Calamagrostis Adans.

[GB]

nonem

Morphology General Habit: Annual (2), or perennial (262). Rhizomes absent (176), or short (47), or elongated (46). Stolons absent (260), or present (5). Culms erect (176/201), or geniculately ascending (40/201), or decumbent (6/201), or rambling (2/201); reed-like (1/22), or robust (5/22), or slender (16/22); 2-57.59-1120 cm long; firm (263), or wiry (1); without nodal roots (1/3), or rooting from lower nodes (2/3). Culm-internodes similar in length (1/1); terete (2/3), or elliptical in section (1/3). Culm-nodes flush with internodes (1/1); without obvious supra-nodal ridge (1/1). Lateral branches lacking (65/68), or sparse (4/68), or ample (2/68). Leaf-sheaths open for most of their length (1/1). Leaf-sheath auricles absent (261), or erect (3). Ligule an eciliate membrane (246), or a ciliolate membrane (22). Leaf-blades aciculate (5), or filiform (29), or linear (231), or lanceolate (2), or elliptic (1); herbaceous (251), or coriaceous (15); stiff (59), or firm (203), or flaccid (2); without exudate (262), or pruinose (2). Leaf-blade midrib indistinct (3/3). Leaf-blade apex muticous (247), or pungent (17).
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences: Inflorescence a panicle; subtended by an unspecialized leaf-sheath (257), or an inflated leaf-sheath (7); exserted (259), or embraced at base by subtending leaf (5). Panicle open (130), or contracted (100), or spiciform (48), or capitate (2). Primary panicle branches not whorled (239), or whorled at lower nodes (4), or whorled at most nodes (21). Spikelets appressed (4/5), or ascending (1/5); solitary. Fertile spikelets sessile (1), or sessile and pedicelled (1), or pedicelled (263). Pedicels filiform (40/46), or linear (1/46), or clavate (5/46); tip widened (4/4).
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets: Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets, or 2 fertile florets (3); without rhachilla extension (24), or with a barren rhachilla extension (242), or with diminished florets at the apex (3). Spikelets lanceolate (247), or elliptic (7), or oblong (4), or ovate (3), or cuneate (3); laterally compressed; 1.245-5.126-14 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret (263/263). Rhachilla internodes brief up to lowest fertile floret (248), or elongated below proximal fertile floret (16); pilose (1/1). Floret callus glabrous (12), or sparsely hairy (4), or pubescent (89), or pilose (58), or bearded (113); obtuse (263), or acute (1).
Fertile: Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets, or 2 fertile florets (3); without rhachilla extension (24), or with a barren rhachilla extension (242), or with diminished florets at the apex (3). Spikelets lanceolate (247), or elliptic (7), or oblong (4), or ovate (3), or cuneate (3); laterally compressed; 1.245-5.126-14 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret (263/263). Rhachilla internodes brief up to lowest fertile floret (248), or elongated below proximal fertile floret (16); pilose (1/1). Floret callus glabrous (12), or sparsely hairy (4), or pubescent (89), or pilose (58), or bearded (113); obtuse (263), or acute (1).
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume: Glumes persistent (263/263); shorter than spikelet (13/263), or reaching apex of florets (51/263), or exceeding apex of florets (204/263); thinner than fertile lemma (12), or similar to fertile lemma in texture (9), or firmer than fertile lemma (243); parallel to lemmas (182), or recurved at apex (2), or gaping (81). Lower glume linear (5), or lanceolate (248), or elliptic (8), or oblong (1), or ovate (5); not clasping (1/1); 0.66-0.9924-1.4 length of upper glume; membranous (251), or chartaceous (4), or coriaceous (9); without keels (3/263), or 1-keeled (261/263); 0 -veined (1/259), or 1 -veined (243/259), or 2 -veined (2/259), or 3 -veined (17/259), or 4-5 -veined (1/259), or 7 -veined (1/259). Lower glume lateral veins absent (242), or obscure (4), or distinct (21). Lower glume surface smooth (186), or asperulous (55), or scabrous (29); glabrous (259), or puberulous (3), or hirsute (1), or villous (1), or hispidulous (1). Lower glume apex entire (261), or erose (3), or dentate (1); 2 -fid (1/1); obtuse (16), or acute (142), or acuminate (105), or attenuate (10), or setaceously attenuate (1); muticous (260), or mucronate (5), or awned (2). Upper glume subulate (1), or linear (3), or lanceolate (247), or elliptic (9), or oblong (2), or ovate (3); 0.4-1.268-3 length of adjacent fertile lemma; membranous (250/263), or chartaceous (4/263), or coriaceous (9/263); with undifferentiated margins (241), or hyaline margins (8), or membranous margins (2), or scarious margins (13); without keels (3/263), or 1-keeled (261/263); 0 -veined (1/214), or 1 -veined (106/214), or 2 -veined (27/214), or 3 -veined (132/214), or 4 -veined (1/214), or 5 -veined (2/214). Upper glume primary vein eciliate (257/263), or ciliolate (6/263), or ciliate (1/263). Upper glume lateral veins without ribs (197/198), or ribbed (1/198). Upper glume surface smooth (185), or asperulous (54), or scabrous (32); glabrous (259), or puberulous (3), or hirsute (1), or villous (1), or hispidulous (1). Upper glume apex entire (261), or erose (3), or dentate (1); 2 -fid (1/1); truncate (1), or obtuse (17), or acute (140), or acuminate (101), or attenuate (12), or setaceously attenuate (1); muticous (261), or mucronate (5), or awned (2); 1 -awned (2/2).
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets: Fertile lemma linear (1), or lanceolate (200), or elliptic (8), or oblong (46), or ovate (19); laterally compressed (1/1); lanceolate in profile (1/1); hyaline (11), or membranous (226), or chartaceous (13), or cartilaginous (10), or coriaceous (4); of similar consistency above (258), or much thinner above (6); of similar consistency on margins (263), or much thinner on margins (1); without keel (261/263), or keeled (3/263); 0 -veined (3/216), or 1-2 -veined (1/216), or 3 -veined (15/216), or 4 -veined (7/216), or 5 -veined (201/216), or 6 -veined (2/216), or 7 -veined (4/216). Lemma midvein eciliate (263), or ciliolate (1). Lemma lateral veins obscure (17/31), or with distinct primaries but obscure intermediates (1/31), or distinct (8/31), or prominent (6/31); without ribs (262), or ribbed (2); excurrent (12/21), or extending close to apex (10/21). Lemma surface smooth (150), or asperulous (19), or scaberulous (79), or scabrous (30), or papillose (1), or punctate (1); unwrinkled, or rugulose (1); glabrous (256), or puberulous (6), or pubescent (4), or pilose (1), or hispidulous (1); without hair tufts (263), or with basal hair tufts near margin (1). Lemma apex entire (81), or erose (46), or dentate (151), or lobed (1); 2 -fid (73/149), or 3 -fid (18/149), or 4 -fid (82/149), or 5 -fid (1/149); incised 0.2-0.265-0.33 of lemma length; emarginate (5/90), or truncate (49/90), or obtuse (19/90), or acute (16/90), or acuminate (7/90); muticous (17), or pungent (1), or mucronate (5), or awned (253); 1 -awned (245/254), or 3 -awned (2/254), or 5 -awned (7/254). Principal lemma awn apical (1/255), or subapical (24/255), or from a sinus (7/255), or dorsal (228/255); straight (109/255), or curved (17/255), or flexuous (6/255), or geniculate (140/255); 0.8-1.375-2.5 length of lemma. Column of lemma awn glabrous (144/146), or hispidulous (1/146), or puberulous (1/146). Palea 0.3-0.8739-1 length of lemma; hyaline (37), or membranous (227); 0 -veined (1/44), or 2 -veined (43/44); without keels (1), or 2-keeled (263). Palea keels separated (259/263), or approximate (3/263), or contiguous above a sulcus (1/263); smooth (218/263), or scaberulous (34/263), or scabrous (11/263); eciliate (261/263), or ciliolate (2/263). Palea apex erose (1/5), or dentate (4/5). Apical sterile florets 0 in number (1/3), or 1 in number (3/3); rudimentary (2/3), or linear (1/3). Apical sterile lemmas muticous (1/3), or awned (2/3).
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers: Lodicules 2 (239/239); membranous (12/12); glabrous (238/239), or ciliate (1/239); emarginate (1/1). Anthers 1 (1/262), or 2 (2/262), or 3 (259/262). Stigmas 2 (229/229). Ovary glabrous (3/3).
Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits: Caryopsis with adherent pericarp (249/249); lanceolate (6/30), or fusiform (10/30), or ellipsoid (3/30), or oblong (9/30), or ovoid (3/30); trigonous (1/1). Embryo 0.15-0.26-0.33 length of caryopsis. Hilum punctiform (222/226), or elliptic (1/226), or linear (3/226).
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Cleistogene: Cleistogenes absent (263), or present (1); in lower sheaths (1/1).
Distribution: Europe (15), or Africa (2), or Temperate Asia (79), or Tropical Asia (30), or Australasia (40), or Pacific (2), or North America (38), or South America (99), or Antarctica (1).

[FSOM]

M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS

Morphology General Habit: Perennial
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences: Panicle usually contracted to spike-like, rarely open
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets: Spikelets 1-flowered, with or without rhachilla-extension; glumes equal or unequal, as long as the spikelet, membranous, 1(–3)-nerved, acute to acuminate; lemma membranous to coriaceous, sometimes hyaline, (3–) 5-nerved, awnless, mucronate or with a straight or geniculate dorsal awn; callus bearded with hairs shorter than or much exceeding the lemma; palea 1/3 as long to as long as the lemma.
Distribution: Some 280 species in temperate regions throughout the world, and on mountains in the tropics.

[FTEA]

Gramineae, W. D. Clayton, S. M. Phillips And S. A. Renvoize. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1974

Morphology General Habit: Tufted perennials
Morphology Leaves: Leaf-blades flat
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences: Panicle usually rather narrow and dense
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets: Spikelets linear to lanceolate, acuminate; rhachilla disarticulating above the glumes, not prolonged or only as a very short bristle; glumes persistent, subequal, linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, firmly membranous, keeled upwards, finely acute, the lower 1-nerved, the upper 1–3-nerved; lemma lanceolate to oblong, shorter than the glumes, hyaline, glabrous, 3–5-nerved, truncate-denticulate or ± bifid with the lobes acute or toothed, awned from the back or from the sinus of the lobes or from the tip; awn short, fine and straight; callus bearded with long white hairs, as long as or often much longer than the lemmas; palea as long as the lemma or shorter.

[GB]

nonem

Morphology General Habit: Perennial. Rhizomes elongated. Culms erect, or geniculately ascending; 50-85-120 cm long. Ligule an eciliate membrane. Leaf-blades stiff (2), or firm (1). Leaf-blade apex muticous (2), or pungent (1).
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences: Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle spiciform. Spikelets solitary. Fertile spikelets pedicelled.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets: Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets; with a barren rhachilla extension. Spikelets lanceolate; laterally compressed; 10-12.08-16 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret. Floret callus bearded.
Fertile: Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets; with a barren rhachilla extension. Spikelets lanceolate; laterally compressed; 10-12.08-16 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret. Floret callus bearded.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume: Glumes persistent; reaching apex of florets (1), or exceeding apex of florets; thinner than fertile lemma (1), or similar to fertile lemma in texture (2). Lower glume lanceolate; 0.9-0.95-1 length of upper glume; chartaceous; 1-keeled; 1 -veined. Lower glume lateral veins absent. Lower glume surface asperulous. Lower glume apex acute (2), or acuminate (1). Upper glume lanceolate; 1-1.166-1.3 length of adjacent fertile lemma; chartaceous; 1-keeled; 3 -veined. Upper glume surface asperulous. Upper glume apex acute (2), or acuminate (1).
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets: Fertile lemma lanceolate; chartaceous (2), or coriaceous (1); keeled; 5 -veined, or 6-7 -veined (1). Lemma surface asperulous (1), or scaberulous (2). Lemma apex entire (2), or dentate (1); 2 -fid (1/1); acute (2/2); muticous (2), or mucronate (1). Principal lemma awn subapical (1/1). Palea 0.9-0.9333-1 length of lemma; 2-4 -veined. Palea keels approximate; smooth (2), or scaberulous (1).
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers: Anthers 3. Ovary glabrous.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits: Caryopsis with adherent pericarp; obovoid (1/1). Hilum linear; 0.8 length of caryopsis.
Distribution: Europe (1), or Africa (1), or Temperate Asia (1), or Australasia (1), or Pacific (1), or North America, or South America (1), or Antarctica (1).

Doubtfully present in:

Kuwait, Saudi Arabia

Native to:

Afghanistan, Alaska, Albania, Alberta, Aleutian Is., Algeria, Altay, Amur, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Assam, Austria, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Buryatiya, California, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Central European Rus, Chatham Is., Chile Central, Chile South, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Chita, Colombia, Colorado, Connecticut, Corse, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Delaware, Denmark, District of Columbia, Dominican Republic, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Føroyar, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Greenland, Guatemala, Haiti, Hawaii, Hungary, Iceland, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Irkutsk, Italy, Japan, Jawa, Kamchatka, Kansas, Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Kenya, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Kriti, Krym, Kuril Is., Labrador, Lebanon-Syria, Lesser Sunda Is., Libya, Magadan, Maine, Manchuria, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mongolia, Montana, Morocco, Myanmar, Nebraska, Nepal, Netherlands, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Guinea, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Newfoundland, North Carolina, North Caucasus, North Dakota, North European Russi, Northern Provinces, Northwest European R, Northwest Territorie, Norway, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Pakistan, Palestine, Panamá, Pennsylvania, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Prince Edward I., Qinghai, Queensland, Québec, Rhode I., Romania, Rwanda, Sakhalin, Sardegna, Saskatchewan, Sicilia, Sinai, South Australia, South Carolina, South Dakota, South European Russi, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Svalbard, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tasmania, Tennessee, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Tristan da Cunha, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Tuva, Uganda, Ukraine, Utah, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vermont, Victoria, Vietnam, Virginia, Washington, West Himalaya, West Siberia, West Virginia, Western Australia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yakutskiya, Yugoslavia, Yukon

Introduced into:

Argentina Northeast, Falkland Is., Fiji, Norfolk Is., Somalia