- Family:
- Solanaceae Juss.
- Genus:
- Solanum L.
Solanum betaceum Cav.

[UNAL]
Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
- Vernacular
- pepino de árbol, tamarillo, tomate, tomate de árbol, tomate de montaña, tomate de monte, tomate quiteño, tomate silvestre
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 1000 - 3000 m.; Andes, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
- Morphology General Habit
- Arbusto, arbolito
[FZ]
Flora Zambesiaca. Vol. 8, Part 4. Solanaceae. Gonçalves AE. 2005
- Type
- Type a plant cultivated in the Hortus Botanicus Matritensis, Madrid (Spain), raised from unknown origin.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Cymes ± axillary or supra-axillary, nodding or pendulous, 2–13 cm long, simple or 2–3 times branched, ± densely spreading pubescent Cymes ± axillary or supra-axillary, nodding or pendulous, 2>i>–13 cm long, simple or 2>i>–3 times branched, ± densely spreading pubescent.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Pedicel
- Pedicels 7–12 mm long, slender, thickened upwards; in fruit much elongated and thicker
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla white, ± pink tinged, in bud purple gradually changing to greenish-pink with a dark stripe on the back of each lobe, moderately thick, rotate-campanulate; limb 14–18 mm across; lobes 6–9 mm long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, densely ciliolate, reflexed Corolla white, ± pink tinged, in bud purple gradually changing to greenish-pink with a dark stripe on the back of each lobe, moderately thick, rotate-campanulate; limb 14>i>–18 mm across; lobes 6>i>–9 mm long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, densely ciliolate, reflexed.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamen filaments 1–1. 5 mm long; anthers 4.5–5 mm long, oblong in outline, the connective strongly thickened, dorsally callous or gibbous along the length of the anther Stamen filaments 1>i>–1.5 mm long; anthers 4.5>i>–5 mm long, oblong in outline, the connective strongly thickened, dorsally callous or gibbous along the length of the anther.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary 1–1. 5 mm long, conical, ± glabrous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Style
- Style 5–7 mm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit yellow to red or purple, 3–5.5 (or more) cm long, ovoid or slightly ellipsoid, smooth, glabrous, somewhat acid, edible, the dissepiment moderately thick, with fleshy, sub-reniform placentas adnate to the middle Fruit yellow to red or purple, 3>i>–5.5 (or more) cm long, ovoid or slightly ellipsoid, smooth, glabrous, somewhat acid, edible, the dissepiment moderately thick, with fleshy, sub-reniform placentas adnate to the middle.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds yellowish, 4–5 × 3–4 mm, obovate or elliptic in outline or ± reniform Seeds yellowish, 4>i>–5 × 3>i>–4 mm, obovate or elliptic in outline or ± reniform.
- Ecology
- Quite widely naturalized in forest regions of Africa. Forest, mountain slopes, Pinus plantations, ruderal places and other areas of disturbance particularly near roadsides in damp soil; sunny or partly shady places; up to 1158 m (1750 m in Angola).
- Note
- R.E. Fries, loc. cit., records this species also from Zambia (Mporokoso). Common name: "Tree Tomato". Recent molecular studies find Cyphomandra, formerly comprising about 35 species, nested within Solanum and with a number of species showing transitional features, so that it now seems best included as a subgenus of Solanum, see Spooner, Anderson & Jansen in Amer. J. Bot. 80: 676–688 (1993) and Bohs in Taxon 44: 583–587 (1995).
- Distribution
- Originally from Peru, now widely distributed all over the world in warm but also in temperate regions, often cultivated as a food crop mainly in the Andean Region. Zimbabwe Malawi ZIM E, MAL C
- Morphology General Habit
- Shrub or small tree, up to 6(7) m high, usually covered with small white, sub-circular or linear spots, somewhat softly and shortly pubescent with simple hairs and papillose glandular hairs to ± glabrous. Shrub or small tree, up to 6(7) m high, usually covered with small white, sub-circular or linear spots, somewhat softly and shortly pubescent with simple hairs and papillose glandular hairs to ± glabrous
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves solitary or rarely geminate; petiole 1.5–11.5 cm long, initially clasping at the base; lamina somewhat fleshy or sub-coriaceous, 4>i>–36 × 1.5>i>–27 cm, cordate or ovate-lanceolate, base cordate and often unequal-sided, apex acute or obtuse, often ± acuminate, entire to slightly 3-lobed (elsewhere sometimes pinnatisect), densely ciliate, finely pubescent, paler and sometimes sub-velvety beneath, with 3–8 pairs of lateral nerves. Leaves solitary or rarely geminate; petiole 1. 5–11. 5 cm long, initially clasping at the base; lamina somewhat fleshy or sub-coriaceous, 4–36 × 1. 5–27 cm, cordate or ovate-lanceolate, base cordate and often unequal-sided, apex acute or obtuse, often ± acuminate, entire to slightly 3-lobed (elsewhere sometimes pinnatisect), densely ciliate, finely pubescent, paler and sometimes sub-velvety beneath, with 3–8 pairs of lateral nerves
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers fragrant; pedicels 7>i>–12 mm long, slender, thickened upwards; in fruit much elongated and thicker. Flowers fragrant.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx 3.5>i>–4.5 mm long, bowl-shaped or sub-campanulate, shortly spreading pubescent; lobes 1>i>–2 mm long, broadly ovate, somewhat acute or obtuse, in fruit enlarged and strongly thickened. Calyx 3.5–4.5 mm long, bowl-shaped or sub-campanulate, shortly spreading pubescent; lobes 1–2 mm long, broadly ovate, somewhat acute or obtuse, in fruit enlarged and strongly thickened
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Pistil
- Ovary 1>i>–1.5 mm long, conical, ± glabrous; style 5>i>–7 mm long.
[UPB]
The Useful Plants of Boyacá project
- Ecology
- Alt. 1000 - 3000 m.
- Distribution
- Cultivated in Colombia.
- Conservation
- Not Evaluated.
- Morphology General Habit
- Shrub.
[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean. Elevation range: 1000–3000 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Native to Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia, Bogotá DC, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Quindío, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca.
- Habit
- Shrub, Small tree.
- Conservation
- IUCN Red List Assessment (2021): DD.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, shrubland, native grassland, wetlands (inland), desert, artificial - terrestrial.
- Vernacular
- Pepino de tree, Tamarillo, Tomate de monte, Tomate de tree, Tomate guiteño, Tomate silvestre
[FTEA]
Solanaceae, Jennifer M Edmonds. Oliganthes, Melongena & Monodolichopus, Maria S. Vorontsova & Sandra Knapp. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 2012
- Type
- Type: cultivated in Hortus Madrid from seed of unknown origin in 1798–9, Cavanilles s.n. (MA, lecto. designated by Bohs in Flora Neotropica, 63: 51 (1994))
- Morphology General
- Shrub or small tree to 7 m high, rarely herbaceous, often malodorous; younger parts hispid, with a mixture of small spreading simple eglandular- and glandularheaded hairs, older parts glabrescent and often with small whitish spots
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves usually solitary and alternate, rarely opposite, simple, coriaceous, often dark green, often foetid when bruised, broadly ovate to cordate, 10.8–40 × 5.6–26 cm, bases usually cordate occasionally unequal sometimes auriculate with overlapping or clasping lobes, margins entire , apices acuminate, surfaces prominently veined and softly hispid with hairs denser on lower surfaces, midribs and veins; petioles 2.4–13 cm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescences terminal pendulous lax long (–60 cm) cymes, simple, forked or branched arising from stem fork or leaf axil and often appearing axillary, (5–)10–50(–100)-flowered, up to 15 cm long; flowers often fragrant, actinomorphic; peduncles 1.5–2.2 cm long in flower and 1.8–5 cm in fruit; pedicels always pendulous, 6–16 mm long in flower, ± hispid, 1.6–5.2 cm long in fruit when woody and thickened, articulate at or near the base leaving rachis scars
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx fleshy, cyathiform, 2.5–4.5 mm long, sparsely hirsute with glandular hairs externally, with five broadly triangular acute or apiculate lobes 1–2.5 × 1.9–3 mm, slightly accrescent and persistent in fruit when 1.5–4 × 2.5–5 mm
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla white, pink or pale purple, stellate, fleshy, 1.3–2 cm diameter, tube 1.5–3 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular, usually spreading after anthesis with apices recurved, 7–11 × 2–4 mm, acute to acuminate, lobe margins densely pilose internally, otherwise glabrous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens usually equal, connivent; filaments pale pink, free for 1.5–2 mm, glabrous; anthers bright yellow or orange, 4.5–6 × 1.3–2.9 mm, dehiscing by small apical pores, with broad connective forming darker gibbose thickened band (0.7–1.2 mm) along backs
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary greenish-white, 4 × 2–3 mm, glabrous, bilocular; style greenish-white, 5–6(–7) × 0.7–0.8 mm, glabrous, exserted up to 2 mm; stigma greenish-white, truncate to subcapitate, sometimes bilobed, 0.6–0.7 mm diameter
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit pendulous, sub-fleshy, orange to dark red or purple, dull, ovoid to ellipsoidal, (2.2–)5–10 × 2–5 cm, with acute or acuminate apex, pericarp thick and smooth, softly pubescent to glabrous, bilocular; fruiting calyx lobes adherent becoming reflexed basally
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds numerous, pale reddish-brown, discoid, (3–)4–4.2 × (2.5) 3–3.8 mm, rugose, shallowly reticulate-foveate with narrow winged margin; sclerotic granules sometimes present
- Ecology
- Introduced and naturalised (following bird dispersal) on roadsides, drier and moist forest types , often in deep shade, clearings or on wet ground; 1050–2050 m
- Note
- Commonly known as the tree tomato or tamarillo, the fruits are eaten raw, stewed or made into jam which has a pleasant fragrant taste, though the unripe fruits are considered slightly toxic. The fruits have a high vitamin content, with large amounts of ascorbic acid and vitamin D and they are very rich in carotene, making them good sources of pro-vitamin A. Despite the inflorescences bearing large numbers of flowers, only 1–5 fruits mature on each infructescence; these are predominantly bird-dispersed. The natural range and place of origin of S. betaceum remains conjectural (cf. Bohs, 1989). Truly wild populations are unknown though there are tentative reports of them occurring in Bolivia and NW Argentina; the plants are almost always associated with human habitation, with its possible depiction on pre-Colombian Peruvian pottery vessels suggesting that this species might have been domesticated by prehistoric inhabitants of the Andes (Bohs, 1989). This, however, has been disputed by some researchers who favour the relatively recent domestication of this species. It is now widely cultivated for both culinary and ornamental purposes in subtropical countries throughout the world including India, SE Asia, New Zealand and Australia as well as Africa. Hunziker (Genera Solanaceae: 320 (2001)) summarized the alkaloid mixture isolated from ‘ Cyphomandra betacea’ roots, surmising that this seemed to be the first reported species of a plant with atropine-like alkaloids and edible fruits. Amines and amides have also been found in ‘ C. betacea’ (Bohs, 1989). Medicinal uses of this species include the use of warmed leaves in poultices for sore throats, fruit pulp in poultices for inflammed tonsils. The leaves have also been used as a source of dyes (cf. Bohs, 1989). This is the only species of ‘ Cyphomandra’ found in the FTEA region where it is universally known as C. betacea (Cav.) Sendtn. This genus has largely been separated from Solanum on the basis of a thickened connective separating the two anther thecae – which appears as a thickened column on the backs of the anthers. Indeed the generic name is derived from the Greek kyphos meaning a tumour or curve and andros meaning male and referring to this curved thickened anther connective. The volatile perfumes produced in the epidermal cells of this connective attract pollinating male euglossine bees (cf. Hunziker, 2001).
- Distribution
- Flora districts: U2 U4 T2 T3 T7 Range: Probably native to Bolivia or NW Argentina Range: Cultivated, often naturalised in Ghana, Congo, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Natal) and Madagascar Range: Tropical and subtropical South and Central America, the West Indies, Spain, India, China, Papua New Guinea, Australia
[UPB]
- Use Animal Food
- Eaten by birds and insects (Florez-Cárdenas et al. 2010).
- Use Food
- Infructescences - The fruit is used to make juices (Florez-Cárdenas et al. 2010).
- Use Food Fruits Dessert Fruits
- Infructescences - Edible fruit, used for desserts (Romero Castañeda 1961).
- Use Medicines Unspecified Medicinal Disorders
- Medicinal (State of the World's Plants 2016).
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Gene Sources
- Used as gene sources.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
Native to:
Argentina Northwest, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Windward Is.
Introduced into:
Angola, Assam, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, East Himalaya, Ethiopia, Ghana, Great Britain, Guatemala, Gulf of Guinea Is., Honduras, India, Italy, Jamaica, Jawa, KwaZulu-Natal, Madagascar, Malawi, Marianas, Mauritius, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Myanmar, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, New Zealand North, Niue, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Queensland, Rwanda, Réunion, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sumatera, Taiwan, Tanzania, Trinidad-Tobago, Uganda, Vietnam, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
- English
- Tamarillo, Tree tomato
- Spanish
- Pepino de árbol, tomae, tomate de árbol.
Solanum betaceum Cav. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
May 1, 2004 | Jacobs, M. [4440] | K000096574 | Yes | ||
May 1, 2004 | Glaziou [7789], Brazil | K001058085 | Yes | ||
May 1, 2004 | Frodin, D.G. [657] | K000096575 | Yes | ||
May 1, 2004 | Clute, W.N. [220], Jamaica | K000096569 | Yes | ||
May 1, 2004 | Johnson, L. [8350], Australia | K000096577 | Yes | ||
May 1, 2004 | Gay, H. [20945], New Caledonia | K000096578 | Yes | ||
May 1, 2004 | Afriastini, J.J. [772] | K000096573 | Yes | ||
May 1, 2004 | Tweedie [s.n.] | K001058084 | Yes | ||
May 1, 2004 | Hernández, A.C. [49], Mexico | K000096542 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [s.n.], Brazil | K000195203 | Unknown type material | Yes | ||
s.coll [s.n.] | K001168404 | Yes | |||
Raynal, T. [20565], Rwanda | K001155899 | Yes | |||
Loveridge, M.V. [243], Uganda | K001157071 | Yes | |||
Strey, R.G. [10907], South Africa | K001159003 | Yes | |||
Goudot [101] | K001163045 | Yes | |||
Lehmann, F.C. [7818], Ecuador | K001163049 | Yes | |||
Solomon, J.C. [11227], Bolivia | K001163057 | Yes | |||
Solomon, J.C. [14408], Bolivia | K001163060 | Yes | |||
Eggeling, W.J. [3094], Uganda | K001157065 | Yes | |||
Steyermark, J.A. [95189] | K001163048 | Yes | |||
Wendelberger [34], Uganda | K001157070 | Yes | |||
s.coll [7272], Indonesia | K001168397 | Yes | |||
Dawkins, H.C. [D721], Uganda | K001157067 | Yes | |||
Eggers, H. [15069], Ecuador | K001163050 | Yes | |||
Streimann, H. [8710], Papua New Guinea | K001153715 | Yes | |||
Stauffer, H.U. [537], Congo | K001155897 | Yes | |||
Wild, H. [2034], Zimbabwe | K001158458 | Yes | |||
Martin, R. [1727], Peru | K001163052 | Yes | |||
s.coll [s.n.] | K001168409 | Yes | |||
Wilde, W.J.J.O. de [10241] | K001168400 | Yes | |||
Eggeling, W.J. [s.n.], Uganda | K001157066 | Yes | |||
Solomon, J.C. [11050], Bolivia | K001163059 | Yes | |||
Venugopal, N. [22422] | K001168395 | Yes | |||
s.coll [94289] | K001157060 | Yes | |||
Bang, A.M. [2337], Bolivia | K001163055 | Yes | |||
Wild, H. [2034], Zimbabwe | K001158457 | Yes | |||
Chase, M.W. [12267K], Guatemala | K001168402 | Yes | |||
Loveridge, M.V. [207], Uganda | K001157074 | Yes | |||
Cabrera, A.L. [27868], Argentina | K001167945 | Yes | |||
s.coll [s.n.] | K001163046 | Yes | |||
Morton, J.K. [K852], Cameroon | K001155898 | Yes | |||
Drummond, R.B. [2408], Tanzania | K001157063 | Yes | |||
Eyerdam, W.J. [25355], Bolivia | K001163054 | Yes | |||
Sigara [297], Tanzania | K001157062 | Yes | |||
Holton, I.F. [s.n.], Colombia | K001163043 | Yes | |||
Vink, W. [16343], Papua New Guinea | K001168398 | Yes | |||
Loveridge, M.V. [243], Uganda | K001157069 | Yes | |||
s.coll [4418], India | K001168399 | Yes | |||
Sigara [297], Kenya | K001157059 | Yes | |||
s.coll [s.n.] | K001168406 | Yes | |||
Gillett, J.B. [17583], Tanzania | K001157064 | Yes | |||
Loveridge, M.V. [207], Uganda | K001157072 | Yes | |||
Herb Gay, J. [s.n.] | K001168410 | Yes | |||
Bruijn, J. de [1439], Venezuela | K001163047 | Yes | |||
Loveridge, M.V. [207], Uganda | K001157073 | Yes | |||
Tweedie [s.n.] | K001168408 | Yes | |||
Strey, R.G. [10907], South Africa | K001159002 | Yes | |||
s.coll [H2445/61], United Kingdom | K001168411 | Yes | |||
Nee, M. [38493], Bolivia | K001163058 | Yes | |||
s.coll [s.n.] | K001168403 | Yes | |||
Lehmann, F.C. [6433], Ecuador | K001163042 | Yes | |||
s.coll [H2445/61], United Kingdom | K001168412 | Yes | |||
Kalbreyer, W. [1019], Colombia | K001163044 | Yes | |||
Solomon, J.C. [14408], Bolivia | K000441080 | Yes | |||
Klug, G. [4192], Peru | K001163053 | Yes | |||
Sperling, C.R. [5406], Bolivia | K001163056 | Yes | |||
Silva, M. de [3421], Angola | K001029817 | Yes | |||
McLean [s.n.], Peru | K001168401 | Yes | |||
Gamble, J.S. [16860], India | K001168396 | Yes | |||
Wild, H. [2034], Zimbabwe | K001158456 | Yes | |||
Gay, H. [20945], New Caledonia | K001155369 | Yes | |||
s.coll [s.n.] | K001168407 | Yes | |||
Loveridge, M.V. [243], Uganda | K001157068 | Yes | |||
Beaman, J.H. [9453], Malaysia | K001153395 | Yes | |||
Friis, I. [2187], Ethiopia | K001156081 | Yes | |||
Little Jr., E.L. [6173], Ecuador | K001163051 | Yes | |||
Drummond, R.B. [2408], Kenya | K001157061 | Yes | |||
Oct 1, 2003 | Pollard, B.J. [924], Cameroon | Cyphomandra betacea | K000212619 | No | |
Oct 1, 2003 | Ghogue, J.-P. [1041], Cameroon | Cyphomandra betacea | K000212622 | Yes | |
Oct 1, 2003 | Onana, J.-M. [1803], Cameroon | Cyphomandra betacea | K000212620 | Yes | |
Oct 1, 2003 | Biye, E. [79], Cameroon | Cyphomandra betacea | K000212621 | Yes | |
Feb 1, 2002 | Biye, E. [34], Cameroon | Cyphomandra betacea | K000109664 | No | |
Feb 1, 2000 | Etuge, M. [3603], Cameroon | Cyphomandra betacea | K000339144 | Yes | |
Dawkins, H.C. [721], Uganda | Cyphomandra betacea | 2535.000 | No | ||
Cyphomandra betacea | 7102.000 | No |
First published in Anales Hist. Nat. 1: 44 (1799)
Accepted by
- Bikandu, B., Lukoki, F. & Habari, J.P. (2020). Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaire-rwanda-Burundi) Solanaceae: 1-162. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique.
- PBI Solanum Project (2014-continuously updated). Solanaceae Source: a global taxonomic resource for the nightshade family http://www.solanaceaesource.org/.
Literature
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
Useful Plants of Boyacá Project
- Florez-Cárdenas, G., Núñez-Izquierdo, O. L., Núñez-Izquierdo, M. M., Ramírez-Mesa, M., & Zusunaga-Quintana, J. A. (2010). 100 Plantas útiles del páramo del Rabanal: Guía para comunidades rurales. Bogotá: Instituto Alexander von Humboldt - CAR - Corpoboyac
- Kew Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) https://www.kew.org/science/data-and-resources/tools-and-services/medicinal-plant-names-services in The State of the World’s Plants Report–2016. (2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew https://stateoftheworldsplants.or
- Romero Castañeda, R. (1961). Plantas útiles de Colombia. Volumen I. San Juan Eudes, Bogotá.
Flora Zambesiaca
- Ann. Hist. Nat. 1: 44 (1799).
- Taxon 44: 584 (1995). TAB. 14.
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Bikandu, B., Lukoki, F. & Habari, J.P. (2020). Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaire-rwanda-Burundi) Solanaceae: 1-162. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique.
- Mao, A.A., Odyuo, N., Verma, D. & Singh, P. (2017). Checklist of Flora of Nagaland: 1-196. Botanical Survey of India.
Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Anal. Hist. Nat. 1: 44 (1799)
- Dunal, Hist. Solanum: 169 (1813)
- F.Z. 8(4): 75 (2005).
- Gen. Hist. Dichl. Pl. 4: 108 (1837)
- Hort. Kew, ed. 2(1): 400 (1810)
- Icon. 6: 15, t. 524 (1800)
- Rev. Hort.: 150 (1880)
- Solanaceae IV: 293 (1999)
- Synopsis: 7 (1816)
- Taxon 44: 584 (1995)
Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
- Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
- Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
- Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
- FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
- GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
- GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
- IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
- Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
- Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
-
Art and Illustrations in Digifolia
Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew
-
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible
ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
-
Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
-
Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Kew Living Collection Database
Common Names from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Living Collection https://www.kew.org/
-
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Kew Science Photographs
Copyright applied to individual images
-
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
ColPlantA database
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Useful Plants of Boyacá Project
ColPlantA database
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/