- Family:
- Euphorbiaceae Juss.
- Genus:
- Euphorbia L.
Euphorbia tirucalli L.
[FTEA]
Euphorbiaceae, A. R.-Smith. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1987
- Morphology General Habit
- Densely branched often apparently dioecious shrubs to 4 m. or trees to 12 (–15) m. high, with brittle succulent branchlets ± 7 mm. thick often produced in whorls, green and longitudinally finely striated, with white to yellowish latex.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves few, fleshy, linear-lanceolate, to 15 × 2 mm., present only at the tips of young branchlets and very quickly deciduous; extreme tips of young leafy branchlets sparsely tomentose, with curled brown hairs, soon glabrescent; glandular stipules minute, dark brown.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Cymes 2–6 congested at the apices of the branchlets, forking 2–4 times, with rays less than 1 mm. long producing a dense cluster of cyathia developing only ♂ flowers, or occasionally a few ♀ flowers also present, or cyathia fewer and only ♀ flowers developing, the whole cyme ± glabrous or tomentose, with curled brown hairs, especially the involucres and lobes; bracts rounded, ± 2 × 1.5 mm., ± sharply keeled, usually glabrous except on the margin.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Cyathia
- Cyathia subsessile, ± 3 × 4 mm., with cup-shaped involucres; glands 5, subglobose to transversely elliptic, 0.5 mm. in diameter to 1.5 × 2 mm., bright yellow; lobes triangular, ± 0.5 mm. long.
- sex Male
- Male involucres:bracteoles linear with plumose apices; stamens 4.5 mm. long; an aborted ♀ flower is occasionally present.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Female involucres:bracteoles present and occasionally a few ♂ flowers; ♀ perianth distinctly 3-lobed below the tomentose ovary, with lobes 0.5 mm. long; styles 2 mm. long, joined at the base, with thickened deeply bifid recurved apices. Male involucres:bracteoles linear with plumose apices; stamens 4.5 mm. long; an aborted ♀ flower is occasionally present.
- sex Female
- Female involucres:bracteoles present and occasionally a few ♂ flowers; ♀ perianth distinctly 3-lobed below the tomentose ovary, with lobes 0.5 mm. long; styles 2 mm. long, joined at the base, with thickened deeply bifid recurved apices.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule glabrescent, exserted on a tomentose pedicel to 1 cm. long, subglobose, ± 8 × 8.5 mm.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds ovoid, 3.5 × 2.8 mm., smooth, buff speckled with brown and with a dark brown ventral line; caruncle 1 mm. across.
- Figures
- Fig. 89/1, 2, p. 472.
- Habitat
- In grassland and thin woodland, and often naturalised around habitation; 0–2000 m.
- Distribution
- K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 widespread throughout tropical Africa, also in the Arabian peninsula, Madagascar, and India to the Far East
[FZ]
Euphorbiaceae, S. Carter & L.C. Leach. Flora Zambesiaca 9:5. 2001
- Morphology General Habit
- Spineless succulent densely branched often apparently dioecious shrubs to 4 m or trees to 7 m high, with a copious irritant white to yellowish latex.
- Morphology Branches
- Branchlets brittle terete succulent, c. 7 mm thick, often produced in whorls, green with longitudinal fine striations and very small leaf scars, the extreme tips of young leafy branchlets sparsely tomentose with curled brown hairs.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves few, present only at the tips of young branchlets and quickly deciduous, subsessile; stipules glandular, minute, dark brown; lamina fleshy to 15 × 2 mm, linear-lanceolate.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Cymes congested, 2–6 at the branchlet apices, each forking 2–4 times, with rays less than 1 mm long, producing a dense cluster of cyathia developing only male flowers, or occasionally a few female flowers also present, or cyathia fewer and only female flowers developing, the whole cyme ± glabrous, or tomentose with curled brown hairs especially on the involucres and lobes; bracts c. 2 × 1.5 mm, rounded, ± sharply keeled, usually glabrous except on the margin.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Cyathia
- Cyathia subsessile, c. 3 × 4 mm, with cup-shaped involucres; glands 5, 0.5 mm in diameter subcircular to 1.5 × 2 mm transversely elliptic, bright yellow; lobes c. 0.5 mm long, triangular.
- sex Male
- Male involucres: bracteoles linear with plumose apices; stamens 4.5 mm long; an aborted female flower is occasionally present.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Female involucres: bracteoles present and occasionally also a few male flowers; female perianth distinctly 3-lobed below the tomentose ovary, with lobes 0.5 mm long; styles 2 mm long, joined at the base, with thickened deeply bifid recurved apices. Male involucres: bracteoles linear with plumose apices; stamens 4.5 mm long; an aborted female flower is occasionally present.
- sex Female
- Female involucres: bracteoles present and occasionally also a few male flowers; female perianth distinctly 3-lobed below the tomentose ovary, with lobes 0.5 mm long; styles 2 mm long, joined at the base, with thickened deeply bifid recurved apices.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule glabrescent, c. 8 × 8.5 mm, subglobose, exserted on a tomentose pedicel to 10 mm long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds 3.5 × 2.8 mm, ovoid, smooth, buff speckled with brown and with a dark brown ventral line; caruncle 1 mm across.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 100 - 670 m.; Andes, Islas Caribeñas, Llanura del Caribe.
- Morphology General Habit
- Arbusto
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Densely branched shrub to 4 m high, or bushy tree to 8 m high; branches green, succulent, brittle, longitudinally striated, often produced in whorls
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1–1.5 x 0.2 cm, quickly deciduous; extreme tips of young leafy branchlets tomentose, with curled brown hairs; glandular stipules minute, dark brown
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Cymes densely clustered 2–6 at the branch apices, forking 2–4 times with rays less than 1 mm long and cyathia developing only male flowers, or occasionally a few female flowers also present, or cyathia fewer and only female flowers developing, the whole cyme tomentose with curled brown hairs; bracts rounded, 2 x 1.5 mm, glabrous except on the margin
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Involucre
- Cyathia subsessile, 4 mm in diam.; glands 5, 0.5–2 mm broad, bright yellow
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary tomentose, with a 3-lobed perianth, lobes 0.5 mm long; styles 2 mm long, joined at the base, with thickened deeply bifid recurved apices
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule exserted on a pedicel 1 cm long, subglobose, 8 x 8.5 mm, glabrescent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds ovoid, 3.5 x 2.8 mm, smooth, buff, speckled, with a dark brown ventral line; caruncle 1 mm wide.
- Distribution
- Native of east and southern tropical Africa, sometimes naturalized in N1, S1 and S2
- Ecology
- Apparently wild and forming thickets in gullies; 200–1310 m.
- Vernacular
- Dano (Somali)
[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean, Caribbean. Elevation range: 100–670 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Colombian departments: Magdalena, San Andrés y Providencia, Santander, Tolima.
- Habit
- Shrub.
- Conservation
- IUCN Red List Assessment (2021): LC.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, savanna, artificial - terrestrial.
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Environmental
- Environmental uses.
- Use Fuel
- Used for fuels.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Invertebrate Food
- Used as invertebrate food.
- Use Materials
- Used as material.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
- Use Poisons
- Poisons.
- Use Social
- Social uses.
Native to:
Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cape Provinces, Caprivi Strip, Comoros, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laccadive Is., Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Pakistan, Rwanda, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Assam, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Cape Verde, Cayman Is., China South-Central, China Southeast, Dominican Republic, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, Jawa, Leeward Is., Lesser Sunda Is., Line Is., Malaya, Marianas, Mexico Central, Myanmar, Puerto Rico, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Australia, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad-Tobago, Tunisia, Venezuelan Antilles, Vietnam, Wake I.
Euphorbia tirucalli L. appears in other Kew resources:
| Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan 1, 2003 | Baron, R. [6950], Madagascar | K000185113 | ||
| Jan 1, 2003 | Baron, R. [6995], Madagascar | K000185112 | ||
| Jan 1, 2003 | Baron, R. [6750], Madagascar | K000185114 | ||
| Apr 1, 1971 | Leach, L.C. [14129B], South Africa | K000317981 | ||
| Apr 1, 1971 | Leach, L.C. [14463], Zimbabwe | K000317983 | ||
| Apr 1, 1971 | Leach, L.C. [14463], Zimbabwe | K000317982 | ||
| Oct 1, 1959 | Welwitsch [630], Angola | K000253092 | ||
| Oct 1, 1959 | Gossweiler [474], Angola | K000253093 | syntype | |
| Oct 1, 1959 | Rattray [s.n.], Angola | K000253094 | syntype | |
| Bally, P.R.O. [E14], Kenya | 16754.000 | |||
| Eyles, F., Zimbabwe | 16755.000 | |||
| Lighthouse Keeper, Mozambique | 16757.000 | |||
| Faulkner, H. [3014], Tanzania | 25792.000 | |||
| Faulkner, H. [3088], Tanzania | 25827.000 | |||
| Greenway, P.J. [6655], Tanzania | 2606.000 | |||
| Drummond, R.B. [3330], Tanzania | 2607.000 | |||
| Tweedie [2101], Kenya | 2608.000 | |||
| Andrews, F.W. [Bally 12393], Sudan | 2609.000 | |||
| Gossweiler, J. [474], Angola | 2610.000 | |||
| Ash [459], Ethiopia | 26332.030 | |||
| Archbold, M.E. [880], Tanzania | 33210.000 | |||
| Milne-Redhead, E. [7289], Tanzania | 4141.000 | |||
| Drummond, R.B. [3365], Tanzania | 4144.000 | |||
| Faulkner, H. [1548], Tanzania | 5231.000 | |||
| Wild, H. [4712], Zimbabwe | 5232.000 | |||
| [L.Muriel] [L 67] | K000252854 | |||
| Busse, W. [250], Tanzania | K000252988 | |||
| Speke, Tanzania | K000252989 | |||
| Scott, L. [s.n.], Malawi | K000253091 | syntype | ||
| Phillipson, P.B. [2310], Madagascar | K000185124 | |||
| Leach, L.C. [11885], Mozambique | K000317984 | |||
| Phillipson, P.B. [2480], Madagascar | K000185125 | |||
| Kirk, J. [s.n.], Mozambique | K000253090 | syntype | ||
| Phillipson, P.B. [2388], Madagascar | K000185126 |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 452 (1753)
Accepted by
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- Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. (2007). The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography: 1-500. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
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- Binojkumar, M.S. & Balakrishnan, N.P. (2010). The genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) in India. A taxonomic revision: 1-430. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
- Calane da Silva, M., Izdine, S. & Amuse, A.B. (2004). A Preliminary Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Mozambique: 1-184. SABONET, Pretoria.
- Chayamarit, K. & Van Welzen, P.C. (2005). Euphorbiaceae (Genera A-F) Flora of Thailand 8(1): 1-303. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Evenhuis, N.L. & Eldredge, L.G. (eds.) (2012). Records of the Hawaii biological survey for 2011. Part II: plants Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 1-102.
- Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe Bothalia 41: 41-82.
- Florence, J. (1997). Flore de la Polynésie Française 1: 1-393. ORSTOM éditions, Paris.
- Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.
- Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
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- Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
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- Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.) (2008). Flora of China 11: 1-622. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
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Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
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