festuca alexeevii Tzvelev
- Festuca alexeevii var. villispiculata Tzvelev
- Festuca alpestris Wulfen
- Festuca alpigena Hoppe
- Festuca ammobia Pavlick
- Festuca arenaria Osbeck
- Festuca arenaria Retz.
- Festuca arundinacea Vill.
- Festuca askelofiana Schult.
- Festuca atlantigena (Litard.) Romo
- Festuca aucta V.I.Krecz. & Bobrov
- Festuca aurasiaca Trab.
- Festuca baicalensis (Griseb.) V.I.Krecz. & Bobrov
- Festuca baicalensis var. tjulinae Tzvelev
- Festuca balearica Zuccagni
- Festuca baltica Homann ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
- Festuca barbata Schrank
- Festuca briquetii St.-Yves
- Festuca clarkei (Stapf) B.S.Sun
- Festuca communis Petif
- Festuca daghestanica (Tzvelev) E.B.Alexeev
- Festuca densiuscula (Hack. ex Piper) E.B.Alexeev
- Festuca dumetorum Hegetschw.
- Festuca dumetorum L.
- Festuca duriuscula L.
- Festuca duriuscula O.F.Müll.
- Festuca egena V.I.Krecz. & Bobrov
- Festuca eriantha Honda
- Festuca gallica Gand.
- Festuca glabra Lightf.
- Festuca glauca Planellas ex Willk. & Lange
- Festuca glaucescens Hegetschw.
- Festuca halleri Puccin.
- Festuca helgolandica Patzke
- Festuca heterophylla var. subheterophylla (Nyár.) Soó
- Festuca iberica subsp. atlantigena (Litard.) Dobignard & Portal
- Festuca inopoda Schur
- Festuca kirelowii Steud.
- Festuca kitaibeliana Schult.
- Festuca lanuginosa (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Scheele
- Festuca limosa (E.B.Alexeev) Prob.
- Festuca longifolia Hegetschw.
- Festuca michiganica E.B.Alexeev
- Festuca musashiensis Honda
- Festuca nankotaizanensis Ohwi
- Festuca niitakensis (Ohwi) Ohwi
- Festuca oregona Vasey
- Festuca ovina subsp. duriuscula (L.) Kozlowska
- Festuca ovina subsp. major G.Mey.
- Festuca ovina subsp. rubra (L.) Hook.f.
- Festuca pallidiuscula Gand.
- Festuca paucispiculata Howarth ex St.-Yves
- Festuca planifolia (Hack.) Fritsch
- Festuca pluriflora D.M.Chang
- Festuca polonica Zapal.
- Festuca polyantha Haller f. ex Steud.
- Festuca pratensis Schreb.
- Festuca pruinosa (Hack.) Patzke
- Festuca pseudonemorum Schur
- Festuca pseudorubra Schur
- Festuca pubescens Willd.
- Festuca repens Hegetschw.
- Festuca repens Knapp
- Festuca richardsonii subsp. fraterculae (Rasm.) Á.Löve & D.Löve
- Festuca rivularis subsp. pseudorivularis (Markgr.-Dann.) H.Scholz
- Festuca rubra var. altaica Reverd.
- Festuca rubra var. arenaria (Osbeck) Fr.
- Festuca rubra subsp. arenaria (Osbeck) Aresch.
- Festuca rubra subsp. arenicola E.B.Alexeev
- Festuca rubra var. atlantigena Litard.
- Festuca rubra var. atrata Reverd.
- Festuca rubra subsp. aucta (V.I.Krecz. & Bobrov) Hultén
- Festuca rubra subsp. baicalensis (Griseb.) Tzvelev
- Festuca rubra subsp. barbata K.Richt.
- Festuca rubra subvar. barbata Hack.
- Festuca rubra f. caespitosa Reverd.
- Festuca rubra var. caulispicula Enustsch.
- Festuca rubra subsp. clarkei (Stapf) St.-Yves
- Festuca rubra var. clarkei Stapf
- Festuca rubra subsp. commutata Gaudin
- Festuca rubra subsp. daghestanica Tzvelev
- Festuca rubra f. dasyphylla (Hack.) Reverd.
- Festuca rubra subvar. dasyphylla Hack.
- Festuca rubra subsp. densiuscula Hack. ex Piper
- Festuca rubra subsp. densiuscula Piper
- Festuca rubra subvar. densiuscula (Hack. ex Piper) St.-Yves
- Festuca rubra subsp. diversifolia Gaudin
- Festuca rubra subsp. dumetorum (L.) Schübl. & G.Martens
- Festuca rubra subsp. dumetorum (L.) Gaudin
- Festuca rubra subsp. duriuscula (L.) Gaudin
- Festuca rubra subsp. eriantha (Honda) Kuvaev
- Festuca rubra subsp. fraterculae (Rasm.) Á.Löve & D.Löve
- Festuca rubra f. glabra Auquier
- Festuca rubra subsp. glabra (Trautv.) Kuvaev
- Festuca rubra var. glabra Trautv.
- Festuca rubra var. glabrata Hultén
- Festuca rubra subvar. glaucescens Hack.
- Festuca rubra subsp. glaucodea Piper
- Festuca rubra subvar. grandiflora Hack.
- Festuca rubra f. grandiflora Reverd.
- Festuca rubra f. grandiflora (Hack.) Beldie
- Festuca rubra subsp. juncea (Hack.) K.Richt.
- Festuca rubra subsp. kirelowii (Steud.) Tzvelev
- Festuca rubra subsp. kitaibeliana Piper
- Festuca rubra var. lanuginosa Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
- Festuca rubra subsp. lanuginosa (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Piper
- Festuca rubra subsp. limosa E.B.Alexeev
- Festuca rubra subsp. litoralis (G.Mey.) Auquier
- Festuca rubra f. littoralis Hack.
- Festuca rubra var. magnelii (Litard.) Auquier
- Festuca rubra subsp. mediana (Pavlick) Pavlick
- Festuca rubra var. mediana Pavlick
- Festuca rubra subsp. megastachya Gaudin
- Festuca rubra var. pauciflora Scribn.
- Festuca rubra f. pilosa Beldie
- Festuca rubra subsp. pluriflora N.R.Cui
- Festuca rubra subsp. pruinosa (Hack.) Piper
- Festuca rubra subvar. pruinosa Hack.
- Festuca rubra subsp. pseudorivularis Markgr.-Dann.
- Festuca rubra f. psilolemma Pavlick
- Festuca rubra var. radnensis Soó
- Festuca rubra subsp. scotica S.Cunn. ex Al-Bermani
- Festuca rubra var. secunda (J.Presl) Scribn.
- Festuca rubra subsp. secunda (J.Presl) Pavlick
- Festuca rubra subsp. sochondinensis Galanin
- Festuca rubra f. subheterophylla (Nyár.) Beldie
- Festuca rubra subsp. thessalica Markgr.-Dann.
- Festuca rubra subsp. vallicola (Rydb.) Pavlick
- Festuca rubra subsp. villosa (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) S.L.Liou
- Festuca rubra subsp. vulgaris Gaudin
- Festuca salina G.Natho & G.Stohr
- Festuca septiflora Honck.
- Festuca siracusana Jan ex Steud.
- Festuca steineri Patzke
- Festuca subcontorta Gand.
- Festuca subglaucescens Tzvelev
- Festuca unifaria Dumort.
- Festuca unifaria var. izhorica Tzvelev
- Festuca vallicola Rydb.
- Festuca villiflora Steud.
- Festuca villosa Schweigg.
- Festuca viridis Panz. ex Schult.
- Festuca waldsteinii Degen
- Gramen rubrum (L.) E.H.L.Krause
- Poa tenuifolia var. oregona (Vasey) Vasey
- Schedonorus dumetorum (L.) P.Beauv.
- English
- Red Fescue
Festuca rubra L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec 1, 1978 | Richardson, J. [s.n.], Canada | K000913327 | Yes | ||
Dec 1, 1978 | Richardson, J. [128] | K000913328 | Yes | ||
Cope, T.A. [RBG 366], United Kingdom | K000914499 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [s.n.], Nova Scotia | K000913326 | Yes | |||
Cope, T.A. [RBG 485], United Kingdom | K000914500 | Yes | |||
Blair, I.J. [595], Peru | K001463904 | Yes | |||
Pullen, W.J.S. [169], Canada | Festuca rubra var. lanuginosa | K000913332 | Yes | ||
Richardson, J. [79], Canada | Festuca rubra var. lanuginosa | K000913331 | Unknown type material | Yes | |
Allan, H.H. [21], New Zealand South | Festuca briquetii | K000913281 | Yes | ||
Allan, H.H. [s.n.], New Zealand South | Festuca briquetii | K000913279 | Yes | ||
Petrie, D. [3], New Zealand South | Festuca briquetii | K000913280 | Yes |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 74 (1753)
Accepted by
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- Bor, N.L. (1970). Flora Iranica 70: 1-573. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien.
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- Clayton, W.D. & Snow, N. (2010). A key to Pacific Grasses: 1-107. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Cope, T.A. (1982). Flora of Pakistan 143: 1-678. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
- Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Edinburgh University Press.
- Davidse, G. & al. (eds.) (1994). Flora Mesoamericana 6: 1-543. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
- Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. (2010). Flora of New Zealand, ed. 2, 5: 1-650. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
- Fedorov, A.A. (ed.) (1999). Flora of Russia. The European part and bordering regions 1: 1-546. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Broekfield.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2007). Flora of North America North of Mexico 24: 1-908. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
- Frenot, Y., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P.M., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M. & Bergstrom,D.M. (2005). Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 80: 45-72.
- Giraldo-Cañas, D. (2011). Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en Colombia. Darwiniana 49: 139-247.
- Gremmen, N. & Halbertsma, R.L. (2009). Alien plants and their impact on Tristan da Cunha 2: 1-307. Overseas Territories Environment Programme (OTEP).
- Grubov, V.I. (2008). Key to the vascular plants of Mongolia (with an atlas) 2: 1-503. Academy of Sciences, Mongolian People's Republic, Ulaan Bator.
- Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (2020). Flora of Japan IVa: 1-430. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.
- Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Kandwal, M.K. & Gupta, B.K. (2009). An update on grass flora of Uttarkhand. Indian Journal of Forestry 32: 657-668.
- Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M. (1989). Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1-435. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
- Kharkevich, S.S., Probatova, N.S. & Novikov, V.S. (1985). Sosudistye rasteniia sovetskogo Dal'nego Vostoka 1: 1-383. Izd-vo "Nauka," Leningradskoe otd-nie, Leningrad.
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- Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
- Lee, W.T. (1996). Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 1-1688. Soul T'ukpyolsi: Ak'ademi Sojok.
- Malyschev, L.I. & Peschkova, G.A. (eds.) (2001). Flora of Siberia 2: 1-362. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
- Marhold, K. (ed.) (2012). IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 14. Taxon 61: 1336-1345.
- Meyer, F.K. (2011). Beiträge zur Flora von Albanien. Haussknechtia, Beih. 15: 1-220.
- Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.
- Muer, T., Sauerbier, H. & Cabrara Calixto, F. (2020). Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Madeiras: 1-792. Verlag und Versandbuchhandlung Andreas Kleinsteuber.
- Noltie, H.J. (2000). Flora of Bhutan 3(2): 457-883. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Oppenheimer, H. (2011). New Hawaiian plant records for 2009. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 220: 5-10.
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- Press, J.R. et al. (2000). Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal: i-x, 1-430. Natural History Museum, London.
- Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2006). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 2: 1-466. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
- Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1980). Flora Europaea 5: 1-452. Cambridge University Press.
- Wilson, A. (ed.) (2009). Flora of Australia 44A: 1-410. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
- Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.
Literature
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Bor, N.L. (1968). Flora of Iraq 9: 1-588. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
- Bor, N.L. (1970). Flora Iranica 70: 1-573. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien.
- Broughton, D.A. & McAdam, J.H. (2002). The non-native vascular flora of the Falkland islands. Botanical Journal of Scotland 54: 153-190.
- Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Edinburgh University Press.
- Davidse, G. & al. (eds.) (1994). Flora Mesoamericana 6: 1-543. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
- Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9: 1-724. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Dávila, P., Mejia-Saulés, M.T., Gómez-Sánchez, N., Valdés-Reyna, J., Ortíz, J.J., Morín, C., Castrejón, J. & Ocampo, A. (2006). Catálogo de las Gramíneas de México: 1-671. CONABIO, México city.
- Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. (2010). Flora of New Zealand, ed. 2, 5: 1-650. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
- Fedorov, A.A. (ed.) (1999). Flora of Russia. The European part and bordering regions 1: 1-546. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Broekfield.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2007). Flora of North America North of Mexico 24: 1-908. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
- Frenot, Y., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P.M., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M. & Bergstrom,D.M. (2005). Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 80: 45-72.
- Giraldo-Cañas, D. (2011). Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en Colombia. Darwiniana 49: 139-247.
- Gremmen, N. & Halbertsma, R.L. (2009). Alien plants and their impact on Tristan da Cunha 2: 1-307. Overseas Territories Environment Programme (OTEP).
- Grubov, V.I. (2008). Key to the vascular plants of Mongolia (with an atlas) 2: 1-503. Academy of Sciences, Mongolian People's Republic, Ulaan Bator.
- Hultén, E.O.G. (1960). Flora of the Aleutian Islands and westernmost Alaska Peninsula: with notes on the flora of Commander Islands, ed. 2: 1-376. Weinheim : J. Cramer ; New York : Hafner Pub. Co.
- Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Kandwal, M.K. & Gupta, B.K. (2009). An update on grass flora of Uttarkhand. Indian Journal of Forestry 32: 657-668.
- Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M. (1989). Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1-435. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
- Kharkevich, S.S., Probatova, N.S. & Novikov, V.S. (1985). Sosudistye rasteniia sovetskogo Dal'nego Vostoka 1: 1-383. Izd-vo "Nauka," Leningradskoe otd-nie, Leningrad.
- Koyama, T. (1987). Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions: an identification manual: 1-570. Kodansha, Tokyo, Japan.
- Lee, W.T. (1996). Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 1-1688. Soul T'ukpyolsi: Ak'ademi Sojok.
- Malyschev, L.I. & Peschkova, G.A. (eds.) (2001). Flora of Siberia 2: 1-362. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
- Marhold, K. (ed.) (2012). IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 14. Taxon 61: 1336-1345.
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Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
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Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible
ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
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GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora
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Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Living Collection Database
Common Names from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Living Collection https://www.kew.org/
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
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