- Family:
- Orchidaceae Juss.
Vanda R.Br.

[A-EM]
- Distribution
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Vanda comprises 74 species collectively distributed from India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, southern China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, and Indonesia, to New Guinea, northern Australia, and the Solomon Islands. Many species appear to be narrow (island) endemics, with the highest species diversity in the Southeast Asian archipelagos and the Himalayan–Indochinese region.
- Morphology
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Schill and Pfeiffer (1977) included four species of Vanda in their pollen survey of Orchidaceae: V. coerulescens Griff., two accessions of V. lilacina Teijsm. & Binn. (one as V. laotica Guillaumin), V. suavis Lindl. (= V. tricolor Lindl. var. suavis (Lindl.) Rchb.f.), and V. stangeana Rchb.f. They also reported on pollen of Ascocentrum ampullaceum (Roxb.) Schltr., A. miniatum (Lindl.) Schltr., and A. micranthum (Reinw. ex Blume) Holttum (= Schoenorchis micrantha Reinw. ex Blume, q.v.). Tetrads were convex with laevigate sculpturing and a calymmate sexine (0.8–2.0 μm thick in Ascocentrum).
- Ecology
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Vanda species are usually epiphytes or lithophytes but may also grow as terrestrials and can form large plants with extensive aerial root systems on trees. Plants usually flower when the growing tip of the plant overtops or falls clear of any supporting branch or rock. The thick roots are the primary water storage organs, allowing plants to withstand extensive periods of drought in a semi-dormant condition. In some species the rootscan extend for six or seven metres or more and find sustaining pockets of leaf mould or detritus. Some species will withstand nearly full winter sun in deciduous forests, but all require some shade in summer. Most species occur at elevations of 800–1600 m. Some species such as V. coerulea, V. cristata, V. javierae D.Tiu ex Fessel & Luckel, and V. tricolor var. suavis come from elevations of 2000 metres or more, where subzero temperatures are not uncommon. Others such as V. sanderiana and the wide ranging V. lamellata come from low elevations and in some cases are found in mangrove communities. Species formerly placed in the genus Ascocentrum, such as V. ampullacea (Roxb.) L.M.Gardiner, V. miniata (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner, and V. garayi (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner, may also be found at lower elevations, from near sea-level.
- General Description
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(Plates 126–130; Fig. 707.1–707.4) Epiphytic or occasionally lithophytic herbs. Roots usually emerging from nodes near base or lower portion of stem. Stem usually stiffly erect, completely enclosed by distichously arranged persistent leaf-sheaths. Leaves distichous, rigid, usually decurved or held erect, linear or oblong, adaxial surface channelled shallowly to deeply, jointed and sheathing at base, deciduous, apex premorse. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, few- to many-flowered, floral bracts triangular. Flowers resupinate, usually widely opening, exhibiting a wide range of colours and patterning. Sepals and petals free, similar, elliptic-obovate, twisted or undulate, often tessellated, margins often reflexed, often narrowed at base. Labellum usually rigidly attached but occasionally articulate, trilobed, side lobes orbicular to pointed, midlobe simple, deltoid or bilobed to fimbriate, usually shortly spurred but occasionally no spur or with an elongate, nectiferous spur; spur often with thickenings at entrance. Column usually lacking a foot; pollinia two, waxy, spherical, grooved; rostellum shelf-like.
[A-EM]
- Use
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Subedi et al. (2011) reported the use of V. cristata in Nepal to prepare a root paste to treat boils and dislocated bones, a leaf powder as an expectorant, and a leaf paste for cuts and wounds. Roots of V. tessellata were used to treat scorpion stings, bronchitis, and rheumatism, and a leaf paste of this species was used to suppress fever. Similar and additional medicinal uses have been reported for these species from Sri Lanka and India, especially V. tessellata, which, like Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume, is locally known as rasna. Vanda coerulea was also used medicinally in India (Lawler 1984). Many species of Vanda are cultivated, and the genus is the one of the five most horticulturally important in the Orchidaceae. It is widely used in breeding programmes for the cut-flower industry.
Native to:
Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Japan, Jawa, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Marianas, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Queensland, Solomon Is., Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam, West Himalaya
Introduced into:
Hawaii
- Vanda aliceae Motes, L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts
- Vanda alpina (Lindl.) Lindl.
- Vanda × amoena O'Brien
- Vanda ampullacea (Roxb.) L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda arbuthnotiana Kraenzl.
- Vanda arcuata J.J.Sm.
- Vanda aurantiaca (Schltr.) L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda aurea (J.J.Sm.) L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda barnesii W.E.Higgins & Motes
- Vanda bensonii Bateman
- Vanda bicolor Griff.
- Vanda bidupensis Aver. & Christenson
- Vanda × boumaniae J.J.Sm.
- Vanda brunnea Rchb.f.
- Vanda celebica Rolfe
- Vanda × charlesworthii Rolfe
- Vanda chlorosantha (Garay) Christenson
- Vanda christensoniana (Haager) L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl.
- Vanda coerulescens Griff.
- Vanda concolor Blume
- Vanda × confusa Rolfe
- Vanda cootesii Motes
- Vanda crassiloba Teijsm. & Binn. ex J.J.Sm.
- Vanda cristata Wall. ex Lindl.
- Vanda curvifolia (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda dearei Rchb.f.
- Vanda denisoniana Benson & Rchb.f.
- Vanda devoogtii J.J.Sm.
- Vanda dives (Rchb.f.) L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda falcata (Thunb.) Beer
- Vanda × feliciae Cootes
- Vanda flabellata (Rolfe ex Downie) Christenson
- Vanda foetida J.J.Sm.
- Vanda frankieana Metusala & P.O'Byrne
- Vanda funingensis L.H.Zou & Z.J.Liu
- Vanda furva (L.) Lindl.
- Vanda fuscoviridis Lindl.
- Vanda garayi (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda gibbsiae Rolfe
- Vanda gracilis Aver.
- Vanda griffithii Lindl.
- Vanda hastifera Rchb.f.
- Vanda helvola Blume
- Vanda hienii (Aver. & V.C.Nguyen) Kumar & S.W.Gale
- Vanda hindsii Lindl.
- Vanda insignis Blume ex Lindl.
- Vanda insularum (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda jainii A.S.Chauhan
- Vanda javierae D.Tiu ex Fessel & Lückel
- Vanda jennae P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm.
- Vanda lamellata Lindl.
- Vanda lilacina Teijsm. & Binn.
- Vanda limbata Blume
- Vanda lindenii Rchb.f.
- Vanda liouvillei Finet
- Vanda lombokensis J.J.Sm.
- Vanda longitepala D.L.Roberts, L.M.Gardiner & Motes
- Vanda luzonica Loher ex Rolfe
- Vanda malipoensis L.H.Zou, Jiu X.Huang & Z.J.Liu
- Vanda mariae Motes
- Vanda merrillii Ames & Quisumb.
- Vanda metusalae P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm.
- Vanda mindanaoensis Motes, L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts
- Vanda miniata (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda motesiana Choltco
- Vanda nana L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda perplexa Motes & D.L.Roberts
- Vanda petersiana Schltr.
- Vanda pumila Hook.f.
- Vanda punctata Ridl.
- Vanda richardsiana (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda roeblingiana Rolfe
- Vanda rubra (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda sanderiana (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
- Vanda saxatilis J.J.Sm.
- Vanda scandens Holttum
- Vanda stangeana Rchb.f.
- Vanda subconcolor Tang & F.T.Wang
- Vanda sumatrana Schltr.
- Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don
- Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Rchb.f.
- Vanda thwaitesii Hook.f.
- Vanda tricolor Lindl.
- Vanda ustii Golamco, Claustro & de Mesa
- Vanda vietnamica (Haager) L.M.Gardiner
- Vanda vipanii Rchb.f.
- Vanda wightii Rchb.f.
- Vanda xichangensis (Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen) L.M.Gardiner
Vanda R.Br. appears in other Kew resources:
First published in Bot. Reg. 6: t. 506 (1820)
Accepted by
- Chase, M.W., Cameron, K.M., Freudenstein, J.V., Pridgeon, A.M., Salazar, G., van den Berg, C. & Schuiteman, A. (2015). An updated classification of Orchidaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 117: 151-174.
- Gardiner, L.M. (2012). New combinations in the genus Vanda (Orchidaceae). Phytotaxa 61: 47-54.
- Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Monocotyledons Database in ACCESS: 1-71827. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2014). Genera Orchidacearum 6: 1-544. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Literature
Aeridinae: e-monocot.org
- Brown, R. Vanda Roxburghii - Chequer-flowered Vanda. Botanical Register 6, (1820).
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Aeridinae: e-monocot.org
All Rights Reserved
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Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
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Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0