[FTEA]
Rubiaceae, B. Verdcourt. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1976
- Morphology General Habit
- Small to large trees, shrubs or less often annual or perennial herbs or woody or herbaceous climbers, sometimes spiny; tissues in many tribes containing abundant rhaphides
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite or verticillate, decussate, almost always entire, very rarely (not in East Africa) palmatifid, toothed or finely denticulate, always obviously stipulate (save in some Rubieae, where the stipules may be considered foliar or almost absent according to interpretation), the stipules interpetiolar or intrapetiolar, entire or, particularly in herbaceous genera, variously divided into lobes or fimbrieae, often tipped or separated by mucilaginous hairs known as colleters and often with colleters inside the base; the leaves in certain tribes sometimes contain small bacterial nodules
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers rarely solitary, mostly in various terminal or axillary inflorescences, all basically cymose but variously aggregated into panicles, etc., occasionally in globose heads to an extent that the ovaries are adnate; bracts vestigial to well developed, even conspicuous; flowers usually hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, regular or nearly so (except in >i>Posoqueria (America)) or corolla-tube rarely curved, homostylous or quite often heterostylous with 2 or rarely 3 forms (long-styled (dolichostylous), short-styled (brachystylous) or equal-styled (isostylous))
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx gamosepalous, the tube mostly adnate to the ovary, (3–)4–5(–8)-toothed or -lobed, sometimes only minutely so, with open, valvate, imbricate or contorted aestivation, 1 or several lobes sometimes slightly to very considerably enlarged to form a leafy often coloured lamina
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla small to large and showy, gamopetalous, rotate to salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, the tube often very long, (3–)4–5(–11)-lobed, the lobes mostly contorted or valvate, sometimes valvate-induplicate, rarely imbricate or quincuncial
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Pollen various, mostly simple, isopolar and 3-colporate, but sometimes porate, the number of colpi or pores varying from 2 to 25, globose, ovoid or discoid, sometimes (in some >i>Gardenieae) in tetrads or rarely in polyads Stamens usually as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, epipetalous; anthers basi- or dorsifixed, introrse, the thecae rarely multilocellate transversely
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Nectaries
- Disc often present, 2-lobed or tubular
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior or (in >i>Gaertnera) superior, syncarpous of 2–5 or more carpels, but predominantly of 2 and therefore predominantly 2-locular, but 3–5 or even 12 or more (e.g. in >i>Urophylleae due to supplementary incomplete partitions); placentation axile or (in some >i>Gardenieae) parietal; ovules 1–many per locule, often embedded in fleshy placentas, erect, basal or horizontal, anatropous; style simple, usually long and narrow, the “stigma” either cylindrical, clavate, or otherwise modified to form a “receptaculum pollinis” or divided into 2–many linear, spathulate or clavate lobes, the actual stigmatic surface sometimes confined to certain areas, e.g. the inner faces of the lobes
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit small to quite large (0.2–20 cm.), a capsule, berry or drupe or indehiscent or woody, occasionally (e.g. in >i>Nauclea and >i>Morinda) united to form syncarps, (1–)2–many-seeded, if capsules then loculicidal or septicidal or opening by a beak
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds small to rather large, sometimes winged; testa cells in some tribes with very distinct pits; albumen present (save in >i>Guettardeae); embryo straight or rarely curved, the radicle mostly longer than the cotyledons
[FZ]
Rubiaceae, D.M.Bridson & B.Verdcourt. Flora Zambesiaca 5:3. 2003
- Morphology General Habit
- Small to large trees, shrubs (including suffrutices from woody rootstocks) or less often annual or perennial herbs or woody or herbaceous climbers, sometimes spiny; raphides (tab. 1/7) present or absent; crystal sand absent or present (these two mutually exclusive) Small to large trees, shrubs (including suffrutices from woody rootstocks) or less often annual or perennial herbs or woody or herbaceous climbers, sometimes spiny; raphides (tab. 1/7) present or absent; crystal sand absent or present (these two mutually exclusive) Small to large trees, shrubs or less often annual or perennial herbs or woody or herbaceous climbers, sometimes spiny; tissues in many tribes containing abundant rhaphides
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite or occasionally verticillate, decussate, almost always entire, very rarely sparsely toothed or lobed (not in the Flora Zambesiaca area), always obviously stipulate (save in some Rubieae, where the stipules may be considered leaf-like or almost absent according to interpretation); domatia (mite associated pits or tufts of hairs) very often present axils of lateral nerves on the leaf lower surface; bacterial nodules present in a few genera Leaves opposite or occasionally verticillate, decussate, almost always entire, very rarely sparsely toothed or lobed (not in the Flora Zambesiaca area), always obviously stipulate (save in some Rubieae, where the stipules may be considered leaf-like or almost absent according to interpretation); domatia (mite associated pits or tufts of hairs) very often present axils of lateral nerves on the leaf lower surface; bacterial nodules present in a few genera Leaves opposite or verticillate, decussate, almost always entire, very rarely (not in Africa) palmatifid, toothed or finely denticulate, always obviously stipulate (save in some Rubieae, where the stipules may be considered foliar or almost absent according to interpretation), the stipules interpetiolar or intrapetiolar, entire or, particularly in herbaceous genera, variously divided into lobes or fimbriae, often tipped or separated by mucilaginous hairs known as colleters and often with colleters inside the base; the leaves in certain tribes sometimes contain small bacterial nodules
- Morphology Leaves Stipules
- Stipules interpetiolar or occasionally intrapetiolar (mostly New World taxa); lobes shortly fused above the petioles and sometimes forming a sheath, or lobes free, entire, bifid or rarely laciniate, or particularly in herbaceous genera, fimbriate, often tipped with or separated by colleters (mucilaginous glands) (tab. 74), often with colleters inside the limb, especially towards the base Stipules interpetiolar or occasionally intrapetiolar (mostly New World taxa); lobes shortly fused above the petioles and sometimes forming a sheath, or lobes free, entire, bifid or rarely laciniate, or particularly in herbaceous genera, fimbriate, often tipped with or separated by colleters (mucilaginous glands) (tab. 74), often with colleters inside the limb, especially towards the base
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescences terminal or axillary, basically thyrsoid, variously aggregated into panicles etc., occasionally in globose heads sometimes to an extent that the ovaries are adnate, or sometimes flowers solitary; bracts vestigial to well developed, even conspicuous Inflorescences terminal or axillary, basically thyrsoid, variously aggregated into panicles etc., occasionally in globose heads sometimes to an extent that the ovaries are adnate, or sometimes flowers solitary; bracts vestigial to well developed, even conspicuous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers regular or slightly to distinctly (not in Africa) zygomorphic, hermaphrodite or less often unisexual, homostylous, in which case very often protandrous, with or without pollen presentation (tab. 73/F,G), or rarely protogynous (not in Africa), or heterostylous with 2 or less often 3 forms (long-styled (dolichostylous), short-styled (brachystylous) or equal-styled (isostylous) (tab. 73/E) Flowers rarely solitary, mostly in various terminal or axillary inflorescences, all basically cymose but variously aggregated into panicles, etc., occasionally in globose heads to an extent that the ovaries are adnate; bracts vestigial to well developed, even conspicuous; flowers usually hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, regular or nearly so (except in Posoqueria (America)) or corolla tube rarely curved, homostylous or quite often heterostylous with 2 or rarely 3 forms (long-styled (dolichostylous), short-styled (brachystylous) or equal-styled (isostylous)) Flowers regular or slightly to distinctly (not in Africa) zygomorphic, hermaphrodite or less often unisexual, homostylous, in which case very often protandrous, with or without pollen presentation (tab. 73/F,G), or rarely protogynous (not in Africa), or heterostylous with 2 or less often 3 forms (long-styled (dolichostylous), short-styled (brachystylous) or equal-styled (isostylous) (tab. 73/E)
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx gamosepalous, the tube (i.e. calyx tube**) mostly adnate to the ovary, the limb with tubular part (i.e. limb-tube) present or absent, truncate or bearing minute teeth to well developed lobes (tab. 73/A1–A4), valvate (often separated by sinuses), or less often imbricate or contorted in aestivation, in a few genera 1–several lobes sometimes slightly to considerably enlarged to form a leaf-like often coloured blade (calycophyll) (tab. 73/A5) Calyx gamosepalous, the tube (i.e. calyx tube**) mostly adnate to the ovary, the limb with tubular part (i.e. limb-tube) present or absent, truncate or bearing minute teeth to well developed lobes (tab. 73/A1–A4), valvate (often separated by sinuses), or less often imbricate or contorted in aestivation, in a few genera 1–several lobes sometimes slightly to considerably enlarged to form a leaf-like often coloured blade (calycophyll) (tab. 73/A5) Calyx gamosepalous, the tube mostly adnate to the ovary, (3)4–5(8)-toothed or lobed, sometimes only minutely so, with open, valvate, imbricate or contorted aestivation, 1 or several lobes sometimes slightly to very considerably enlarged to form a leafy often coloured lamina
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla predominantly white but sometimes coloured, small to large and showy, gamopetalous, mostly salver- shaped to funnel-shaped or less often campanulate, occasionally tube very short, the tube rarely curved, (3)4–5(11)-lobed, the lobes contorted (mostly to the left, infrequently to the right) or valvate (sometimes induplicate or reduplicate), with or without a contact zone (i.e. thickened margin), less often imbricate (tab. 73/B–D) Corolla predominantly white but sometimes coloured, small to large and showy, gamopetalous, mostly salver- shaped to funnel-shaped or less often campanulate, occasionally tube very short, the tube rarely curved, (3)4–5(11)-lobed, the lobes contorted (mostly to the left, infrequently to the right) or valvate (sometimes induplicate or reduplicate), with or without a contact zone (i.e. thickened margin), less often imbricate (tab. 73/B–D) Corolla small to large and showy, gamopetalous, rotate to salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, the tube often very long, (3)4–5(11)-lobed, the lobes mostly contorted or valvate, sometimes valvate-induplicate, rarely imbricate or quincuncial
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens usually as many as the corolla lobes and alternate with them, epipetalous or not (some New World tribes only); anthers basi- or more often dorsifixed, introrse rarely porate (not in the Flora Zambesiaca area), the thecae rarely transversely multilocellate Pollen various, mostly simple, isopolar and 3- colporate, but sometimes porate, the number of colpi or pores varying from 2 to 25, globose, ovoid or discoid, sometimes (in some Gardenieae) in tetrads or rarely in polyads Stamens usually as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, epipetalous; anthers basi-or dorsifixed, introrse, the thecae rarely multilocellate transversely Pollen various, mostly simple, isopolar and 3-colporate, but sometimes porate, the number of colpi or pores varying from 2–25, globose, ovoid or discoid, sometimes (in some Gardenieae) in tetrads or rarely polyads Pollen various, mostly simple, isopolar and 3- colporate, but sometimes porate, the number of colpi or pores varying from 2 to 25, globose, ovoid or discoid, sometimes (in some Gardenieae) in tetrads or rarely in polyads Stamens usually as many as the corolla lobes and alternate with them, epipetalous or not (some New World tribes only); anthers basi- or more often dorsifixed, introrse rarely porate (not in the Flora Zambesiaca area), the thecae rarely transversely multilocellate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Nectaries
- Disk usually functioning as a nectary, positioned above the ovary inside the base of the calyx limb, annular to cushion-shaped or tubular, sometimes 2-lobed, occasionally fused to base of calyx limb-tube (Naucleeae) or absent (in wind-pollinated flowers) Disc often present, 2-lobed or tubular Disk usually functioning as a nectary, positioned above the ovary inside the base of the calyx limb, annular to cushion-shaped or tubular, sometimes 2-lobed, occasionally fused to base of calyx limb-tube (Naucleeae) or absent (in wind-pollinated flowers)
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior or superior (in Gaertnera), syncarpous of 2–10(12 or more) carpels, but predominantly of 2, and therefore predominantly 2-locular, but 3–10(12) (in Urophylleae can appear higher than actual carpel number due to supplementary incomplete partitions), or infrequently uni-locular (or partly so); ovules l–numerous per locule; placentation axile (attached to septum at apex, middle or base, usually on a placenta, often embedded in fleshy placentas) or infrequently (in some Gardenieae) parietal; ovules anatropous; style simple, usually long (but very short in Rubieae) and narrow, at the top either cylindrical, clavate, or otherwise modified to form a pollen presenter (the actual stigmatic surface sometimes confined to specific areas, eg the inner faces of the lobes**), or divided into 2–many (according to number of carpels) linear, spathulate or clavate stigmatic lobes Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior or (in Gaertnera) superior, syncarpous of 2–5 or more carpels, but predominantly of 2 and therefore predominantly 2-locular, but 3–5 or even 12 or more (eg in Urophylleae due to supplementary incomplete partitions); placentation axile or (in some Gardenieae) parietal; ovules 1-many per locule, often embedded in fleshy placentas, erect, basal or horizontal, anatropous; style simple, usually long and narrow, the “stigma” either cylindrical, clavate, or otherwise modified to form a “receptaculum pollinis” or divided into 2-many linear, spathulate or clavate lobes, the actual stigmatic surface sometimes confined to certain areas, eg the inner faces of the lobes Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior or superior (in Gaertnera), syncarpous of 2–10(12 or more) carpels, but predominantly of 2, and therefore predominantly 2-locular, but 3–10(12) (in Urophylleae can appear higher than actual carpel number due to supplementary incomplete partitions), or infrequently uni-locular (or partly so); ovules l–numerous per locule; placentation axile (attached to septum at apex, middle or base, usually on a placenta, often embedded in fleshy placentas) or infrequently (in some Gardenieae) parietal; ovules anatropous; style simple, usually long (but very short in Rubieae) and narrow, at the top either cylindrical, clavate, or otherwise modified to form a pollen presenter (the actual stigmatic surface sometimes confined to specific areas, eg the inner faces of the lobes**), or divided into 2–many (according to number of carpels) linear, spathulate or clavate stigmatic lobes
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit small to very large, 2–many-seeded, dehiscent (capsules either loculicidal, septicidal, opening by a beak or infrequently circumscissile, or splitting into mericarps), or indehiscent (berries, including forms with woody walls, or drupes), occasionally (eg in Nauclea and Morinda) united to form syncarps; if drupes containing one-seeded pyrenes thin- or thick-walled, opening by pre-formed germination slits or not, or less often a multi-seeded stone Fruit small to very large, 2–many-seeded, dehiscent (capsules either loculicidal, septicidal, opening by a beak or infrequently circumscissile, or splitting into mericarps), or indehiscent (berries, including forms with woody walls, or drupes), occasionally (eg in Nauclea and Morinda) united to form syncarps; if drupes containing one-seeded pyrenes thin- or thick-walled, opening by pre-formed germination slits or not, or less often a multi-seeded stone Fruit small to quite large (0|2–20 cm.), a capsule, berry or drupe or indehiscent or woody, occasionally (eg in Naulea and Morinda) united to form syncarps, (1)2-many-seeded, if capsules then loculicidal or septicidal or opening by a beak
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds small to rather large, sometimes winged; testa cells in some tribes with very distinct pits; endosperm present (save in Guettardeae), entire or ruminate; embryo straight or rarely curved; radicle erect or horizontal, mostly longer than the cotyledons, orientation pendulous Seeds small to rather large, sometimes winged; testa cells in some tribes with very distinct pits; endosperm present (save in Guettardeae), entire or ruminate; embryo straight or rarely curved; radicle erect or horizontal, mostly longer than the cotyledons, orientation pendulous Seeds small to rather large, sometimes winged; testa cells in some tribes with very distinct pits; albumen present (save in Guettardeae); embryo straight or rarely curved, the radicle mostly longer than the cotyledons
[NTK]
Zappi, D. (2009). Neotropical Rubiaceae.
- Morphology
-
Description
Herbs, climbers , lianas, shrubs, trees, usually understorey shrubs. Leaves opposite, sometimes whorled , entire , linked by interpetiolar (sometimes intrapetiolar ) stipules of varied shapes and sizes, with colleters within. Inflorescences variable, panicles, cymes, racemes, fascicles, terminal or axillary , sometimes flowers solitary, bracts often present, sometimes corolline or involucral. Flowers 4-5(-6-12) merous , hermaphrodite or bisexual , often heterostylic or with secondary pollen presentation (when bisexual ); calyx fused with hypanthium, free part tubular or lobed , sometimes very short, in some genera one calyx -lobe developed as a semaphyll; corolla gamopetalous, aestivation valvate , imbricate , contorted , mostly radial (rarely zygomorphic ), small to 15(-30) cm long, white, cream, yellow, pink, blue, red, violet or mauve, sometimes bi-coloured, glabrous to hairy outside or within, stamens alternate to the corolla -lobes, stigma undivided to more commonly 2- lobed . Fruits capsular, berry -like or drupaceous with 1-many pyrenes; seeds 1-numerous, rounded , angled or winged .
- General Description
-
Notes on delimitation
- Includes Dialypetalanthus Kuhlm. (formerly Dialypetalanthaceae).
- 637 genera and over 10,000 species worldwide, of which approximately 220 genera and 4,500 species are Neotropical.
- Exotic species of Ixora L. from China
- Several species and cultivars of Mussaenda L., Gardeniajasminoides Ellis and Pentaslanceolata Schum. are widely cultivated ornamental plants in the Neotropics.
- Species of cultivated Coffea L. commonly escape into forests near farms in Brazil.
- Species of Cinchona L. cultivated for quinine have been introduced in many tropical countries.
- Genipaamericana L. is cultivated throughout South America for edible fruits and dye.
- Weedy genera such as Galium L., Borreria G.Mey., Diodia L., Richardia L.and Mitracarpus Zucc. have distribution sometimes worldwide.
- Endemic genera in the Caribbean are often monotypic.
- One of the most important plant families from the Neotropics, it occupies between 3rd and 5th place in species richness in tropical forests.
- Distribution
-
Distribution in the Neotropics
- Throughout the Neotropics, 3rd to 5th family in number of species in tropical forests.
- Diagnostic
-
Other important characters
- Colleters in the inside of stipules and calyx.
- Secondary pollen presentation in Gardenieae.
- Herbs with varied capsular fruits in Spermacoceae.
- Pyrenes and raphids in some groups.
- Simple, opposite (rarely whorled) leaves with entire margin.
- Interpetiolar and sometimes intrapetiolar stipules.
- Corolla gamopetalous (exc. Dichapetalanthus).
- Ovary inferior (exc. Pagamea Aubl.).
- Inferior ovary sets apart from Loganiaceae and Gentianaceae.
- Corolla generally radial separates from Campanulaceae, Acanthaceae and Lamiales.
- Borreria (= Spermacoce) G. Mey.: herbs to subshrubs, stipules fringed, flowers tetramerous, 2-seeded capsules.
- Cinchona L.: trees, corolla long, pinkish, many ovules per locule, seeds winged in capsules.
- Faramea Aubl.: shrubs to trees, stipules aristate or triangular, flowers blue, fruits 1-seeded.
- Genipa L.: trees, pre-floration contorted, flowers bisexual, secondary pollen presentation, large berries with fleshy pulp.
- Manettia Mutis ex L.: twining climber with showy flowers, many-seeded capsular fruit.
- Palicourea Aubl.: shrubs to treelets, bilobed to bifid stipules, flowers colourful, corolla tube gibbose, fruits 2-5-seeded, fleshy.
- Psychotria L.: shrubby to tree-like, bilobed or rounded stipules, corolla tube straight, flowers small, white, cream or yellow, fruits 2-5-seeded, fleshy.
- Rudgea Salisb.: shrubs to trees, stipules fringed to appendiculate, corolla tube straight, often longer than Psychotria.
- Number of locules.
- Ovules per locule.
- Type of fruit.
- Presence of pyrenes.
- Aestivation.
- Habit would help to place the specimen within a subfamily or tribe.
- Literature
-
Important literature
Andersson, L. 1992. A Provisional Checklist of Neotropical Rubiaceae. Scripta Botanica Belgica 1.
Müller, J. 1881-1888. Rubiaceae. In Martius, C.F.P. von (ed.). Fl. bras. 6(5): 1-486. Fleischer, Leipzig.
Schumann, K. 1888-1889. Rubiaceae. In Martius, C.F.P. von & Eichler, A.G (eds.). Fl. bras. 6(6): 1-466. Fleischer, Leipzig.
Taylor, C.M., Steyermark, J.A., Delprete, P.G., Vincentini, A., Cortés, R., Zappi, D., Persson, C., Costa, C.B. & Anunciação, E. 2004. Rubiaceae. In: Steyermark, J.A., Berry, P.E., Yatskievych, K., & Holst, B.K. (eds.). Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 8: 497-847.
[FWTA]
Rubiaceae, F.N. Hepper & R.W.J. Keay. Flora of West Tropical Africa 2. 1963
- Morphology General Habit
- Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate, entire; stipules inter- or intra-petiolar, often connate, rarely leafy and not distinguishable from the leaves
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers usually hermaphrodite, actinomorphic or very rarely slightly zygomorphic, solitary to capitate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx adnate to the ovary
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla epigynous, more or less tubular, rarely campanulate; lobes 4-12, contorted, imbricate or valvate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens epipetalous, as many as and alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers mostly separate, 2-celled, opening lengthwise or rarely by terminal pores, rarely transversely septate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary inferior or rarely superior, 2- or more-celled, with axile, apical or basal placentas, or rarely 1-celled with parietal placentas; style often slender; ovules 1 to many
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds rarely winged, mostly with endosperm, the latter rarely ruminate; embryo straight or curved
- Acranthera Arn. ex Meisn.
- Acrobotrys K.Schum. & K.Krause
- Acrosynanthus Urb.
- Acunaeanthus Borhidi, Komlódi & Moncada
- Adenorandia Vermoesen
- Adina Salisb.
- Adolphoduckea Paudyal & Delprete
- Afrocanthium (Bridson) Lantz & B.Bremer
- Agathisanthemum Klotzsch
- Agouticarpa C.H.Perss.
- Aidia Lour.
- Aidiopsis Tirveng.
- Airosperma K.Schum. & Lauterb.
- Aitchisonia Hemsl. ex Aitch.
- Alberta E.Mey.
- Aleisanthia Ridl.
- Aleisanthiopsis Tange
- Alibertia A.Rich. ex DC.
- Alleizettella Pit.
- Alseis Schott
- Amaioua Aubl.
- Amaracarpus Blume
- Amphiasma Bremek.
- Amphidasya Standl.
- Amphistemon Groeninckx
- Antherostele Bremek.
- Anthorrhiza C.R.Huxley & Jebb
- Anthospermopsis (K.Schum.) J.H.Kirkbr.
- Anthospermum L.
- Antirhea Comm. ex A.Juss.
- Aoranthe Somers
- Aphanocarpus Steyerm.
- Appunia Hook.f.
- Arachnothryx Planch.
- Arcytophyllum Willd.
- Argocoffeopsis Lebrun
- Argostemma Wall.
- Asperula L.
- Astiella Jovet
- Atractocarpus Schltr. & K.Krause
- Atractogyne Pierre
- Augusta Pohl
- Aulacocalyx Hook.f.
- Badusa A.Gray
- Balmea Martínez
- Bathysa C.Presl
- Batopedina Verdc.
- Belonophora Hook.f.
- Benkara Adans.
- Benzonia Schumach.
- Berghesia Nees
- Bertiera Aubl.
- Bikkia Reinw. ex Blume
- Blepharidium Standl.
- Bobea Gaudich.
- Boholia Merr.
- Bothriospora Hook.f.
- Botryarrhena Ducke
- Bouvardia Salisb.
- Brachytome Hook.f.
- Bradea Standl.
- Bremeria Razafim. & Alejandro
- Brenania Keay
- Breonadia Ridsdale
- Breonia A.Rich. ex DC.
- Bridsonia Verstraete & A.E.van Wyk
- Bruxanelia Dennst.
- Buchozia L'Hér.
- Bullockia (Bridson) Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer
- Bungarimba K.M.Wong
- Burchellia R.Br.
- Byrsophyllum Hook.f.
- Callipeltis Steven
- Calochone Keay
- Calycophyllum DC.
- Calycosia A.Gray
- Calycosiphonia Pierre ex Robbr.
- Canephora Juss.
- Canthium Lam.
- Canthiumera K.M.Wong & Mahyuni
- Capirona Spruce
- Carajasia R.M.Salas, E.L.Cabral & Dessein
- Carapichea Aubl.
- Carpacoce Sond.
- Carphalea Juss.
- Carterella Terrell
- Casasia A.Rich.
- Catesbaea L.
- Catunaregam Wolf
- Cephalanthus L.
- Ceratopyxis Hook.f.
- Ceriscoides (Hook.f.) Tirveng.
- Chaetostachydium Airy Shaw
- Chalepophyllum Hook.f.
- Chamaepentas Bremek.
- Chapelieria A.Rich. ex DC.
- Chassalia Comm. ex Poir.
- Chimarrhis Jacq.
- Chiococca P.Browne
- Chione DC.
- Chomelia Jacq.
- Ciliosemina Antonelli
- Cinchona L.
- Cinchonopsis L.Andersson
- Cladoceras Bremek.
- Clarkella Hook.f.
- Coccochondra Rauschert
- Coccocypselum P.Browne
- Coddia Verdc.
- Coelopyrena Valeton
- Coelospermum Blume
- Coffea L.
- Colletoecema E.M.A.Petit
- Condaminea DC.
- Conostomium (Stapf) Cufod.
- Coprosma J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Coptophyllum Korth.
- Coptosapelta Korth.
- Coptosperma Hook.f.
- Cordiera A.Rich. ex DC.
- Cordylostigma Groeninckx & Dessein
- Corynanthe Welw.
- Coryphothamnus Steyerm.
- Cosmibuena Ruiz & Pav.
- Cosmocalyx Standl.
- Coussarea Aubl.
- Coutaportla Urb.
- Coutarea Aubl.
- Coutareopsis Paudyal & Delprete
- Cowiea Wernham
- Craterispermum Benth.
- Cremaspora Benth.
- Crobylanthe Bremek.
- Crossopteryx Fenzl
- Crucianella L.
- Cruciata Mill.
- Cruckshanksia Hook. & Arn.
- Crusea Schltdl. & Cham.
- Cubanola Aiello
- Cuviera DC.
- Cyanoneuron Tange
- Cyclophyllum Hook.f.
- Damnacanthus C.F.Gaertn.
- Danais Comm. ex Vent.
- Debia Neupane & N.Wikstr.
- Deccania Tirveng.
- Declieuxia Kunth
- Dendrosipanea Ducke
- Denscantia E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo
- Dentella J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Deppea Schltdl. & Cham.
- Diacrodon Sprague
- Dialypetalanthus Kuhlm.
- Dibrachionostylus Bremek.
- Dibridsonia K.M.Wong
- Dichilanthe Thwaites
- Didymaea Hook.f.
- Didymochlamys Hook.f.
- Didymopogon Bremek.
- Didymosalpinx Keay
- Dimetia (Wight & Arn.) Meisn.
- Diodia L.
- Dioecrescis Tirveng.
- Dioicodendron Steyerm.
- Diplospora DC.
- Dirichletia Klotzsch
- Discospermum Dalzell
- Ditrichanthus Borhidi, E.Martínez & Ramos
- Diyaminauclea Ridsdale
- Dolianthus C.H.Wright
- Dolichocarpa K.L.Gibbons
- Dolichodelphys K.Schum. & K.Krause
- Dolicholobium A.Gray
- Dolichometra K.Schum.
- Dolichopentas Kårehed & B.Bremer
- Donnellyanthus Borhidi
- Duidania Standl.
- Dunnia Tutcher
- Duperrea Pierre ex Pit.
- Duroia L.f.
- Durringtonia R.J.F.Hend. & Guymer
- Edrastima Raf.
- Eizia Standl.
- Elaeagia Wedd.
- Eleuthranthes F.Muell. ex Benth.
- Emmenopterys Oliv.
- Emmeorhiza Pohl ex Endl.
- Empogona Hook.f.
- Eosanthe Urb.
- Eriosemopsis Robyns
- Erithalis P.Browne
- Ernodea Sw.
- Etericius Desv.
- Euclinia Salisb.
- Eumachia DC.
- Everistia S.T.Reynolds & R.J.F.Hend.
- Exallage Bremek.
- Exallosperma De Block
- Exostema (Pers.) Bonpl.
- Fadogia Schweinf.
- Fadogiella Robyns
- Faramea Aubl.
- Ferdinandusa Pohl
- Feretia Delile
- Fergusonia Hook.f.
- Fernelia Comm. ex Lam.
- Flagenium Baill.
- Flexanthera Rusby
- Foonchewia R.J.Wang
- Fosbergia Tirveng. & Sastre
- Gaertnera Lam.
- Galianthe Griseb.
- × Galiasperula Ronniger
- Galiniera Delile
- Galium L.
- Gallienia Dubard & Dop
- Galopina Thunb.
- Ganguelia Robbr.
- Gardenia J.Ellis
- Gardeniopsis Miq.
- Genipa L.
- Gentingia J.T.Johanss. & K.M.Wong
- Geophila D.Don
- Gillespiea A.C.Sm.
- Gleasonia Standl.
- Glionnetia Tirveng.
- Globulostylis Wernham
- Glossostipula Lorence
- Gomphocalyx Baker
- Gonzalagunia Ruiz & Pav.
- Greenea Wight & Arn.
- Greeniopsis Merr.
- Guettarda L.
- Guettardella Champ. ex Benth.
- Guihaiothamnus H.S.Lo
- Gynochthodes Blume
- Gyrostipula J.-F.Leroy
- Habroneuron Standl.
- Hamelia Jacq.
- Hedstromia A.C.Sm.
- Hedyotis L.
- Hedythyrsus Bremek.
- Heinsenia K.Schum.
- Heinsia DC.
- Hekistocarpa Hook.f.
- Helictosperma De Block
- Henriquezia Spruce ex Benth.
- Heterophyllaea Hook.f.
- Hexasepalum Bartl. ex DC.
- Hillia Jacq.
- Himalrandia T.Yamaz.
- Hindsia Benth. ex Lindl.
- Hintonia Bullock
- Hippotis Ruiz & Pav.
- Hodgkinsonia F.Muell.
- Hoffmannia Sw.
- Holstianthus Steyerm.
- Homollea Arènes
- Houstonia Gronov.
- Hutchinsonia Robyns
- Hydnophytum Jack
- Hydrophylax L.f.
- Hymenocoleus Robbr.
- Hymenodictyon Wall.
- Hyperacanthus E.Mey. ex Bridson
- Hypobathrum Blume
- Hyptianthera Wight & Arn.
- Involucrella (Benth. & Hook.f.) Neupane & N.Wikstr.
- Isertia Schreb.
- Isidorea A.Rich. ex DC.
- Ixora L.
- Jackiopsis Ridsdale
- Jamaicanthus Borhidi
- Janotia J.-F.Leroy
- Joosia H.Karst.
- Jovetia Guédès
- Kadua Cham. & Schltdl.
- Kailarsenia Tirveng.
- Kajewskiella Merr. & L.M.Perry
- Kanapia Arriola & Alejandro
- Keetia E.Phillips
- Kelloggia Torr. ex Benth. & Hook.f.
- Kerianthera J.H.Kirkbr.
- Khasiaclunea Ridsdale
- Kindia Cheek
- Klossia Ridl.
- Knoxia L.
- Kochummenia K.M.Wong
- Kohautia Cham. & Schltdl.
- Kraussia Harv.
- Kupeantha Cheek
- Kutchubaea Fisch. ex DC.
- Ladenbergia Klotzsch
- Lamprothamnus Hiern
- Landiopsis Capuron ex Bosser
- Larsenaikia Tirveng.
- Lasianthus Jack
- Lathraeocarpa Bremek.
- Lecananthus Jack
- Lecariocalyx Bremek.
- Lelya Bremek.
- Lemyrea (A.Chev.) A.Chev. & Beille
- Lepidostoma Bremek.
- Leptactina Hook.f.
- Leptodermis Wall.
- Leptomischus Drake
- Leptopetalum Hook. & Arn.
- Leptoscela Hook.f.
- Leptostigma Arn.
- Lerchea L.
- Leucocodon Gardner
- Leucolophus Bremek.
- Limnosipanea Hook.f.
- Lintersemina Humberto Mend., Celis & M.A.González
- Luculia Sweet
- Lucya DC.
- Ludekia Ridsdale
- Macbrideina Standl.
- Machaonia Bonpl.
- Macrocnemum P.Browne
- Macrosphyra Hook.f.
- Maguireocharis Steyerm.
- Maguireothamnus Steyerm.
- Malanea Aubl.
- Manettia Mutis ex L.
- Manostachya Bremek.
- Mantalania Capuron ex J.-F.Leroy
- Martensianthus Borhidi & Lozada-Pérez
- Maschalodesme K.Schum. & Lauterb.
- Massularia (K.Schum.) Hoyle
- Mastixiodendron Melch.
- Mazaea Krug & Urb.
- Melanopsidium Colla
- Melanoxerus Kainul. & B.Bremer
- Mericarpaea Boiss.
- Merumea Steyerm.
- Mexotis Terrell & H.Rob.
- Meyna Roxb. ex Link
- Micrasepalum Urb.
- Microphysa Schrenk
- Mitchella L.
- Mitracarpus Zucc.
- Mitragyna Korth.
- Mitrasacmopsis Jovet
- Mitriostigma Hochst.
- Molopanthera Turcz.
- Monosalpinx N.Hallé
- Morelia A.Rich. ex DC.
- Morinda L.
- Morindopsis Hook.f.
- Motleyia J.T.Johanss.
- Motleyothamnus Paudyal & Delprete
- Mouretia Pit.
- Multidentia Gilli
- Mussaenda Burm. ex L.
- Mussaendopsis Baill.
- Mycetia Reinw.
- Myrmecodia Jack
- Myrmeconauclea Merr.
- Myrmephytum Becc.
- Nargedia Bedd.
- Nauclea L.
- Neanotis W.H.Lewis
- Neblinathamnus Steyerm.
- Nematostylis Hook.f.
- Nenax Gaertn.
- Neobertiera Wernham
- Neoblakea Standl.
- Neohymenopogon Bennet
- Neolamarckia Bosser
- Neomussaenda Tange
- Neonauclea Merr.
- Nernstia Urb.
- Nertera Banks ex Gaertn.
- Nesohedyotis (Hook.f.) Bremek.
- Neurocalyx Hook.
- Nichallea Bridson
- Nodocarpaea A.Gray
- Normandia Hook.f.
- Nostolachma T.Durand
- Notopleura (Hook.f.) Bremek.
- Ochreinauclea Ridsdale & Bakh.f.
- Octotropis Bedd.
- Oldenlandia L.
- Oldenlandiopsis Terrell & W.H.Lewis
- Oligocodon Keay
- Omiltemia Standl.
- Opercularia Gaertn.
- Ophiorrhiza L.
- Oreopolus Schltdl.
- Osa Aiello
- Otiophora Zucc.
- Otomeria Benth.
- Ottoschmidtia Urb.
- Oxyanthus DC.
- Oxyceros Lour.
- Pachystylus K.Schum.
- Paederia L.
- Pagamea Aubl.
- Pagameopsis Steyerm.
- Palicourea Aubl.
- Paracarphalea Razafim., Ferm, B.Bremer & Kårehed
- Paracephaelis Baill.
- Parachimarrhis Ducke
- Paracorynanthe Capuron
- Paragenipa Baill.
- Paraknoxia Bremek.
- Paralasianthus H.Zhu
- Paranotis Pedley ex K.L.Gibbons
- Parapentas Bremek.
- Patima Aubl.
- Pauridiantha Hook.f.
- Pavetta L.
- Payera Baill.
- Pentagonia Benth.
- Pentaloncha Hook.f.
- Pentanisia Harv.
- Pentanopsis Rendle
- Pentas Benth.
- Pentodon Hochst.
- Peponidium (Baill.) Arènes
- Perakanthus Robyns ex Ridl.
- Perama Aubl.
- Peripeplus Pierre
- Petitiocodon Robbr.
- Phellocalyx Bridson
- Phialanthus Griseb.
- Phialiphora Groeninckx
- Phuopsis (Griseb.) Hook.f.
- Phyllis L.
- Phyllocrater Wernham
- Phyllomelia Griseb.
- Phyllopentas (Verdc.) Kårehed & B.Bremer
- Phylohydrax Puff
- Picardaea Urb.
- Pimentelia Wedd.
- Pinarophyllon Brandegee
- Pinckneya Michx.
- Pitardella Tirveng.
- Pittoniotis Griseb.
- Placocarpa Hook.f.
- Planaltina R.M.Salas & E.L.Cabral
- Platycarpum Bonpl.
- Plectroniella Robyns
- Pleiocoryne Rauschert
- Plocama Aiton
- Plocaniophyllon Brandegee
- Pogonopus Klotzsch
- Polysphaeria Hook.f.
- Polyura Hook.f.
- Pomax Sol. ex DC.
- Porterandia Ridl.
- Portlandia P.Browne
- Posoqueria Aubl.
- Pouchetia A.Rich. ex DC.
- Praravinia Korth.
- Preussiodora Keay
- Prismatomeris Thwaites
- Pseudaidia Tirveng.
- Pseudocoptosperma De Block
- Pseudodiplospora Deb
- Pseudogalium L.E Yang, Z.L.Nie & H.Sun
- Pseudohamelia Wernham
- Pseudomantalania J.-F.Leroy
- Pseudomiltemia Borhidi
- Pseudomussaenda Wernham
- Pseudonesohedyotis Tennant
- Pseudopyxis Miq.
- Psychotria L.
- Psydrax Gaertn.
- Psyllocarpus Mart. & Zucc.
- Pteridocalyx Wernham
- Pubistylus Thoth.
- Puffia Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Pygmaeothamnus Robyns
- Pyrostria Comm. ex A.Juss.
- Rachicallis DC.
- Ramonadoxa Paudyal & Delprete
- Ramosmania Tirveng. & Verdc.
- Randia Houst. ex L.
- Raritebe Wernham
- Razafimandimbisonia Kainul. & B.Bremer
- Remijia DC.
- Rennellia Korth.
- Retiniphyllum Bonpl.
- Rhadinopus S.Moore
- Rhaphidura Bremek.
- Rhodopentas Kårehed & B.Bremer
- Richardia L.
- Ridsdalea J.T.Pereira & K.M.Wong
- Riodocea Delprete
- Riqueuria Ruiz & Pav.
- Robbrechtia De Block
- Robynsia Hutch.
- Rogiera Planch.
- Roigella Borhidi & M.Fernández
- Ronabea Aubl.
- Rondeletia L.
- Rosenbergiodendron Fagerl.
- Rothmannia Thunb.
- Rovaeanthus Borhidi
- Rubia L.
- Rubovietnamia Tirveng.
- Rudgea Salisb.
- Rustia Klotzsch
- Rutidea DC.
- Rytigynia Blume
- Sabicea Aubl.
- Sacosperma G.Taylor
- Saldinia A.Rich. ex DC.
- Salzmannia DC.
- Saprosma Blume
- Schismatoclada Baker
- Schizenterospermum Homolle ex Arènes
- Schizocalyx Wedd.
- Schizocolea Bremek.
- Schizomussaenda H.L.Li
- Schmidtottia Urb.
- Schradera Vahl
- Schumanniophyton Harms
- Schwendenera K.Schum.
- Scleromitrion (Wight & Arn.) Meisn.
- Scolosanthus Vahl
- Scyphiphora C.F.Gaertn.
- Scyphostachys Thwaites
- Sericanthe Robbr.
- Seychellea Razafim., Kainul. & Rydin
- Shaferocharis Urb.
- Sherardia L.
- Sherbournia G.Don
- Siemensia Urb.
- Simira Aubl.
- Singaporandia K.M.Wong
- Sipanea Aubl.
- Sipaneopsis Steyerm.
- Siphonandrium K.Schum.
- Solenandra Hook.f.
- Sommera Schltdl.
- Spermacoce L.
- Spermadictyon Roxb.
- Sphinctanthus Benth.
- Squamellaria Becc.
- Stachyarrhena Hook.f.
- Staelia Cham. & Schltdl.
- Standleya Brade
- Steenisia Bakh.f.
- Stenaria (Raf.) Terrell
- Stenosepala C.H.Perss.
- Stenostomum C.F.Gaertn.
- Stenotis Terrell
- Stephanococcus Bremek.
- Stevensia Poit.
- Steyermarkia Standl.
- Stichianthus Valeton
- Stilpnophyllum Hook.f.
- Stipularia P.Beauv.
- Streblosa Korth.
- Streblosiopsis Valeton
- Strumpfia Jacq.
- Stylosiphonia Brandegee
- Suberanthus Borhidi & M.Fernández
- Synaptantha Hook.f.
- Syringantha Standl.
- Tainus Torr.-Montúfar, H.Ochot. & Borsch
- Tamilnadia Tirveng. & Sastre
- Tammsia H.Karst.
- Tamridaea Thulin & B.Bremer
- Tangshuia S.S.Ying
- Tarenna Gaertn.
- Tarennoidea Tirveng. & Sastre
- Temnocalyx Robyns
- Temnopteryx Hook.f.
- Tennantia Verdc.
- Tessiera DC.
- Thamnoldenlandia Groeninckx
- Theligonum L.
- Thiollierea Montrouz.
- Thogsennia Aiello
- Timonius Rumph. ex DC.
- Tinadendron Achille
- Tobagoa Urb.
- Tocoyena Aubl.
- Tortuella Urb.
- Trailliaedoxa W.W.Sm. & Forrest
- Triainolepis Hook.f.
- Tricalysia A.Rich. ex DC.
- Trichostachys Hook.f.
- Triflorensia S.T.Reynolds
- Tromlyca Borhidi
- Tulearia De Block
- Uncaria Schreb.
- Urophyllum Wall.
- Valantia L.
- Vangueria Juss.
- Vangueriella Verdc.
- Vangueriopsis Robyns
- Vidalasia Tirveng.
- Villaria Rolfe
- Virectaria Bremek.
- Wandersong David W.Taylor
- Warszewiczia Klotzsch
- Wendlandia Bartl. ex DC.
- Wittmackanthus Kuntze
- Xanthophytum Reinw. ex Blume
- Xantonneopsis Pit.
- Zuccarinia Blume
Rubiaceae Juss. appears in other Kew resources:
First published in Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196. 1789 [4 Aug 1789] (1789)
Accepted by
- APG IV (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
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Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
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Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
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Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Neotropikey
Milliken, W., Klitgard, B. and Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
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Plants and People Africa
Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
© Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/