Family:
Verbenaceae J.St.-Hil.
Genus:
Duranta L.

Duranta erecta L.

This species is accepted, and its native range is S. Florida to Caribbean, Mexico to N. America. It is used as a poison and a medicine, has environmental uses and for food.

[FZ]

Flora Zambesiaca. Vol 8, Pt 7. Avicenniaceae, R. Fernandes. Nesogenaceae, M.A. Diniz. Verbenaceae, R. Fernandes. Lamiaceae, R. Fernandes. 2005.

Morphology General Habit
Spreading, drooping, trailing or subscandent often thorny shrub or small tree up to 6 m high;  branchlets slender, 4-angular or terete, young shoots appressed pubescent; spines paired, 0.8–2.7 cm long, axillary or inserted just above the axils, spreading, straight or slightly curved, very sharp Spreading, drooping, trailing or subscandent often thorny shrub or small tree up to 6 m high; branchlets slender, 4-angular or terete, young shoots appressed pubescent; spines paired, 0.8–2.7 cm long, axillary or inserted just above the axils, spreading, straight or slightly curved, very sharp.
Morphology Leaves
Leaves opposite or verticillate, petiolate; lamina 1.5–7(8) × 1–3(4) cm, ovate, obovate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, entire or serrate on the margins above the middle, glabrous or finely appressed pubescent on both surfaces more densely so on the nerves; petiole 0.5–1.5 cm long, slender, appressed-pubescent Leaves opposite or verticillate, petiolate; lamina 1.5–7(8) × 1–3(4) cm, ovate, obovate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, entire or serrate on the margins above the middle, glabrous or finely appressed pubescent on both surfaces more densely so on the nerves; petiole 0.5–1.5 cm long, slender, appressed-pubescent.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
Racemes many-flowered, 3–16 cm long, single or in lax panicles, the terminal raceme longer than the lateral ones; pedicels 1–5 mm long, alternate, opposite or subopposite; bracts and bracteoles 1.5–2 mm and 1 mm long respectively, linear, those of the lower flowers usually larger and leaf-like Racemes many-flowered, 3–16 cm long, single or in lax panicles, the terminal raceme longer than the lateral ones; pedicels 1–5 mm long, alternate, opposite or subopposite; bracts and bracteoles 1.5–2 mm and 1 mm long respectively, linear, those of the lower flowers usually larger and leaf-like.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens Filaments
Filaments glandular-pubescent, c. 1.25 mm long
Ecology
In moist places, in riverine vegetation, gully forest and on granite outcrops, occasionally in miombo woodlands, often on termite mounds; 50–2000 m.
Note
Introduced as a garden ornamental now widespread as a scattered naturalized shrub or tree.  Known as the ‘golden dew drop’.
Distribution
Native of tropical America but cultivated and naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics. District code: BOT N, BOT SE, BOT N, BOT C, BOT S, ZIM N, ZIM W, ZIM C, ZIM E, ZIM S, MAL C, MAL S, MOZ N, MOZ MS, MOZ M. Mozambique Malawi Zimbabwe Zambia Botswana
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
Calyx tube 3–4 mm long, ± sparsely appressed-puberulous; teeth up to 1 mm long, triangular with midrib produced as a mucro. Calyx tube 3–4 mm long, ± sparsely appressed-puberulous; teeth up to 1 mm long, triangular with midrib produced as a mucro
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
Corolla lilac to violet-blue or sometimes white; tube longer than the calyx, curved, puberulous outside more densely so in the upper part, glandular-pubescent within; limb spreading, 7–9 mm in diameter, glandular-pubescent on the upper surface, densely puberulous beneath, lobes 3–5 × 2.5–3.5 mm, oblong to orbicular, densely puberulous. Corolla lilac to violet-blue or sometimes white; tube longer than the calyx, curved, puberulous outside more densely so in the upper part, glandular-pubescent within; limb spreading, 7–9 mm in diameter, glandular-pubescent on the upper surface, densely puberulous beneath, lobes 3–5 × 2.5–3.5 mm, oblong to orbicular, densely puberulous
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
Filaments glandular-pubescent, c. 1.25 mm long.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
Fruit yellow to orange-coloured, shiny, 6–11 mm in diameter, globose or obpyriform, completely enveloped by the accrescent calyx the apical part of which forms a curved beak; pyrenes 3.5–5.5 × 2.5–3.5 mm. Fruit yellow to orange-coloured, shiny, 6–11 mm in diameter, globose or obpyriform, completely enveloped by the accrescent calyx the apical part of which forms a curved beak; pyrenes 3.5–5.5 × 2.5–3.5 mm
Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
Seeds 2.5–3 × 1–1.5 mm, cuneiform, white, smooth. Seeds 2.5–3 × 1–1.5 mm, cuneiform, white, smooth.

[FTEA]

Verbenaceae, B. Verdcourt. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1992

Morphology General Habit
Spreading, drooping, trailing or subscandent often thorny shrub or small tree, 1.8–6 m. tall; bark pale; young snoots adpressed pubescent.
Morphology Leaves
Leaves opposite or verticillate; blades ovate, obovate, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–8 cm. long, 1–4.5 cm. wide, obtuse to acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, the margins entire, serrate or crenate above the middle, glabrous or finely adpressed pubescent; petioles 0.5–1.2 cm. long, usually adpressed pubescent.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
Racemes ± lax, 3–16 cm. long, often in very lax panicles; pedicels 1–5 mm. long.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
Calyx 3–4(–6) mm. long, pubescent inside and out.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
Corolla lilac, lavender-blue or white; tube 7 mm. long; limb spreading, 0.7–1.3 cm. wide.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Pistil
Style shorter than corolla-tube; stigma capitate.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
Fruit orange-yellow and shining, globose, 0.5–1.1 cm. diameter, the persistent calyx shrunk over it and produced as a curved beak; pyrenes 3.5–5.5 mm. long, 2.5–3.5 mm. wide.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
Seeds cuneiform, white, shining, 2.5–3 mm. long, 1–1.5 mm. wide.
Figures
Fig. 7.
Habitat
Scrub and riverine thicket, often on termite-mounds, Enclea, Olea forest and clearings; 1080–1950 m.
Distribution
K4 K5 K6 T1 T3 T6 U1 U3 U4 Z Argentine to Mexico and Floridanow widely cultivated and naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics of the world and even in Europe, Cyprus, etc.

[UPB]

The Useful Plants of Boyacá project

Conservation
Least concern.
Ecology
Alt. 100 - 3140 m.
Distribution
Native from Colombia.
Morphology General Habit
Shrub.

[UPFC]
Distribution
Biogeografic region: Andean, Caribbean. Elevation range: 100–3140 m a.s.l. Native to Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia, Atlántico, Bogotá DC, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca.
Habit
Shrub.
Conservation
IUCN Red List Assessment (2021): LC. National Red List of Colombia (2021): Potential LC.
Ecology
Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, savanna, shrubland, wetlands (inland), artificial - terrestrial.

[UNAL]

Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/

Vernacular
adonis, cucaná, cucas, espino, espino negro, fruta de tórtolas, garbancillo, guacharaco, guapante, navidad, totocá, totocal, totocul

[CPLC]

Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Distribution
Nativa en Colombia; Alt. 100 - 3140 m.; Andes, Llanura del Caribe.
Morphology General Habit
Arbusto
Conservation
Preocupación Menor

[UPB]
Use Materials
Materials (State of the World's Plants 2016).
Use Materials Unspecified Materials Chemicals
Materials (State of the World's Plants 2016).

[UPFC]
Use Environmental
Environmental uses.
Use Food
Used for food.
Use Materials
Used as material.
Use Medicines
Medical uses.
Use Poisons
Poisons.

Native to:

Bahamas, Cayman Is., Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Florida, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is.

Introduced into:

Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Arizona, Assam, Bangladesh, Bermuda, Bolivia, Borneo, Brazil Northeast, Brazil West-Central, California, Cambodia, Caroline Is., Central African Repu, Chad, China South-Central, China Southeast, Comoros, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Galápagos, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hainan, India, Kenya, Louisiana, Madagascar, Malawi, Marianas, Marshall Is., Mozambique, Nansei-shoto, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Norfolk Is., Paraguay, Peru, Society Is., St.Helena, Sudan, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Texas, Thailand, Uganda, Uruguay, West Himalaya, Zambia, Zimbabwe

English
Pigeon Berry

Duranta erecta L. appears in other Kew resources:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Moura, O.T. [403], Brazil K000013870 Yes
Ash [960], Ethiopia 77511.000 No
Dec 1, 2008 Apaza [80], Bolivia Duranta repens K000509769 No
Dec 1, 2008 Villalobos [994], Bolivia Duranta repens K000509771 No
McWhirter, J. [123], Madagascar Duranta repens 32235.000 No
Rico, L. [1205], Bolivia Duranta repens K000295121 No
Sellow [4630], Brazil Duranta repens K000487112 Yes
Rico, L. [1538], Bolivia Duranta repens K000295315 No

First published in Sp. Pl.: 637 (1753)

Accepted by

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  • Berry, P.E., Yatskievych, K. & Holst, B.K. (eds.) in Steyermark, J., Berry, P.E., Holts, B.K. (eds). (2005). Rutaceae-Zygophyllaceae Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 9: 1-608. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  • Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 2(1): 1-85. ORSTOM, Bangui.
  • Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Davidse, G. & al. (eds.) (2012). Flora Mesoamericana 4(2): 1-533. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
  • Fernandes, R. & Diniz, M.A. (2005). Avicenniaceae, Nesogenaceae, Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae (subfams, Viticoideae and Ajugoideae) Flora Zambesiaca 8(7): 1-161. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Fernandes, R.B. (2006). Contribução para o conhecimento das Avicenniaceae e Verbenaceae da Flora de Angola Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17(2): 5-68.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
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  • Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
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  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
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    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

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    ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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    Flora Zambesiaca
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    Flora of Tropical East Africa
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
    © Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Living Collection Database

    Common Names from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Living Collection https://www.kew.org/

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
    © Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    Copyright applied to individual images

  • Plants and People Africa

    Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
    © Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

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    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

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    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

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    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0