Solanaceae
Solanum

Solanum seaforthianum Andrews

First published in Bot. Repos. 8: t. 504 (1808)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Florida to Caribbean, Mexico to Venezuela, Brazil (Fernando de Noronha). It is a liana and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. It is used as a poison and a medicine, has environmental uses and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Belize, Brazil Northeast, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Florida, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is.

Introduced into:

Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil North, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Central African Republic, China South-Central, China Southeast, Comoros, Cyprus, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Hawaii, India, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Lebanon-Syria, Lesser Sunda Is., Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nansei-shoto, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, Northern Provinces, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Queensland, Réunion, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe

Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Bikandu, B., Lukoki, F. & Habari, J.P. (2020). Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaire-rwanda-Burundi) Solanaceae: 1-162. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique.
  • Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
  • Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (2001). Flora of Bhutan 2: 1-1675. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Hợp, V.V. (2017). Thực Vật Chí Việt Nam. Flora of Vietnam 17: 1-324. Nhà xuất bản khoa học và kỹ thuật, Hà Nội.
  • Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.
  • Liogier, A.H. (1994). Flora de la Española 6: 1-517. Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo.
  • Lê, T.C. (2005). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 3: 1-1248. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
  • PBI Solanum Project (2014-continuously updated). Solanaceae Source: a global taxonomic resource for the nightshade family http://www.solanaceaesource.org/.
  • Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Flora of West Tropical Africa

  • Bot. Reposit. 8: t. 504 (1808)

Flora Zambesiaca

  • Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 81: 291, 326 (1962).
  • Bot. Repos. 8: t. 504 (1808).
  • Clark, Victoria Falls Handb.: 155 (1953).
  • De Wildeman, Miss. Ém. Laurent 1: 440 (1907).
  • F. White, For. Fl. Northern Rhodesia: 377 (1962).
  • F.W.T.A., ed. 2, 2: 332 (1963).
  • J. Adel. Bot. Gard. 4: 67, fig. 15, 148/Q, 159/Q (1981).
  • Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 53: 490 (1986).
  • Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 56: 177 (1987). TAB. 15.
  • Ross, Fl. Natal: 308 (1972).
  • T. & H. Durand, Syll. Fl. Congol.: 391 (1909).

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
  • Liogier, A.H. (1994). Flora de la Española 6: 1-517. Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo.

Flora of Tropical East Africa

  • Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60: 758 (1973)
  • Bot. Repos. 8: t. 504 (1808)
  • Bothalia 25(1): 57 (1995)
  • DC., Prodr. 13(1): 67 (1852)
  • Dunal, Synopsis: 7 (1816)
  • F.F.N.R.: 377 (1962)
  • F.Z. 8(4): 79 (2005).
  • Fl. Egypt, Family 159: 45 (1998)
  • Fl. Madagascar, 176: 125 (1994)
  • G. Don, Gen. Hist. Dichlam. Pl.: 407 (1837)
  • Huxley et al., New RHS Dict. Gard. 4: 382 (1992)
  • Jaeger, Syst. studies Solanum in Africa: 319 (1985, ined.)
  • Journ. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4: 67 (1981)
  • Journ. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 8: 79 (1985)
  • Purdie et al., Fl. Australia 29: 105 (1982)
  • T.T.C.L.: 577 (1949)
  • Urban, Symb. Antill., 6: 167 (1909)

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • Jansen, P., Lemmens, R., Oyen, L., Siemonsma, J., Stavast, F. & Van Valkenburg, J. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Basic list of species and commodity grouping. Final version. Pudoc, Wageningen.
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
May 1, 2012 Matthew, K.M. [RHT28530] India K000788138 Yes
May 1, 2012 Krishnappa, D.G. [368] India K000788141 Yes
May 1, 2012 Maesen, L.J.G., van der [2794] India K000788139 Yes
May 1, 2012 Philcox, D. [4468] Brazil K000788120 Yes
May 1, 2012 Parker, C.S. [s.n.] Guyana K000788123 Yes
May 1, 2012 Parker, C.S. [s.n.] Guyana K000788121 Yes
May 1, 2012 Gandhi, K.N. [HFP2060] India K000788137 Yes
May 1, 2012 Raizada, M.B. [20269] India K000788140 Yes
May 1, 2012 Mansfield, A.L. [s.n.] Guyana K000788122 Yes
May 1, 2012 Cooray, R.G. [7020308R] Sri Lanka K000788142 Yes
May 1, 2012 Matthew, K.M. [RHT48498] India K000788136 Yes
Mar 1, 2011 Jayasuriya, M. [1936] Sri Lanka K000788146 Yes
Feb 1, 2011 Comanor, P.L. [831] Sri Lanka K000788150 Yes
Feb 1, 2011 Fosberg, F.R. [57171] Sri Lanka K000788149 Yes
Feb 1, 2011 Jayasuriya, A.H.M. [1409] Sri Lanka K000788143 Yes
Feb 1, 2011 Fosberg, F.R. [56368] Sri Lanka K000788148 Yes
Feb 1, 2011 Jayasuriya, A.H.M. [1385] Sri Lanka K000788145 Yes
Feb 1, 2011 Jayasuriya, A.H.M. [1426] Sri Lanka K000788144 Yes
Dec 1, 2009 Valeur, E.J. [681] Dominican Republic K000196455 Yes
Oct 1, 2009 Constable, E.F. [4903] Australia K000788560 Yes
Oct 1, 2009 Sintenis, P. [6292] Puerto Rico K000196449 No
Nov 1, 2008 Symon, D.E. [4754] Australia K000788553 Yes
Jun 1, 2008 Broadway, W.E. [6369] Trinidad and Tobago K000196444 Yes
Feb 1, 2008 Calzada, J.I. [24284] Mexico K000545377 Yes
Feb 1, 2008 Yuncker, T.G. [5685] Honduras K000545371 Yes
Feb 1, 2008 Gaumer, G.F. [841] Mexico K000545374 Yes
Feb 1, 2008 Heyde, E.T. [DS3821] Guatemala K000545376 Yes
Feb 1, 2008 Moloney, A. [115] Belize K000545373 Yes
Feb 1, 2008 Donnell Smith, J. [2677] Guatemala K000545375 Yes
Feb 1, 2008 Hassler, É. [11990] Paraguay K000788124 Yes
Jan 1, 2007 Hoskin, J. [s.n.] Dominica K000196457 No
Jan 1, 2007 Simmonds, N.W. [14479] Trinidad and Tobago K000196446 Yes
Jan 1, 2007 Baker, R.E.D. [14848] Trinidad and Tobago K000196447 Yes
Jan 1, 2007 Walsh, J.J. [s.n.] British Virgin Islands K000196462 No
Jan 1, 2007 Anderson [s.n.] Trinidad and Tobago K000196445 Yes
Jan 1, 2007 Sandwith, N.Y. [1674] Trinidad and Tobago K000196443 Yes
Jan 1, 2007 Simmonds, N.W. [14479] Trinidad and Tobago K000196441 Yes
Jan 1, 2007 Fendler, A. [614] Trinidad and Tobago K000196442 Yes
Jan 1, 2007 Rev, L.G. [s.n.] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines K000196450 Yes
Jan 1, 2007 Ekman, E.L. [H14352] Dominican Republic K000196453 Yes
Jan 1, 2007 Anonymous [s.n.] United Kingdom K000196448 Yes
Mar 9, 1939 MacGregor, W.D. [364] Nigeria K001155784 Yes
Jul 5, 1905 Lazarides, M. [4239] Australia K000788555 Yes
Jul 5, 1905 Johnson, R.W. [2625] Australia K000788556 Yes
Jul 5, 1905 Longman, H.A. [s.n.] Australia K000788552 Yes
Jul 5, 1905 Blake, S.T. [3115] Australia K000788557 Yes
Jul 5, 1905 Maconochie, J.R. [2729] Australia K000788558 Yes
Jul 5, 1905 Halliday, T.A. [508] Australia K000788559 Yes
Jul 5, 1905 Snow, N. [7745] Australia K000788549 Yes
Jul 5, 1905 Clark, S.J. [1259] Australia K000788561 Yes
Jul 5, 1905 Orchard, A.E. [4678] Australia K000788550 Yes
Jul 5, 1905 White, C.T. [12683] Australia K000788554 Yes
Jul 5, 1905 Longman, H.A. [s.n.] Australia K000788551 Yes
Jul 5, 1905 Clark, S.J. [1259] Australia K000788562 Yes
Jul 4, 1905 Anna, M. [NPGRC396] Tanzania K000788320 Yes
Jul 4, 1905 Sastre, C. [8297] Guadeloupe K000788339 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Atherton, G. [86] Cyprus K000788315 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Dubois, J. [109] Congo, Republic of the K000658556 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Laurent, M. [s.n.] Congo, Republic of the K000658553 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Linder, D.H. [1880] Congo, Republic of the K000658554 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Borhidi, A. [85359] Tanzania K000658647 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Borhidi, A. [85359] Tanzania K000658646 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Semsei, S.R. [3487] Tanzania K000658651 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Mwachala, G. [EW-1203] Kenya K000658643 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Ruffo, C.K. [547] Tanzania K000658653 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Hira, H. [s.n.] Kenya K000658645 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Van Rensberg, H.J. [495] Tanzania K000658652 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Malaisse, F. [8837] Congo, Republic of the K000658555 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Faulkner, H.G. [656] Tanzania K000658648 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Faulkner, H.G. [656] Tanzania K000658649 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Bally, P.R.O. [6565] Kenya K000658644 Yes
Jul 3, 1905 Semsei, S.R. [3487] Tanzania K000658650 Yes
Jul 2, 1905 Gardner, G. [2427] Brazil K000788119 Yes
Jul 2, 1905 Gardner, G. [2427] Brazil K000788118 Yes
Jun 28, 1905 Harris, W. [11959] Jamaica K000196452 Yes
Jun 28, 1905 Harris, W. [11959] Jamaica K000196451 Yes
Jun 28, 1905 Combs, R. [35] Cuba K000196456 Unknown Type Material Yes
Jun 8, 1905 Lehmann, F.C. [1012] Costa Rica K000545372 Yes
May 31, 1905 Comanor, P.L. [718] Sri Lanka K000788147 Yes
Onyeachusim, H.D. [47234] Nigeria K001155786 Yes
Takaindisa, H.M. [14] Zimbabwe K001158777 Yes
Hu, S.Y. [10366] Hong Kong K001169981 Yes
Fanshawe, D.B. [1262] Zambia K001158753 Yes
Buitendag, E. [814] South Africa K001159481 Yes
Green, P.S. [RSNH 1039] Vanuatu K001155347 Yes
Raynal, J. [RSNH 16057] Vanuatu K001155348 Yes
Gledhill, D. [764] Nigeria K001155785 Yes
Fendler, A. [976] Venezuela K001165681 Yes
s.coll [236] Guatemala K001169984 Yes
Moritz [406] K001165683 Yes
Deighton, F.C. [5515] Sierra Leone K001155782 Yes
Simon, B.K. [2142] Zimbabwe K001158770 Yes
Steyermark, J.A. [88841] Venezuela K001165682 Yes
s.coll [1345] Zambia K001158766 Yes
Bernardi [19874] Taiwan K001169978 Yes
Strid, A. [2818] Zambia K001158750 Yes
Herb Q.V.M. [8909] Zimbabwe K001158769 Yes
Kerenga, K.; Kerenga, T.K. [LAE77239] Papua New Guinea K001153789 Yes
BISH staff; NAVFAC Hawaii staff [BP 011] United States K001614892 No
Tracey, J.A. [44] Colombia K001165677 Yes
Garrett, H.B.G. [1342] Thailand K001153338 Yes
Chipunga, L. [136] Zimbabwe K001158773 Yes
Friedman [1603] Madagascar K001158971 Yes
Nicholas, A.; Reid, C.; Immelman, K.. [2163] South Africa K001159480 Yes
s.coll [737] K001158779 Yes
Florence; Sykes [11173] French Polynesia K001155565 Yes
s.coll [4608] Zimbabwe K001158768 Yes
Angus, A. [1201] Zambia K001158749 Yes
Angus, A. [3043] Zambia K001158764 Yes
Ruffo; Mmari [2164] Tanzania K001158013 Yes
Scheepers, J.C. [265] South Africa K001159489 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M.; Greenwat, P.J. [7778] Zambia K001158763 Yes
Lorence, D.H. [2297] Mauritius K001158968 Yes
Blackmore, S.; Dudley, C.O. [151] Malawi K001158744 Yes
Schlieben; Strey [8274] South Africa K001159482 Yes
Fanshawe, D.B. [7624] Zambia K001158754 Yes
s.coll [s.n.] United Kingdom K001169979 Yes
Cadet, T. [3690] Reunion K001158970 Yes
Miller, O.O. [104] Venezuela K001165687 Yes
s.coll. [13047] Venezuela K001165685 Yes
Bernardi [14830] Mauritius K001158967 Yes
Mitchell, B.L. [25/81] Zambia K001158762 Yes
Barthelat, F.; M'Changama, M.; Sifary, A.B. [127] Mayotte K001158973 Yes
Zarucchi, J.L.; Cuadros Villalobos, H. [4057] Colombia K001165679 Yes
Biegel, H.M. [1954] Zimbabwe K001158772 Yes
Pócs, T. [88166/K] Tanzania K001158012 Yes
Schlieben; Strey [8274] South Africa K001159483 Yes
Rensburg, H.J., van [1598] Zambia K001158767 Yes
Ngoni, J.F. [73] Zimbabwe K001158774 Yes
Vahrmeijer, J. [369] South Africa K001159488 Yes
Schlieben, H.-.J. [11316] Mayotte K001158972 Yes
Dinsmore, J.E. [s.n.] Syria K001152181 Yes
Bourne [s.n.] K001169982 Yes
Lehmann, F.C. [4711] Colombia K001165676 Yes
Cowper, S.G. [17] Mauritius K001158969 Yes
s.coll [342] Vanuatu K001155343 Yes
Chanel, S. [165] Vanuatu K001155345 Yes
Camerik, A.M. [8] Botswana K001158778 Yes
s.coll [5823] United Kingdom K001169980 Yes
Winter, B., de [2768] South Africa K001159485 Yes
Füncke [46] Venezuela K001165684 Yes
Robinson, E.A. [283] Zambia K001158760 Yes
Chanel, S. [149] Vanuatu K001155344 Yes
Williams, L.W. [13493] Venezuela K001165686 Yes
Chew, W.L. [RSNH 389] Vanuatu K001155346 Yes
Fanshawe, D.B. [F5394] Zambia K001158759 Yes
Fanshawe, D.B. [7622] Zambia K001158755 Yes
Rodin, R.J. [2585] South Africa K001159484 Yes
Robinson, E.A. [2906] Zambia K001158757 Yes
Smith, H.H. [1178] Colombia K001165680 Yes
Fanshawe, D.B. [10479] Zambia K001158752 Yes
Parker, R.N. [4198] Zimbabwe K001158761 Yes
Garrett, H.B.G. [1342] Thailand K001153339 Yes
McLean, S. [123] South Africa K001159479 Yes
Müller, T. [5] Zimbabwe K001158775 Yes
Richardson, I.B.K.; Coode, M.J.E.; et al [4001] Mauritius K001158966 Yes
Simwanda, P. [90] Zambia K001158751 Yes
Bourne [s.n.] K001169983 Yes
Wild, H. [3136] Zambia K001158765 Yes
Hinton, G.B.; et al. [12255] Mexico K000063962 Yes
Deighton, F.C. [5515] Sierra Leone K001155783 Yes
s.coll [5125] Zimbabwe K001158771 Yes
Valeur, E.J. [681] Dominican Republic K000196454 Yes
Jervis, W. R. [s.n.] Colombia K001165674 Yes
Chapman, J.D.; Chapman, E.G. [9481] Malawi K001158745 Yes
Robinson, E.A. [283] Zambia K001158758 Yes
Kerr, A.F.G. [2092] Thailand K001153341 Yes
André, É.F. [96] Colombia K001165675 Yes
Wright, J.M. [239] Malawi K001158747 Yes
Scott-SMith, D.P. [96] South Africa K001159478 Yes
Werdermann, E.; Oberdieck, H.D. [2391] South Africa K001159486 Yes
Fanshawe, D.B. [7623] Zambia K001158756 Yes
McKee, H.S. [5201] New Caledonia K001155396 Yes
Dyer, R.A. [s.n.] South Africa K001159487 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [s.n.] United Kingdom K001169977 Yes
Winit, K. [707] Thailand K001153340 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [s.n.] United Kingdom K001169976 Yes
Chiparawasha, O. [462] Zimbabwe K001158776 Yes
Fanshawe, D.B. [4568] Zambia K001158748 Yes
Pignal, M.M. [1074] Mayotte K001158974 Yes
Brummitt, R.K. [9524] Malawi K001158746 Yes
Lehmann, F.C. [K228] Colombia K001165678 Yes
André, É.F. [K633] Ecuador Solanum cyrrhosum K001163568 Yes
Colombia Solanum tenuifolium K000585662 Unknown Type Material Yes
Villeter [2025] Colombia Solanum tenuifolium K001166208 Yes
Glaziou [19730] Brazil Solanum prunifolium K001058511 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [7778] Zambia Solanum seaforthianum var. disjunctum K:SPC-27156.000 No
s.coll [1] Solanum seaforthianum var. disjunctum K001169986 Yes
s.coll [H456/66] United Kingdom Solanum seaforthianum var. disjunctum K001169985 Yes
Ridley; Lea; Ramage [68] Brazil Solanum botryophorum K000590079 Type Yes
Ridley; Lea; Ramage [68] Brazil Solanum botryophorum K000590078 Type Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora Zambesiaca

    • Flora Zambesiaca
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0