- Family:
- Acanthaceae Juss.
Barleria L.

[KBu]
Darbyshire, I., Tripp, E.A. & Chase, F.M. (2019). A taxonomic revision of Acanthaceae tribe Barlerieae in Angola and Namibia. Part 1. Kew Bulletin 74: 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-018-9791-0
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial herbs, suffrutices, shrubs or climbers, sometimes spiny; stems angular or subterete; cystoliths present, numerous, often occuring in adjacent cells and sometimes appearing to cross, ± conspicuous
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves evergreen or deciduous, opposite-decussate, petiolate or sessile, pairs equal or somewhat anisophyllous, margin (sub) entire or more rarely toothed or spinose
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx divided almost to the base, 4-lobed, anterior and posterior (outer) lobes usually considerably larger and proportionally broader than the lateral (inner) lobes, anterior lobe often emarginate or bifid
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla usually showy; tube cylindrical throughout or campanulate to funnel-shaped above insertion point of stamens; limb 5-lobed or rarely the adaxial pair fully fused or absent, subregular to zygomorphic. Perfected stamens 2 or rarely 4; filaments inserted at various levels within the corolla tube, anterior pair of stamens with filaments twisted through 180° and crossing near the base; anthers bithecous, thecae parallel, muticous, exserted or rarely included within the corolla tube; staminodes (or imperfect stamens) 2 or 3, adaxial staminode often less well developed than the lateral pair or absent, with or without antherodes, these often producing a few pollen grains
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Disc
- Disk cupular
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary 2-locular, 2 ovules per locule or one aborting very early; style filiform; stigma subcapitate to linear, either with 2 subconfluent lobes, or with 1 lobe much-reduced or absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule ± compressed laterally, fertile portion rounded to fusiform, with or without a prominent sterile apical beak, placental base inelastic but lateral walls sometimes thin and tearing from the thickened flanks at dehiscence; seeds 2 or 4 per capsule, held on retinacula, usually (ovate- or triangular-) discoid and with surfaces covered in long hygroscopic hairs, rarely only subflattened and with unevenly distributed minute hairs.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescences simple and axillary or compounded into a terminal synflorescence; cymose with monochasial and/or dichasial branching or cymes reduced to a single flower; bract pairs (sub-)equal, foliaceous or reduced and/or highly modified; bracteole pairs equal or dimorphic, often highly modified from the bracts
- Type
- Type species: Barleria cristata L.
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial herbs or shrubs
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves entire, simple, dentate, or transformed into spines; cystoliths in tandem pairs
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx 4-lobed with 2 outer broader lobes and 2 inner more narrow ones, of the outer lobes the upper one is often somewhat longer and the lower one 2-fid or more obtuse, often with 2 equally strong veins running in parallel from the base
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla slightly irregular to zygomorphic, funnel-shaped or with cylindrical tube
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens 2 or 4, if 4 often with 2 exserted stamens and 2 included in the tube
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule 2- or 4-seeded.
- Distribution
- Pantropical genus of some 290 species, all but one in the Old World.
- Note
- According to the infrageneric classification proposed by Balkwill & Balkwill in Kew Bull. 52: 535–573 (1997) species n. 1–9 below would belong to sect. Barleria, n. 10 and 11 to sect. Fissimura, n. 12 to sect. Stellatohirta, n. 13–17 to sect. Somalia, and n. 18–25 to sect. Prionitis.
Native to:
Aldabra, Andaman Is., Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cabinda, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Caprivi Strip, Central African Repu, Chad, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Djibouti, East Himalaya, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Free State, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf States, Guyana, Hainan, Honduras, India, Ivory Coast, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laccadive Is., Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Oman, Pakistan, Panamá, Philippines, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Socotra, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Venezuela, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Bahamas, Brazil South, Caroline Is., Christmas I., Cuba, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Florida, French Guiana, Haiti, Hawaii, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Marianas, Marquesas, Marshall Is., Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Niue, Puerto Rico, Rodrigues, Réunion, Seychelles, Society Is., Southwest Caribbean, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is.
- Barleria acanthoides Vahl
- Barleria aculeata Balf.f.
- Barleria acuminata Wight ex Nees
- Barleria aenea I.Darbysh.
- Barleria affinis C.B.Clarke
- Barleria alata S.Moore
- Barleria albomarginata Hedrén
- Barleria albostellata C.B.Clarke
- Barleria alluaudii Benoist
- Barleria almughsaylensis Mosti, Raffaelli & Tardelli
- Barleria amanensis Lindau
- Barleria ameliae A.Meeuse
- Barleria angustiloba Lindau
- Barleria antunesii Lindau
- Barleria arabica Bél. ex Nees
- Barleria argentea Balf.f.
- Barleria argillicola Oberm.
- Barleria aristata I.Darbysh.
- Barleria arnottiana Nees
- Barleria aromatica Oberm.
- Barleria asterotricha Benoist
- Barleria athiensis I.Darbysh.
- Barleria baluganii Ensermu
- Barleria bechuanensis C.B.Clarke
- Barleria benadirensis Chiov.
- Barleria benguellensis S.Moore
- Barleria biloba Imlay
- Barleria bispinosa (Forssk.) Vahl
- Barleria blepharoides Lindau
- Barleria boehmii Lindau
- Barleria boivinii T.Anderson
- Barleria bolusii Oberm.
- Barleria boranensis Fiori
- Barleria bornuensis S.Moore
- Barleria bremekampii Oberm.
- Barleria brevispina (Fiori) Hedrén
- Barleria brevituba Benoist
- Barleria brownii S.Moore
- Barleria buddleioides S.Moore
- Barleria buxifolia L.
- Barleria calole I.Darbysh.
- Barleria calophylla Lindau
- Barleria calophylloides Lindau
- Barleria candida Nees
- Barleria capitata Klotzsch
- Barleria carruthersiana S.Moore
- Barleria casatiana Buscal. & Muschl.
- Barleria cavaleriei H.Lév.
- Barleria cinerea Champl.
- Barleria cinnabarina Champl.
- Barleria clinopodium Fiori
- Barleria comorensis Lindau
- Barleria compacta Malombe & I.Darbysh.
- Barleria conspicua Nees
- Barleria coriacea Oberm.
- Barleria courtallica Nees
- Barleria crabbeoides I.Darbysh.
- Barleria crassa C.B.Clarke
- Barleria craveniae I.Darbysh.
- Barleria cristata L.
- Barleria crossandriformis C.B.Clarke
- Barleria cuspidata F.Heyne ex Nees
- Barleria cyanea S.Moore
- Barleria damarensis T.Anderson
- Barleria decaisneana Nees
- Barleria decaryi Benoist
- Barleria delagoensis Oberm.
- Barleria delamerei S.Moore
- Barleria dentata Hedrén
- Barleria descampsii Lindau
- Barleria deserticola I.Darbysh. & E.A.Tripp
- Barleria diplotricha I.Darbysh. & Ndang.
- Barleria dolomiticola M.Balkwill & K.Balkwill
- Barleria dulcis Benoist
- Barleria durairajii K.Ravik., D.Naras., Devanath. & Gnanasek.
- Barleria elegans S.Moore ex C.B.Clarke
- Barleria elliptica Benoist
- Barleria ensermui I.Darbysh.
- Barleria eranthemoides R.Br. ex C.B.Clarke
- Barleria eylesii S.Moore
- Barleria farinosa Deflers
- Barleria faulknerae I.Darbysh.
- Barleria fernandae I.Darbysh.
- Barleria ferox Ensermu & I.Darbysh.
- Barleria fissiflora Bojer ex Nees
- Barleria fissimuroides I.Darbysh.
- Barleria fulvostellata C.B.Clarke
- Barleria galpinii C.B.Clarke
- Barleria gandhii Kottaim.
- Barleria gibsonii Dalzell
- Barleria gidoleensis Ensermu & I.Darbysh.
- Barleria glandulifera Lindau
- Barleria glandulostamina I.Darbysh.
- Barleria glutinosa Champl.
- Barleria gossweileri S.Moore
- Barleria gracilispina (Fiori) I.Darbysh.
- Barleria granarii I.Darbysh.
- Barleria grandicalyx Lindau
- Barleria grandiflora Dalzell
- Barleria grandipetala De Wild.
- Barleria grandis Hochst. ex Nees
- Barleria greenii M.Balkwill & K.Balkwill
- Barleria griseoviridis I.Darbysh.
- Barleria grootbergensis I.Darbysh. & E.A.Tripp
- Barleria gueinzii Sond.
- Barleria her Benoist
- Barleria heterotricha Lindau
- Barleria hildebrandtii S.Moore
- Barleria hillcoatiae J.R.I.Wood
- Barleria hirta Oberm.
- Barleria hirtifructa I.Darbysh.
- Barleria hochstetteri Nees
- Barleria holstii Lindau
- Barleria holubii C.B.Clarke
- Barleria humbertii Benoist
- Barleria humilis Benoist
- Barleria hydeana I.Darbysh.
- Barleria ilicifolia Hedrén
- Barleria inclusa I.Darbysh.
- Barleria insolita Benoist
- Barleria integrisepala H.P.Tsui
- Barleria involucrata Nees
- Barleria irritans Nees
- Barleria jubata S.Moore
- Barleria kacondensis S.Moore
- Barleria kaessneri S.Moore
- Barleria kaloxytona Lindau
- Barleria kitchingii Baker
- Barleria laceratiflora Lindau
- Barleria lactiflora Brummitt & Seyani
- Barleria laeta Benoist
- Barleria lanceata (Forssk.) C.Chr.
- Barleria lanceolata (Schinz) Oberm.
- Barleria lancifolia T.Anderson
- Barleria lavaniana S.S.Patil, S.R.Yadav & Lekhak
- Barleria lawii T.Anderson
- Barleria leandrii Benoist
- Barleria lebomboensis I.Darbysh., McCleland & Froneman
- Barleria lichtensteiniana Nees
- Barleria limnogeton S.Moore
- Barleria linearifolia Rendle
- Barleria lobelioides Champl.
- Barleria longiflora L.f.
- Barleria longipes Benoist
- Barleria longissima Lindau
- Barleria lugardii C.B.Clarke
- Barleria lukafuensis De Wild.
- Barleria lukei I.Darbysh.
- Barleria lukwangulensis I.Darbysh.
- Barleria lupulina Lindl.
- Barleria mackenii Hook.f.
- Barleria maclaudii Benoist
- Barleria macraei Arn.
- Barleria macrostegia Nees
- Barleria maculata S.Moore
- Barleria mairei H.Lév.
- Barleria marginata Oliv.
- Barleria maritima I.Darbysh.
- Barleria masaiensis I.Darbysh.
- Barleria matopensis S.Moore
- Barleria meeuseana P.G.Mey.
- Barleria merxmuelleri P.G.Mey.
- Barleria methuenii Turrill
- Barleria meyeriana Nees
- Barleria microcalyx I.Darbysh.
- Barleria mirabilis I.Darbysh. & Q.Luke
- Barleria mitis Ker Gawl.
- Barleria molensis Wild
- Barleria montana Nees
- Barleria monticola Oberm.
- Barleria mpandensis I.Darbysh.
- Barleria mucronifolia Lindau
- Barleria mutabilis I.Darbysh.
- Barleria mysorensis Roth
- Barleria namba I.Darbysh.
- Barleria natalensis Lindau
- Barleria negeleensis Ensermu & I.Darbysh.
- Barleria neurophylla C.B.Clarke
- Barleria newtonii Lindau
- Barleria nitida Nees
- Barleria noctiflora L.f.
- Barleria norbertii Benoist
- Barleria nyasensis C.B.Clarke
- Barleria observatrix Bosser & Heine
- Barleria obtecta Champl.
- Barleria obtusa Nees
- Barleria obtusisepala C.B.Clarke
- Barleria oenotheroides Dum.Cours.
- Barleria opaca (Vahl) Nees
- Barleria orbicularis Hochst. ex T.Anderson
- Barleria ovata E.Mey. ex Nees
- Barleria oxyphylla Lindau
- Barleria pabularis S.Moore
- Barleria pannosa Chiov.
- Barleria paolii Fiori
- Barleria paolioides I.Darbysh.
- Barleria papillosa T.Anderson
- Barleria parviflora R.Br. ex T.Anderson
- Barleria parvispina Benoist
- Barleria paucidentata Benoist
- Barleria penelopeana I.Darbysh.
- Barleria perrieri Benoist
- Barleria phaylopsis Milne-Redh.
- Barleria phillyreifolia Baker
- Barleria pilosa F.Heyne ex Nees
- Barleria polhillii I.Darbysh.
- Barleria polyneura S.Moore
- Barleria popovii Verdc.
- Barleria prattensis Santapau
- Barleria pretoriensis C.B.Clarke
- Barleria prionitis L.
- Barleria prionitoides Engl.
- Barleria proxima Lindau
- Barleria pseudosomalia I.Darbysh.
- Barleria puberula Benoist
- Barleria puccionii Chiov.
- Barleria pulchella Benoist
- Barleria pulchra Lindau
- Barleria punctata Milne-Redh.
- Barleria pungens L.f.
- Barleria purpureotincta I.Darbysh.
- Barleria quadriloba Oberm.
- Barleria quadrispina Lindau
- Barleria ramulosa C.B.Clarke
- Barleria randii S.Moore
- Barleria rehmannii C.B.Clarke
- Barleria repens Nees
- Barleria reticulata Haines
- Barleria rhodesiaca Oberm.
- Barleria rhynchocarpa Klotzsch
- Barleria richardsiae I.Darbysh.
- Barleria rigida Willd. ex Nees
- Barleria robertsoniae I.Darbysh.
- Barleria rotundifolia Oberm.
- Barleria rubra Buch.-Ham.
- Barleria ruellioides T.Anderson
- Barleria rupicola I.Darbysh.
- Barleria sacanii Klotzsch ex Lindau
- Barleria sahyadrica K.M.P.Kumar & Sardesai
- Barleria salicifolia S.Moore
- Barleria samhanensis Knees, A.G.Mill. & A.Patzelt
- Barleria saxatilis Oberm.
- Barleria scabriuscula Schwartz
- Barleria scandens I.Darbysh.
- Barleria sceptrum-katanganum Champl.
- Barleria schenckii Schinz
- Barleria schmittii Benoist
- Barleria senensis Klotzsch
- Barleria sepalosa C.B.Clarke
- Barleria separata Benoist
- Barleria setosa (Klotzsch) I.Darbysh.
- Barleria seyrigii Benoist
- Barleria shebelleensis Ensermu & I.Darbysh.
- Barleria siamensis Craib
- Barleria smithii Rendle
- Barleria solitaria P.G.Mey.
- Barleria speciosa I.Darbysh.
- Barleria spinifolia J.R.I.Wood
- Barleria spinulosa Klotzsch
- Barleria splendens E.A.Bruce
- Barleria stellatotomentosa S.Moore
- Barleria stenophylla Kurz
- Barleria steudneri C.B.Clarke
- Barleria stimulans E.Mey. ex Nees
- Barleria stocksii T.Anderson
- Barleria strigosa Willd.
- Barleria subglobosa S.Moore
- Barleria subinermis Chiov.
- Barleria submollis Lindau
- Barleria subregularis I.Darbysh.
- Barleria sunzuana Brummitt & Seyani
- Barleria superata I.Darbysh.
- Barleria taitensis S.Moore
- Barleria tanzaniana (Brummitt & J.R.I.Wood) I.Darbysh.
- Barleria terminalis Nees
- Barleria tetracantha Balf.f.
- Barleria tomentosa B.Heyne ex Roth
- Barleria torrei I.Darbysh.
- Barleria trispinosa (Forssk.) Vahl
- Barleria ukamensis Lindau
- Barleria usambarica Lindau
- Barleria velutina Champl.
- Barleria venenata I.Darbysh.
- Barleria ventricosa Hochst. ex Nees
- Barleria verdickii De Wild.
- Barleria vestita T.Anderson
- Barleria villosa S.Moore
- Barleria vincifolia Baker
- Barleria violacea Hainz
- Barleria violascens S.Moore
- Barleria virgula C.B.Clarke
- Barleria volkensii Lindau
- Barleria vollesenii I.Darbysh.
- Barleria welwitschii S.Moore
- Barleria whytei S.Moore
- Barleria wilmsiana Lindau
Barleria L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drummond, R.B. [1300], Tanzania | 13065.000 | No | |||
Drummond, R.B. [2377], Tanzania | 4210.000 | No | |||
Finlayson, G. [Cat. no. s.n.] | K001132506 | Yes |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 636 (1753)
Accepted by
- Govaerts, R. (1996). World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1-492. MIM, Deurne.
- Shendage, S.M. & Yadav, S.R. (2010). Revision of the genus Barleria (Acanthaceae) in India Rheedea 20: 81-130.
Literature
Kew Bulletin
- Baillon, M. H. (1890). Sur quelques types anomaux d’Acanthacées. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 835 – 838.
- Balkwill, M. J. & Balkwill, K. (1997). Delimitation and infra-generic classification of Barleria (Acanthaceae). Kew Bull. 52: 535 – 573.
- Balkwill, M. J. & Balkwill, K. (1998). A preliminary analysis of distribution patterns in a large, pantropical genus, Barleria L. (Acanthaceae). J. Biogeogr. 25: 95 – 110.
- Benoist, R. (1967). Acanthacées. Tome I. In: H. Humbert (ed.), Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Paris.
- Clarke, C. B. (1899). Barleria. In: I. H. Burkill & C. B. Clarke (1899 – 1900), Acanthaceae. In: W. T. Thiselton-Dyer (ed.), Flora of Tropical Africa 5: 140 – 169. L. Reeve & Co., London.
- Darbyshire, I. (2009). A reassessment of the status of Barleria sect. Cavirostrata (Acanthaceae) in tropical Africa, with a new species, B. richardsiae, described from the Tanzania-Zambia border region. Kew Bull. 63: 601 – 611.
- Darbyshire, I. (2010b). Barleria. In: H. J. Beentje (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. Acanthaceae, pp. 325 – 442. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Darbyshire, I. (2015). Barleria. In: J. R. Timberlake & E. S. Martins (eds), Flora Zambesiaca. Vol. 8 (6): 37 – 122. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Darbyshire, I., Fisher, A. E., Kiel, C. A. & McDade, L. A. (in press). Phylogenetic relationships among species of Barleria (Acanthaceae, Lamiales): molecular data reveal complex patterns of morphological evolution and support a revised classification. Taxon.
- Darbyshire, I., Phillipson, P. B. & Rakotonasolo, F. (2014). Additions to the genus Barleria in Madagascar. Kew Bull. 69: 9513 (11 pages).
- Ensermu Kelbessa (2006). Acanthaceae. In: I. Hedberg, Ensermu Kelbessa, S. Edwards, Sebsebe Demissew & E. Persson (eds), Flora of Ethiopia & Eritrea Vol. 5: 345 – 495. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University & The Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University.
- Fenzl, E. (1844). Aufzählung mehrerer neuen aethiopischen pflanzen-gattungen und arten, nebst Anzeige einer erscheinenden synopsis florae aethiopicae. Flora 27: 309 – 312.
- Hedrén, M. (2006b). Barleria. In: M. Thulin (ed.), Flora of Somalia. Vol. 3: 427 – 442. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Heine, H. (1963). Acanthaceae. In: F. N. Hepper (ed.), Flora of West Tropical Africa. Second Edition, Vol. 2: 391 – 432. Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations, London.
- Heine, H. (1966). Acanthacées. In: A. Aubreville (ed.), Flore du Gabon Vol. 13: 3 – 250. Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
- Humbert, H. (1937). Isaloa, genre nouveau de Scrophulariacées de Madagascar. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 84: 313 – 317.
- Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. Vol. 2. Salvius, Stockholm.
- Meyer, P. G. (1968). 130. Acanthaceae. In H. Merxmüller (ed.), Prodromus einer Flora von Südwestafrika. J. Cramer, Germany.
- Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. D. (1847). Acanthaceae. In: A. de Candolle (ed.), Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Vol. 11: 46 – 51. Masson, Paris.
- Obermeyer, A. A. (1933). A revision of the South African species of Barleria. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 15: 123 – 180.
- Oersted, A. S. (1854). Mexicos og Centralamerikas Acanthaceer. Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn: 113 – 181.
- Shendage, S. M. & Yadav, S. R. (2010). Revision of the genus Barleria (Acanthaceae) in India. Rheedea 20: 81 – 130.
- Singh, Y., Baijnath, H. & Condy, G. (2015). Barleria elegans. Fl. Pl. Africa 64: pl. 2316, 136 – 142.
Flora of West Tropical Africa
- —F.T.A. 5: 140.
Flora Zambesiaca
- Sp. Pl.: 636 (1753).
- in J. Biogeogr. 25: 95–110 (1998).
- —M.-J. & K. Balkwill in Kew Bull. 52: 535–573 (1997).
- —Nees in De Candolle, Prodr. 11: 223 (1847).
- —Obermeijer in Ann. Transv. Mus. 15: 127–180 (1933).
Flora of Somalia
- Flora Somalia, (2000) Author: by M. Hedrén [updated by M. Thulin 2008]
-
Flora of Somalia
Flora of Somalia
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Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
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Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Bulletin
Kew Bulletin
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0