Ulmaceae

Ulmus

Ulmus glabra Huds.

First published in Fl. Angl.: 95 (1762)

This species is accepted

The native range of this species is Europe to W. Siberia and NW. & N. Iran. It is a tree and grows primarily in the temperate biome.

Distribution
Synonyms
Classification
Publications
Other data

Native to:

Albania, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Central European Russia, Corse, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East European Russia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Netherlands, North Caucasus, North European Russia, Norway, Poland, Romania, South European Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Ukraine, West Siberia, Yugoslavia

Introduced into:

Amsterdam-St.Paul Is., Connecticut, Illinois, Kazakhstan, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Newfoundland, Rhode I., Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan, Vermont

Heterotypic Synonyms

Ulmus adiantifolia Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 29 (1892)
Ulmus camperdowni (Bean) J.V.Armstr. & P.D.Sell in Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 685 (2018)
Ulmus campestris L. in Sp. Pl.: 225 (1753), nom. rej.
Ulmus campestris cornuta I.David in Rev. Hort. (Paris), sér. 2, 4: 102 (1845)
Ulmus campestris var. latifolia Aiton in Hort. Kew. 1: 319 (1789)
Ulmus campestris subsp. montana (Stokes) Bonnier & Layens in Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France: 283 (1894)
Ulmus campestris var. purpurea G.Kirchn. in E.A.Petzold & G.Kirchner, Arbor. Muscav.: 557 (1864), nom. illeg.
Ulmus campestris var. purpurea H.Vilm. ex Wesm. in Bull. Féd. Soc. Hort. Belgique 1862: 390 (1863)
Ulmus cebennensis Audib. ex Planch. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 17: 160 (1873)
Ulmus cinerea Planch. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 17: 160 (1873)
Ulmus communis Carrière in Rev. Hort. (Paris), sér. 4, 7: 554 (1858)
Ulmus corylacea Dumort. in Fl. Belg.: 25 (1827)
Ulmus corylacea var. grandidentata Dumort. in Fl. Belg.: 25 (1825)
Ulmus crispa Willd. in Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol.: 295 (1809)
Ulmus excelsa Borkh. in Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 1: 839 (1800)
Ulmus exoniensis (K.Koch) K.Koch in Wochenschr. Vereines Beförd. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten 15: 150 (1872)
Ulmus expansa Rota in Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 13: 469 (1855)
Ulmus forficata C.Presl in Verh. Ges. Vaterl. Mus. Böhmen 1841: 76 (1841)
Ulmus gallica A.Chev. in Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 22: 448 (1942), no Latin descr.
Ulmus gigantea K.Koch in Dendrologie 2(1): 417 (1872)
Ulmus glabra var. albovariegata Weston in Bot. Univ. 1: 315 (1770)
Ulmus glabra f. atropurpurea (Späth) Rehder in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 24: 217 (1915 publ. 1916)
Ulmus glabra f. camperdownii A.Henry ex Rehder in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 24: 216 (1915 publ. 1916)
Ulmus glabra var. camperdownii (A.Henry ex Rehder) Rehder in Man. Cult. Trees: 186 (1927)
Ulmus glabra f. cornuta (I.David) Rehder in J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 137 (1919)
Ulmus glabra f. crispa (Willd.) Rehder in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 24: 217 (1915 publ. 1916)
Ulmus glabra subvar. dasycarpa Lindq. in Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 4: 43 (1932)
Ulmus glabra f. elliptica (Beck) Soó in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 16: 372 (1970 publ. 1971)
Ulmus glabra f. exoniensis (K.Koch) Rehder in J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 264 (1938)
Ulmus glabra f. firma (C.K.Schneid.) Soó in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 16: 372 (1970 publ. 1971)
Ulmus glabra f. glabrata (Sond.) Soó in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 16: 372 (1970 publ. 1971)
Ulmus glabra var. horizontalis (G.Kirchn.) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 28 (1892)
Ulmus glabra f. horizontalis (G.Kirchn.) Geerinck in Taxonomania 6: 9 (2002)
Ulmus glabra f. lutescens (Dippel) Rehder in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 24: 217 (1915 publ. 1916)
Ulmus glabra f. macrophylla (Dippel) Soó in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 16: 372 (1970 publ. 1971)
Ulmus glabra f. monstrosa (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder in J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 265 (1938)
Ulmus glabra var. montana (Stokes) Lindq. in Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 4: 43 (1932)
Ulmus glabra subsp. montana (Stokes) Hyl. in Uppsala Univ. Årsskr. 7: 125 (1945)
Ulmus glabra f. nana (Dippel) Rehder in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 24: 216 (1915 publ. 1915)
Ulmus glabra f. nitida (Fr.) Rehder in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 24: 216 (1915 publ. 1916)
Ulmus glabra f. pendula (Loudon) Rehder in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 24: 216 (1915 publ. 1916), nom. illeg.
Ulmus glabra f. purpurea (K.Koch) Rehder in Man. Cult. Trees, ed. 2: 176 (1940)
Ulmus glabra subsp. scabra (Mill.) Hyl. in Uppsala Univ. Årsskr. 7: 125 (1945)
Ulmus glabra var. scabra (Mill.) Lindq. in Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 4: 43 (1932)
Ulmus glabra var. trautvetteri Johanss. in Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 15: 7 (1921)
Ulmus glandulosa Lindl. ex Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 26, 591 (1892), not validly publ.
Ulmus glutinosa Willd. in Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol., Suppl.: 14 (1814)
Ulmus × hollandica var. camperdownii (A.Henry ex Rehder) J.-F.Leroy in Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 17: 255 (1946)
Ulmus horizontalis Loudon in Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 3: 1398 (1838), pro syn.
Ulmus intermedia Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 29 (1892), pro syn.
Ulmus latifolia Moench in Methodus: 333 (1794)
Ulmus leucocarpa Schur in Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 603 (1866)
Ulmus montana Stokes in W.Withering, Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 259 (1787)
Ulmus montana var. atropurpurea Späth in Nursery Cat. (Späth) 57: 4 (1883)
Ulmus montana var. camperdowni Bean in Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles, ed. 2, 2: 616 (1916)
Ulmus montana var. cebennensis Loudon in Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 3: 1398 (1838)
Ulmus montana var. elliptica Beck in Fl. Nieder-Österreich: 314 (1890)
Ulmus montana f. exoniensis (K.Koch) Boulger in Gard. Chron., n.s., 12: 298 (1879)
Ulmus montana var. fastigiata Loudon in Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 3: 1399 (1838)
Ulmus montana var. glabrata Sond. in Fl. Hamburg.: 150 (1851)
Ulmus montana var. horizontalis G.Kirchn. in E.A.Petzold & G.Kirchner, Arbor. Muscav.: 564 (1864)
Ulmus montana var. nitida Fr. in Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. 3: 20 (1842)
Ulmus montana var. pendula Loudon in Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 3: 1398 (1838)
Ulmus montana var. pendula-camperdownii A.Henry in H.J.Elwes & A.Henry, Trees Great Britain 7: 1867 (1913)
Ulmus montana var. pendula-macrophylla Maxwell in J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 18: 91 (1895), nom. nud.
Ulmus montana var. pendula-variegata Hartwig & Rümpler in Ill. Gehölzb.: 583 (1875)
Ulmus mossii A.Henry in H.J.Elwes & A.Henry, Trees Great Britain 7: 1865 (1913)
Ulmus nigra Lodd. ex Loudon in Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 3: 1398 (1838)
Ulmus ontariensis Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 728 (1841), not validly publ.
Ulmus procera f. purpurea (H.Vilm. ex Wesm.) Rehder in J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 140 (1919)
Ulmus pyramidalis Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 28 (1892), pro syn.
Ulmus scabra Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 2 (1768)
Ulmus scabra subf. crispa (Willd.) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 29 (1891)
Ulmus scabra var. exoniensis K.Koch in Dendrologie 2(1): 416 (1872)
Ulmus scabra f. firma C.K.Schneid. in Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 218 (1906)
Ulmus scabra subf. horizontalis (G.Kirchn.) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 28 (1891)
Ulmus scabra subf. lutescens Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 30 (1892)
Ulmus scabra subf. macrophylla Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 29 (1891)
Ulmus scabra f. monstrosa C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 218 (1904)
Ulmus scabra subf. nana Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 29 (1892)
Ulmus scabra subf. pendula (Loudon) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 29 (1891)
Ulmus scabra f. purpurea K.Koch in Dendrologie 2(1): 416 (1872)
Ulmus scabra subf. purpurea (H.Vilm. ex Wesm.) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 30 (1892), nom. illeg.
Ulmus scabra subf. pyramidalis Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 28 (1891)
Ulmus scabra subf. rugosa Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 29 (1891)
Ulmus scabra subf. tricuspis (K.Koch) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 29 (1892)
Ulmus scabra var. tricuspis K.Koch in Dendrologie 2(1): 415 (1872)
Ulmus sukaczevii Andronov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 17: 108 (1955)
Ulmus tomentosa Borkh. in Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 1: 856 (1800)
Ulmus urticifolia Audib. in Cat. Hort. Tonn.: 23 (1817)
Ulmus viscosa Desf. ex Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 862 (1821), not validly publ.

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Streptophyta
Class Equisetopsida
Subclass Magnoliidae
Order
Rosales

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Family
Ulmaceae

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Genus
Ulmus

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Species
Ulmus glabra

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POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1982). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 7: 1-947. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1997). Flora of North America North of Mexico 3: 1-590. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Gilman, A.V. (2015). New flora of Vermont. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 110: 1-614.
Hassler, M. & Muer, T. (2022). Flora Germanica: alle Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands in Text und Bild 1: 1-864. Verlag Regionalkultur, Uberstadt-Weiher.
Jonsell, B. (ed.) (2000). Flora Nordica 1: 1-344. The Bergius Foundaton.
Komiljon, T., Natalya, B., Avazbek, B., Dilnoza, A., Ziyoviddin, Y., Deng, T. & Sun, H. (2020). Flora of the Dzhizak Province, Uzbekistan: 1-523. China Forestry Publishing House.
Krasnoborov, I.M. & Malyshev, L.I. (2003). Flora of Siberia 5: 1-305. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
Litvinskaya, S.A. & Murtazaliev, R.A. (2013). Flora of the Northern Caucasus: An Atlas and Identification Book: 1-688. Fiton XXI.
Meades, S.J. & Brouillet, L. (2019). Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Newfoundland and Labrador https://newfoundland-labradorflora.ca/checklist/.
Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.
Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) in Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2012). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 3(2): 1-623. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1993). Flora Europaea ed. 2, 1: 1-581. Cambridge University Press.
Zieliński, J. (1979). Flora Iranica 142: 1-15. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.

Kew Backbone Distributions

Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Chikhali, Mwaffak, & al. (2024-continuously updated). Flora Syria On Line www.fsol.net.sy.
Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1982). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 7: 1-947. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1997). Flora of North America North of Mexico 3: 1-590. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Gilman, A.V. (2015). New flora of Vermont. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 110: 1-614.
Krasnoborov, I.M. & Malyshev, L.I. (2003). Flora of Siberia 5: 1-305. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
Litvinskaya, S.A. & Murtazaliev, R.A. (2013). Flora of the Northern Caucasus: An Atlas and Identification Book: 1-688. Fiton XXI.
Meades, S.J. & Brouillet, L. (2019). Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Newfoundland and Labrador https://newfoundland-labradorflora.ca/checklist/.
Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
Ovczinnikov, P.N. (ed.) (1968). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 3: 1-710. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1993). Flora Europaea ed. 2, 1: 1-581. Cambridge University Press.
Zieliński, J. (1979). Flora Iranica 142: 1-15. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

IPNI - The International Plant Names Index

Date	Reference	Identified As	Barcode	Type Status	Has image?
Jan 1, 1968			K001328404		Yes
Jan 1, 1968			K001328405		Yes
Jan 1, 1960	Elwes, H.J. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K000852678	Unknown Type Material	Yes
	Brenan, J.P.M.; [J. Chapple]; Melville, R. [3172] United Kingdom		K004367892		Yes
	Ruhsam, M. [DMR237] United Kingdom		K001768008		Yes
	Heybrock, H.M. [48] Ireland		K001926657		No
	Melville, R. [7453] United Kingdom		K004367948		Yes
	Fisher, H. [2] United Kingdom		K004367964		Yes
	Chandler, J.H. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367951		Yes
	Melville, R. [36268] United Kingdom		K004367938		Yes
	Turrill, W.B. (Dr.) [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367790		Yes
	Turrill, W.B. (Dr.) [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367789		Yes
	Melville, R. [7453] United Kingdom		K004367947		Yes
	Howitt, R.C.L. [3] United Kingdom		K004367906		Yes
	Turrill, W.B. (Dr.) [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367787		Yes
	Melville, R. [56125] United Kingdom		K004367957		Yes
	s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367961		Yes
	Chandler, J.H. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367950		Yes
	Chandler, J.H. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367959		Yes
	Melville, R. [36269] United Kingdom		K004367941		Yes
	Melville, R. [7660] United Kingdom		K004367887		Yes
	Airy Shaw, H.K. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367900		Yes
	Melville, R. [3615] United Kingdom		K004367937		Yes
	Melville, R. [3614] United Kingdom		K004367945		Yes
	Airy Shaw, H.K. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367901		Yes
	Chandler, J.H. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367954		Yes
	Meikle, R.D. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367891		Yes
	Melville, R. [3615] United Kingdom		K004367936		Yes
	s.coll. [C384] United Kingdom		K004367890		Yes
	Airy Shaw, H.K. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367895		Yes
	Melville, R. [7668] United Kingdom		K004367884		Yes
	Fisher, H. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367965		Yes
	Elwes, H.J.; Henry, A. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K000852679	Unknown Type Material	Yes
	Brenan, J.P.M.; [J. Chapple]; Melville, R. [3172] United Kingdom		K004367893		Yes
	Horwood, A.R. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367969		Yes
	Melville, R. [3615] United Kingdom		K004367935		Yes
	Airy Shaw, H.K. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367899		Yes
	Melville, R. [3614] United Kingdom		K004367943		Yes
	Chandler, J.H. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367953		Yes
	Airy Shaw, H.K. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367894		Yes
	Melville, R. [7463] United Kingdom		K004367946		Yes
	Melville, R. [7664] United Kingdom		K004367886		Yes
	Brenan, J.P.M. [6441] United Kingdom		K004367907		Yes
	Turrill, W.B. (Dr.) [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367786		Yes
	Brenan, J.P.M. [6441] United Kingdom		K004367896		Yes
	Melville, R. [7651] United Kingdom		K004367885		Yes
	Turrill, W.B. (Dr.) [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367788		Yes
	Melville, R. [3614] United Kingdom		K004367942		Yes
	Chandler, J.H. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367949		Yes
	Fisher, H. [2] United Kingdom		K004367966		Yes
	Airy Shaw, H.K. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367898		Yes
	[Augustin Ley] [[1155e]] United Kingdom		K004367970		Yes
	Airy Shaw, H.K. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367904		Yes
	Melville, R.; Gibbons, J. [652] United Kingdom		K004367960		Yes
	[J. Chapple] [3639] United Kingdom		K004367897		Yes
	Melville, R. [36269] United Kingdom		K004367940		Yes
	Melville, R. [36268] United Kingdom		K004367939		Yes
	Melville, R. [7439] United Kingdom		K004367882		Yes
	Riddelsdell, H.J. [1] United Kingdom		K004367889		Yes
	Airy Shaw, H.K. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367902		Yes
	Fisher, H. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367967		Yes
	Melville, R. [3614] United Kingdom		K004367944		Yes
	Salisbury, E.J. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367791		Yes
	Fay, M.F. [MFF253] United Kingdom		K000696426		No
	Melville, R. [513] United Kingdom		K004367952		Yes
	Melville, R. [7461] United Kingdom		K004367958		Yes
	Melville, R. [7453] United Kingdom		K004367956		Yes
	Airy Shaw, H.K. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367903		Yes
	Riddelsdell, H.J. [3] United Kingdom		K004367888		Yes
	Horwood, A.R. [1481C] United Kingdom		K004367968		Yes
	Melville, R. [7674] United Kingdom		K004367883		Yes
	Ross-Craig, S United Kingdom		K:SPC-33244.000		No
	Lewis, R. [1412] United Kingdom		K004367962		Yes
	Fisher, H. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367963		Yes
	Chandler, J.H. [s.n.] United Kingdom		K004367955		Yes
	[H. Chandler] [366] United Kingdom		K004367905		Yes
	Nicholson, G. [1856]	Ulmus campestris	K004535103		Yes

Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1
- Angiosperm Threat Predictions
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
- 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
- Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
IUCN Categories
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Kew Backbone Distributions
- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
- © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Kew Living Collection Database
- Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
- © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Kew Science Photographs
- Copyright applied to individual images

Ulmus glabra Huds.

Distribution

Native to:

Introduced into:

Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

Kew's Tree of Life Explorer

Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

Kew Backbone Distributions

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

IPNI - The International Plant Names Index

Sources

Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

IUCN Categories

Kew Backbone Distributions

Kew Living Collection Database

Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

Kew Science Photographs

Ulmus glabra Huds.

Distribution

Native to:

Introduced into:

Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

Kew's Tree of Life Explorer

Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

Kew Backbone Distributions

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

IPNI - The International Plant Names Index External Link

Herbarium Catalogue (77 records)

Sources

Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

IUCN Categories

Kew Backbone Distributions

Kew Living Collection Database

Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

Kew Science Photographs

IPNI - The International Plant Names Index