Solanaceae
Solanum

Solanum lycopersicum L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 185 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Peru. It is a scrambling subshrub and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. It is used as animal food, a poison, a medicine and invertebrate food, has environmental uses and social uses and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Peru

Introduced into:

Alabama, Alaska, Andaman Is., Angola, Arizona, Arkansas, Assam, Austria, Azores, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bolivia, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Burkina, California, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canary Is., Cape Verde, Caroline Is., Central African Repu, Chagos Archipelago, Chatham Is., Christmas I., Colombia, Comoros, Connecticut, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Delaware, Dominican Republic, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Fiji, Florida, Galápagos, Georgia, Gilbert Is., Gulf of Guinea Is., Haiti, Hawaii, Illinois, India, Indiana, Iowa, Ivory Coast, Jawa, Kansas, Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Korea, Laccadive Is., Laos, Leeward Is., Line Is., Louisiana, Madagascar, Madeira, Maine, Malawi, Mali, Marianas, Marquesas, Marshall Is., Maryland, Massachusetts, Mauritania, Mauritius, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nansei-shoto, Nauru, Nebraska, Nepal, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Caledonia, New Hampshire, New York, New Zealand North, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Niue, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nova Scotia, Ogasawara-shoto, Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Pakistan, Panamá, Pennsylvania, Philippines, Pitcairn Is., Puerto Rico, Québec, Rhode I., Réunion, Saskatchewan, Selvagens, Society Is., South Carolina, South European Russi, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Tennessee, Texas, Trinidad-Tobago, Tuamotu, Tubuai Is., Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Utah, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vermont, Vietnam, Virginia, Wake I., Wisconsin, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Bikandu, B., Lukoki, F. & Habari, J.P. (2020). Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaire-rwanda-Burundi) Solanaceae: 1-162. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique.
  • Cameron, E.K. (2021). Updated vascular flora and vegitation of the Noises islands, Hauraki Gulf. Journal, Auckland Botanical Society 76: 51-81.
  • Chou, S., Chhnang, P. & Kim, Y. (2016). A Checklist for the Seed Plants of Cambodia: 1-272. National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • Gonçalves, A.E. (2005). Flora Zambesiaca 8(4): 1-124. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Jones, R.L. (2005). Plant life of Kentucky. An illustrated guide to the vascular flora: 1-833. The universitry press of Kentucky.
  • Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
  • Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
  • Muer, T., Sauerbier, H. & Cabrara Calixto, F. (2020). Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Madeiras: 1-792. Verlag und Versandbuchhandlung Andreas Kleinsteuber.
  • Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
  • Sarder, N.U. & Hassan, M.A. (eds.) (2018). Vascular flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts 3: 1-978. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.
  • Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.
  • Thaman, R.R. & Tye, A. (2015). Flora of Kiritimari (Christmass) atoll, Northern Line islands, Republic of Kiribati. Atoll Research Bulletin 608: 1-73.

An alternative taxonomy had been proposed by the following authorities:

  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (1994). Flora of China 17: 1-378. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis). [Cited as Lycopersicon esculentum.]

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Flora of West Tropical Africa

  • (1753) incl. var.

Useful Plants of Boyacá Project

  • Crop wild relative Inventory https://www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist/ in The State of the World’s Plants Report–2016. (2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew https://stateoftheworldsplants.org/2016/
  • Cuervo, S. (1999). Origen de las tecnologías agrícolas en el altiplano boyacense. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas. Tunja. Colombia
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Castro, C. (Proveedor de metadatos), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). Versión 11.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • (2020). http://media.bgbm.org/erez/erez?cmd=get&src=cypricola/Cypricola015%5FHand%5F2020%5FRecords%2D1996%2D2019.pdf. epublication.
  • Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Bikandu, B., Lukoki, F. & Habari, J.P. (2020). Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaire-rwanda-Burundi) Solanaceae: 1-162. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique.
  • Cameron, E.K. (2021). Updated vascular flora and vegitation of the Noises islands, Hauraki Gulf. Journal, Auckland Botanical Society 76: 51-81.
  • Chou, S., Chhnang, P. & Kim, Y. (2016). A Checklist for the Seed Plants of Cambodia: 1-272. National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.
  • Delipavlov, D. & Cheshmedzhiev, I. (eds.) (2011). Opredelitel na rasteniiata v Bulgariia: 1-590. Akad. Isd. Agrar. Univers. Plovdiv.
  • Florence, J., Waldren, S. & Chepstow-Lusty, A.J. (1995). The flora of the Pitcairn islands: a review. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56: 79-119.
  • Iwatsuki, K., Yamazaki, T., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (1993). Flora of Japan IIIa: 1-482. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.
  • Jones, R.L. (2005). Plant life of Kentucky. An illustrated guide to the vascular flora: 1-833. The universitry press of Kentucky.
  • Mao, A.A., Sinha, B.K., Verma, D. & Sarma, N. (2016). Check-List of Flora of Meghalaya: 1-273. Meghalaya Biodiversity Board, Shillong.
  • Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
  • Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
  • Ri͡abinina, Z.N. & Kni͡azev, M.S. (2009). Opredelitel sosudistykh rastenii Orenburgskoi oblasti: 1-757. Moskva: KMK.
  • Sarder, N.U. & Hassan, M.A. (eds.) (2018). Vascular flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts 3: 1-978. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.
  • Shevtsov, V. (2022). Personal Communication on South European Russia. 1.
  • Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.

Flora of Tropical East Africa

  • E.J. 54: 500 (1917)
  • F.Z. 8(4): 69 (2005)
  • P.O.A. C: 356 (1895)
  • Sp. Pl. 1: 185 (1753)
  • Syst. Bot. Monogr. 84 133 (2008).

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Castañeda, R.R. (1991). Frutas silvestres de Colombia. Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica.
  • Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
  • Dempewolf, H., Eastwood, R. J., Guarino, L., Khoury, C. K., Müller, J. V. & Toll, J. (2014). Adapting agriculture to climate change: a global initiative to collect, conserve, and use crop wild relatives. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38, 369-377.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • Garcia, H. (1992). Flora Medicinal de Colombia. Botánica Médica. Segunda Edición. Tercer Mundo Editores. Tomo III.
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jan 1, 2006 Hooker, J.D. (?) [s.n.], Cape Verde K001134488 Yes
Jan 1, 2006 Freeman [10] K001134489 Yes
Jan 1, 2002 Darwin, C. [s.n.] K000005490 Yes
Jan 1, 2002 Coulter [1241], Mexico K000005489 Yes
Jan 1, 2002 Linden, J. [252], Mexico K000063063 Yes
Jan 1, 2002 Spruce, R. [4143], Peru K000195127 No
Jan 1, 2002 Spruce, R. [4143], Peru K000195128 No
Jun 24, 1905 Sharma, B.D. [167435], India K000005459 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Buysman, M. [190] K000005471 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Collins, D.J. [900], Thailand K000005481 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Simpson, N.D. [5441], Egypt K000195091 No
Jun 24, 1905 Lowne, B.T. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000195102 No
Jun 24, 1905 Aellen, P. [s.n.], France K000195110 No
Jun 24, 1905 Preston, T.A. [s.n.], Brazil K000195120 No
Jun 24, 1905 Tate, R. [257(232)], Nicaragua K000195121 No
Jun 24, 1905 Harris, W. [11896], Jamaica K000195124 No
Jun 24, 1905 Sinclair, J. [s.n.] K000195139 No
Jun 24, 1905 Wallich, N. [2611B], India K000005460 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Powell, D.A. [757], Christmas I. K000005469 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Vogel, E. [s.n.], Niger K000005484 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Ingoldby, C.M. [414], Turkey K000195105 No
Jun 24, 1905 Sintenis, P. [s.n.], Puerto Rico K000195122 No
Jun 24, 1905 Koorders, S.H. [22623b], Indonesia K000005477 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Collins, D.J. [1252], Thailand K000005480 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Gardner, M.F. [1789], Brazil K000195118 No
Jun 24, 1905 Hu, S.Y. [5341], China K000005454 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Aellen, P. [s.n.], France K000195111 No
Jun 24, 1905 Watt, G. [6281], India K000005486 No
Jun 24, 1905 Anonymous [26049], Iraq K000195089 No
Jun 24, 1905 Hohenacker, R.F. [82], Austria K000195109 No
Jun 24, 1905 Wright, C.A. [s.n.] K000195108 No
Jun 24, 1905 Glaziou, A.F.M. [12098], Brazil K000195119 No
Jun 24, 1905 Godefroy-Lebeuf, M. [s.n.], Cambodia K000005485 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Heldreich, T. von [s.n.], Greece K000195104 No
Jun 24, 1905 Dinsmore, J.E. [3106], Jordan K000195096 No
Jun 24, 1905 Koorders, S.H. [29401b], Indonesia K000005473 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Hoyle, H.b. [s.n.], India K000005456 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Anonymous [s.n.], United Kingdom K000195115 No
Jun 24, 1905 Héribaud, F. [s.n.], France K000195133 No
Jun 24, 1905 Koorders, S.H. [21293b], Indonesia K000005475 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Conklin, H.C. [I1157], Philippines K000005464 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Lowne, B.T. [s.n.], Lebanon K000195095 No
Jun 24, 1905 Jameson, D. [152] K000005453 No
Jun 24, 1905 Koorders, S.H. [27962b], Indonesia K000005476 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Anonymous [s.n.] K000005448 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Powell, D.A. [757], Christmas I. K000005472 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Anonymous [s.n.], United Kingdom K000195114 No
Jun 24, 1905 Berlandier, J.L. [2405-975], Mexico K000195131 No
Jun 24, 1905 St Vincent [36] K000005483 No
Jun 24, 1905 Britton, N.L. [1089], Trinidad & Tobago K000195123 No
Jun 24, 1905 Bedi, R. [674], Bhutan K000005458 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Loher, A. [4385], Philippines K000005466 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Nafday, K.U.R. [159], India K000005482 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Crisp, P. [171] K000195097 No
Jun 24, 1905 Bedi, R. [674], Bhutan K000005457 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Lévy, P. [5], Nicaragua K000195137 No
Jun 24, 1905 Galeotti, H.G. [1195], Mexico K000195134 No
Jun 24, 1905 Koorders, S.H. [37842b], Indonesia K000005474 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Merrill, E.D. [14], Philippines K000005467 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Mill, J.S. [s.n.], France K000195107 No
Jun 24, 1905 Hohenacker, R.F. [487], India K000195136 No
Jun 24, 1905 Anonymous [s.n.] K000195101 No
Jun 24, 1905 Aitchison, J.E.T. [483], India K000005487 No
Jun 24, 1905 Anonymous [s.n.], United Kingdom K000195113 No
Jun 24, 1905 Stapf, O. [s.n.] K000195093 No
Jun 24, 1905 Galeotti, H.G. [1195], Mexico K000195135 No
Jun 24, 1905 Anonymous [160S], Portugal K000195085 No
Jun 24, 1905 Bukasov, S. [392], Mexico K000005462 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Bourgeau, E. [1447a], Spain K000005451 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Taylor, P.M. [P357], Indonesia K000005478 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Rottler, J.P. [s.n.], India K000005455 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Pickersgill, B. [RO72-365], Brazil K000195117 No
Jun 24, 1905 Lakshnakara, M.C. [1362], Thailand K000005479 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Lowe, R.T. [s.n.], Portugal K000005450 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Last, G.V.C. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000195103 No
Jun 24, 1905 Anonymous [s.n.] K000195140 No
Jun 24, 1905 Maximowicz, C.J. [s.n.], Japan K000005447 No
Jun 24, 1905 Burchell, W.J. [69942] K000195116 No
Jun 24, 1905 Lange, P.J. De [NF149], Australia K000195112 No
Jun 24, 1905 Héribaud, F. [s.n.], France K000195138 No
Jun 24, 1905 Shabeta, J.R. [191] K000195092 No
Jun 24, 1905 Cuadra, A. [A1144], Malaysia K000005470 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Haussknecht, H.C. [s.n.], Syria K000195094 No
Jun 24, 1905 Anonymous [s.n.], Russian Federation K000005461 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Heyde, E.T. [6360], Guatemala K000195132 No
Jun 24, 1905 Oldham, R. [343], Taiwan K000005449 Yes
Jun 24, 1905 Conklin, H.C. [I1108], Philippines K000005465 Yes
Strachey, R. [8], India K000005452 Yes
s.coll [3380], Egypt K000005371 Yes
Marshall, J. [101], United Kingdom K000005383 Yes
s.coll [s.n.] K000005385 Yes
Chung, H.-.H. [2431], China K000005445 Yes
Herb. v. Royen [s.n.] K001169240 Yes
Brummitt, R.K. [12408], Malawi K001158636 Yes
Starke [s.n.] K000005373 No
Egger, B. [496] K000005393 Yes
Herb Goodenough [15] K000005374 Yes
Meller, C.J. [s.n.] K001158635 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2611] K001116571 Yes
Herb. v. Royen [s.n.] K001169239 Yes
Sintenis, P.E.E. [2443], Puerto Rico K000005365 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [2147], Egypt K001152169 Yes
Newbould, J.G.B. [4411], Tanzania K001157735 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2611] K001116569 Yes
Mesfin, T. [1753], Ethiopia K001156396 Yes
Dowson, W.J. [465], Kenya K001157739 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2611] K001116572 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2611] K001116567 Yes
Rodin, R.J. [2682], South Africa K001159333 Yes
Combs, R. [225], Cuba K000005367 Yes
s.coll [K220] K000005400 Yes
s.coll [s.n.] K000005378 Yes
Price, W.R. [460], Taiwan K000005446 Yes
Perumal, P. [21566], India K000005387 Yes
Welwitsch [6046], Angola K001029818 Yes
Mandon, G. [391], Bolivia K000005399 Yes
Huxley, P. [164], Tanzania K001157734 Yes
Nee, M. [34447], Brazil K000005390 Yes
Baron, R. [2294], Madagascar K001158936 Yes
Mwangangi, O.M. [1710], Kenya K001157738 Yes
Greenway, P.J. [11334], Tanzania K001157733 Yes
Licent, E. [892], China K000005444 Yes
Guzman C, U. [3041], Mexico K001160487 Yes
Baron, R. [4142], Madagascar K001158937 Yes
s.coll [5118], Egypt K000005386 Yes
Grimshaw, J.M. [94674], Tanzania K001157736 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2611] K001116568 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2611], India K001116570 Yes
Trapnell, C.G. [1458], Zambia K001158637 Yes
Edwards, S. [3810], Ethiopia K001156397 Yes
Prior, A. [s.n.] K000005391 Yes
Epenhuijsen, C.W. van [16], Nigeria K000005389 Yes
Herb Forster [s.n.] K000005368 Yes
Greenway, P.J. [13437], Tanzania K001157732 Yes
Maitland, T.D. [702], Uganda K001157740 Yes
Ward, C.J. [6210], South Africa K001159332 Yes
s.coll [s.n.] K000005375 Yes
Ekman, E.L. [H 11373], Dominican Republic K000005366 Yes
s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom K000005384 Yes
Hu, S.Y. [9025], Hong Kong K000005388 Yes
Curtis, J. [s.n.], France K000005379 Yes
Kisena [53], Tanzania K001157737 Yes
Nee, M. [16065], USA K000005392 Yes
s.coll [s.n.] K000005376 Yes
s.coll [s.n.] Solanum pseudolycopersicum K001169843 Yes
Lycopersicon esculentum 17703.000 No
Hinton, G.B. [5813], Mexico Lycopersicon esculentum K000063061 Yes
Cope, T.A. [RBG 198], Great Britain Lycopersicon esculentum K000914297 Yes
Mexia, Y. [8941], Mexico Lycopersicon esculentum K000063065 No
Velázquez L., C. [173], Mexico Lycopersicon esculentum K000063066 No
Gaumer, G.F. [2272], Mexico Lycopersicon esculentum K000063064 No
Calzada, J.I. [1852], Mexico Lycopersicon esculentum K000063067 No

Sources

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible

    • ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Flora of Somalia

    • Flora of Somalia
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2022 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Living Collection https://www.kew.org/

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2022 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants of Boyacá Project

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/