- Family:
- Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh.
- Genus:
- Samolus L.
Samolus valerandi L.

[FWTA]
Primulaceae, P. Taylor. Flora of West Tropical Africa 2. 1963
- Morphology General Habit
- A glabrous herb 1-3 ft. high
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Small white flowers
- Ecology
- In damp places.
[FZ]
Primulaceae, F. K. Kupicha. Flora Zambesiaca 7:1. 1983
- Morphology General Habit
- Glabrous annual herb up to 50 cm. tall.
- Morphology Stem
- Stems erect, simple or branched, leafy, arising from a basal rosette.
- Morphology Leaves
- Lowest stem leaves 5 cm. long or less, spathulate to suborbicular with a– short petiole; upper leaves decreasing in size, becoming bractiform, elliptic, sessile. Basal leaves up to 10 x 3 cm., fleshy, spathulate, tapering at the base into a petiole.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Racemes many–flowered; pedicels with bract c. 1 mm. long inserted at or above the middle.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx cup–shaped, with tube c. 1–5 mm. long and triangular lobes c. 1/ as long as tube.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla c. 2 mm. long, white, subcampanulate, with broadly spathulate lobes.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens 5, c. 1 mm. long, inserted at the base of the corolla–tube; staminodes 5, subulate, inserted in the corolla–tube between the lobes.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Style
- Style c. 0–5 mm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule c. 3 mm. long, globose; valves strongly reflexed after dehiscence.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds 0·3–0·6 mm. long, ± tetrahedral, minutely granular, dark brown.
[FTEA]
Primulaceae, P. Taylor. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1958
- Morphology General Habit
- Glabrous annual herb with erect stems to 50 cm. high, simple or branched above.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves in a more or less well-developed basal rosette and more or less numerous throughout the length of the stem, the lowermost spathulate and up to 12 cm. long, those above obovate or elliptic, shorter.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers in terminal racemes up to 20 cm. long; pedicels ascending, up to 25 mm. long, more or less geniculate at the insertion of the bract at or slightly above the middle.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx about 2 mm. long; lobes about half that length, ovate-deltoid, acute.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla about 2 mm. long; lobes about 2/3 of that length, obovate.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube, about 1 mm. long; staminodes minute, about 0.2 mm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule-valves strongly reflexed after dehiscence.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds about 0.6 mm. long.
- Figures
- Fig. 5.
- Habitat
- River-banks and drying up river-beds; 1710 m.
- Distribution
- K4 K6 scattered throughout the whole of Africa and most of the rest of the world.
[FIQ]
Ghazanfar, S. A. & Edmondson, J. R (Eds). (2014) Flora of Iraq, Volume 5 Part 2: Lythraceae to Campanulaceae.
- Morphology General Habit
- Glabrous erect annual up to 50 cm high
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves in a basal rosette and usually also numerous throughout the length of stem, the lowermost spatulate, those above obovate and smaller, 4–12 × 1–2 cm, base tapering, obtuse, entire
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers in terminal racemes up to 20 cm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Pedicel
- Pedicels up to 25 mm
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts
- Bract 2–3 mm, inserted at or above the middle of pedicel
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx ± 2 mm, lobes ovate-deltoid, acute
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla ± 2 mm, lobes obovate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens inserted at base of corolla tube, about 1 mm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Staminodes
- Staminodes minute
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule valves strongly deflexed after dehiscence
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds ovoid, ± 0.6 mm long.
- Ecology
- Moist locations, near streams and in water, in ditches; alt. 10–100 m
- Phenology
- Feb.-Aug.
- Distribution
- Occasional in wetlands of lowland Iraq. Mediterranean region, Balkans, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Pakistan to China.
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Glabrous annual herb
- Morphology Stem
- Stems erect, up to 50 cm tall, simple or branched, leafy and with a basal rosette
- Morphology Leaves
- Basal leaves 3–10 x 1–2.2 cm, spathulate; lower stem leaves spathulate or oblong, up to 5 cm long, the upper ones smaller elliptic, sessile
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Racemes many-flowered, up to 15 cm long; pedicels up to 2.5 cm long, ± geniculate; bracts c. 1 mm long, inserted at or above middle of pedicel
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx cup-shaped, 1.5–2 mm long; lobes triangular
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla c. 2 mm long, white; lobes spathulate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens c. 1 mm long, adnate to base of corolla-tube; staminodes 5, minute, inserted between corolla-lobes
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule 2–3 mm long, globose; valves becoming strongly reflexed
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds up to 0.6 mm long.
- Distribution
- N1, 2 and scattered throughout most parts of the world.
- Ecology
- Altitude range 700–1525 m.
Native to:
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Austria, Baleares, Baltic States, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Chad, China South-Central, China Southeast, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Aegean Is., Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Kirgizstan, Kriti, Krym, KwaZulu-Natal, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Nigeria, North Caucasus, Northern Provinces, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Sicilia, Sinai, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, Western Sahara, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
- Anagallis aquatica Endl. ex Ledeb.
- Samolus americanus Spreng.
- Samolus aquaticus St.-Lag.
- Samolus aquaticus Lam.
- Samolus beccabungae-facie Gilib.
- Samolus bracteatus Stokes
- Samolus bracteolosus Phil.
- Samolus caulescens Willd. ex Schult.
- Samolus geniculatus Dulac
- Samolus littoralis Schrank
- Samolus valerandi var. africanus L.
- Samolus valerandi var. typicus R.Knuth
Samolus valerandi L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nov 7, 2011 | Day, C.D. [881], Turkey | K000341483 | No | ||
Sep 17, 1981 | Palmer, E. [457], Mexico | K001259237 | No | ||
Royle, J.F. [Cat. no. 1508], India | K001113279 | Yes |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 443 (1753)
Accepted by
- Authier, P. & Covillot, J. (2011). Catalogue actualisé des plantes de l'île de Rhodes (Grèce) Saussurea; Travaux de la Société Botanique de Genève 41: 131-170.
- Barry, J. P. & Celles, J.S. (1991). Flore de Mauritanie 1: 1-359. Centre Regional de Documentation Pedagogique, Nice.
- Boulos, L. (2000). Flora of Egypt 2: 1-352. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
- Boutique, R. (1971). Flore du Congo du Rwanda et du Burundi, Primulaceae: 1-15. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Bruxelles.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Chukavina, A.P. (ed.) (1984). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 7: 1-562. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
- Collenette, S. (1999). Wildflowers of Saudi Arabia: 1-799. National commission for wildlife conservation and development (NCWCD), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Danin, A. & Fragman- Sapir, O. (2019). Flora of Israel Online http://flora.org.il/en/plants/.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1978). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 6: 1-825. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2013). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 5: 1-451. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Dobignard, A., Jacquemoud, F. & Jordan, D. (1992). Matériaux pour la conaissance floristique du Sahara occidental et l'Anti-Atlas méridional. II. Leguminosae à Compositae Candollea 47: 397-481.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Fischer, M.A. & Niklfeld, H. (eds.) (2011). Floristische Neufunde (99-123) Neilreichia 6: 365-396.
- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Ghazanfar, S.A. & Edmondson, J.R. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Iraq 5(2): 1-349. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
- Ghazanfar, S.A. (1992). An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Oman and their Vernacular names Scripta Botanica Belgica 2: 1-153.
- Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
- Hedberg, I., Kelbessa, E., Edwards, S., Demissew, S. & Persson, E. (eds.) (2006). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 5: 1-690. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Jones, R.L. (2005). Plant life of Kentucky. An illustrated guide to the vascular flora: 1-833. The universitry press of Kentucky.
- Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Jørgensen, P.M., Nee, M.H. & Beck., S.G. (eds.) (2013). Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 127: 1-1741. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Launert, E. (ed.) (1983). Flora Zambesiaca 7(1): 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
- Mateos, M.A. & Valdés, B. (2009). Catálogo de la flora vascular del Rif occidental calizo (N de Marruecos). I Selaginellaceae - Rosaceae Lagascalia 29: 105-257.
- Meikle, R.D. (1985). Flora of Cyprus 2: 833-1970. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Musselman, L.J. (2011). Checklist of Plants of Lebanon and Syria http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf.
- Nasir, Y.J. (1984). Flora of Pakistan 157: 1-103. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
- Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
- Schischkin, B.K. & al. (eds.) (1954). Flora Turkmenii 6: 1-402. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.
- Sennikov, A.N. (ed.) (2017). Flora of Uzbekistan 2: 1-200. Navro'z Publishers, Toshkent.
- Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) in Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2012). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 3(2): 1-623. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
- Taylor, P. (1958). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Primulaceae: 1-20.
- Thulin, M. (ed.) (2006). Flora of Somalia 3: 1-626. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1961). Flora Uzbekistana 5: 1-667. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
- Werier, D. (2017). Catalogue of the Vascular plants of New York state Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 27: 1-542.
- Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (1996). Flora of China 15: 1-387. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
- Zuloaga, F.O., Belgrano, M.J. & Zanotti, C.A. (eds.) (2021). Flora Argentina. Flora vascular de la República Argentina 19(2): 1-466. INTA, IMBIV & IBODA.
Literature
Flora of West Tropical Africa
- F.T.A. 3: 490
- Pax & Knuth in Engl. Pflanzenr. 4, 237, Primulac.: 337 (1905)
- Sp. Pl. 1: 171 (1753)
Flora of Iraq
- Boiss., Fl. Orient. 4: 4 (1879);
- Boulos, Fl. Egypt 2: 190 (2000).
- Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 171 (1753);
- Nabělek in Publ. Fac. Sci. Univ. Masaryk 70: 9 (1926);
- Post, Fl. Syria, Pal. & Sinai ed. 2, 2: 177 (1933);
- Wendelbo in Fl. Iranica 9: 35 (1965);
- Y. Nasir in Fl. Pak. 157: 97 (1984);
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Authier, P. & Covillot, J. (2011). Catalogue actualisé des plantes de l'île de Rhodes (Grèce) Saussurea; Travaux de la Société Botanique de Genève 41: 131-170.
- Barry, J. P. & Celles, J.S. (1991). Flore de Mauritanie 1: 1-359. Centre Regional de Documentation Pedagogique, Nice.
- Boulos, L. (2000). Flora of Egypt 2: 1-352. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
- Boutique, R. (1971). Flore du Congo du Rwanda et du Burundi, Primulaceae: 1-15. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Bruxelles.
- Chukavina, A.P. (ed.) (1984). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 7: 1-562. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
- Collenette, S. (1999). Wildflowers of Saudi Arabia: 1-799. National commission for wildlife conservation and development (NCWCD), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Danin, A. & Fragman- Sapir, O. (2019). Flora of Israel Online http://flora.org.il/en/plants/.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1978). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 6: 1-825. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2013). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 5: 1-451. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Dobignard, A., Jacquemoud, F. & Jordan, D. (1992). Matériaux pour la conaissance floristique du Sahara occidental et l'Anti-Atlas méridional. II. Leguminosae à Compositae Candollea 47: 397-481.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Ghazanfar, S.A. & Edmondson, J.R. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Iraq 5(2): 1-349. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
- Ghazanfar, S.A. (1992). An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Oman and their Vernacular names Scripta Botanica Belgica 2: 1-153.
- Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
- Hepper, F.N. (ed.) (1963). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 2: 1-544.
- Launert, E. (ed.) (1983). Flora Zambesiaca 7(1): 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
- Mateos, M.A. & Valdés, B. (2009). Catálogo de la flora vascular del Rif occidental calizo (N de Marruecos). I Selaginellaceae - Rosaceae Lagascalia 29: 105-257.
- Meikle, R.D. (1985). Flora of Cyprus 2: 833-1970. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Musselman, L.J. (2011). Checklist of Plants of Lebanon and Syria http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf.
- Nasir, Y.J. (1984). Flora of Pakistan 157: 1-103. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
- Quézel, P. (1958). Mission Botanique au Tibesti: 1-357. Université d'Alger.
- Schischkin, B.K. & al. (eds.) (1954). Flora Turkmenii 6: 1-402. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.
- Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) in Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2012). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 3(2): 1-623. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
- Taylor, P. (1958). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Primulaceae: 1-20.
- Thulin, M. (ed.) (2006). Flora of Somalia 3: 1-626. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1972). Flora Europaea 3: 1-370. Cambridge University Press.
- Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1961). Flora Uzbekistana 5: 1-667. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
- Wendelbo, P. (1965). Flora Iranica 9: 1-37. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien.
- Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (1996). Flora of China 15: 1-387. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
Flora of Somalia
- Flora Somalia, Vol 3, (2006) Author: by P. Cuccuini [updated by M. Thulin 2008]
Flora of Tropical East Africa
- L., Sp. Pl. : 171 (1753).
- Oliv. in Flora of Tropical Africa 3 : 490 (1877).
- Pax & Knuth in A. Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 237 : 336 (1905).
-
Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
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Flora of Iraq
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Flora of Somalia
Flora of Somalia
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Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
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Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
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Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
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Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Science Photographs
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Neotropikey
Milliken, W., Klitgard, B. and Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
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