Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia

Euphorbia tirucalli L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 452 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Madagascar. It is a semisucculent shrub or tree and grows primarily in the desert or dry shrubland biome. It is has environmental uses and social uses, as animal food, a poison, a medicine and invertebrate food and for fuel and food.

Distribution

Native to:

Madagascar

Introduced into:

Angola, Assam, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Botswana, Burundi, Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Caprivi Strip, Cayman Is., China South-Central, China Southeast, Comoros, Dominican Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, India, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laccadive Is., Leeward Is., Lesser Sunda Is., Line Is., Malawi, Malaya, Maldives, Marianas, Mexico Central, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Pakistan, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, South Australia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad-Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, Venezuelan Antilles, Vietnam, Wake I., Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  • Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
  • Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. (2007). The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography: 1-500. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.
  • Binojkumar, M.S. & Balakrishnan, N.P. (2010). The genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) in India. A taxonomic revision: 1-430. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
  • Bruyns, P.V. (2022). Euphorbia in Southern Africa 2: 475-985. Springer.
  • Calane da Silva, M., Izdine, S. & Amuse, A.B. (2004). A Preliminary Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Mozambique: 1-184. SABONET, Pretoria.
  • Caminho, J., Mutemba, L., Matusse, E., Osborne, J., Wursten, B., Burrows, J., Cianciullo, S., Malatesta, L. & Attorre, F. (2022). An updated checklist of Mozambique’s vascular plants. PhytoKeys 189: 61-80.
  • Chayamarit, K. & Van Welzen, P.C. (2005). Euphorbiaceae (Genera A-F). Flora of Thailand 8(1): 1-303. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.
  • Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Evenhuis, N.L. & Eldredge, L.G. (eds.) (2012). Records of the Hawaii biological survey for 2011. Part II: plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 1-102.
  • Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia 41: 41-82.
  • Florence, J. (1997). Flore de la Polynésie Française 1: 1-393. ORSTOM éditions, Paris.
  • Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.
  • Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
  • Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée. Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
  • López Patiño, E.J., Szeszko, D.R., Rascala Pérez, J. & Beltrán Retis, A.S. (2012). The flora of the Tenacingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán protected natural area, state of Mexico, Mexico. Harvard Papers in Botany 17: 65-167.
  • Möller, A. & Becker, R. (2019). Field guide to the succulent Euphorbias of Southern Africa: 1-320. BRIZA.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Rebmann, N. (2007). Les Euphorbes de Madagascar. Succulentes Spécial: 1-48.
  • Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.) (2008). Flora of China 11: 1-622. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Flora of the Cayman Islands

  • L., Sp. Pl. 1: 452 (1753).

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • (2019). http://collectaneabotanica.revistas.csic.es/index.php/collectaneabotanica/article/view/280/391. epublication.
  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
  • Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. (2007). The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography: 1-500. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
  • Berhaut, J. (1975). Flore illustrée du Sénégal 3: 1-634. Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du développement rural direction des eaux et forêta, Dakar.
  • Bruyns, P.V. (2022). Euphorbia in Southern Africa 2: 475-985. Springer.
  • Buragohain, S. & Sarma, G.C. (2009). The exotic weeds of Guwahati, Assam and their role in employment generation. Pleione 3(1): 45-49.
  • Edwards, S., Tadesse, M. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 2(2): 1-456. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
  • Evenhuis, N.L. & Eldredge, L.G. (eds.) (2012). Records of the Hawaii biological survey for 2011. Part II: plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 1-102.
  • Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia 41: 41-82.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.
  • Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée. Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
  • López Patiño, E.J., Szeszko, D.R., Rascala Pérez, J. & Beltrán Retis, A.S. (2012). The flora of the Tenacingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán protected natural area, state of Mexico, Mexico. Harvard Papers in Botany 17: 65-167.
  • Thaman, R.R. & Tye, A. (2015). Flora of Kiritimari (Christmass) atoll, Northern Line islands, Republic of Kiribati. Atoll Research Bulletin 608: 1-73.

Flora of Somalia

  • Flora Somalia, Vol 1, (1993) Author: by S. Carter [updated by M. Thulin 2008]

Flora of Tropical East Africa

  • Boiss. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 96 (1862).
  • Cufod., Enumeratio Plantarum Aethiopiae Spermatophyta (Supplement in Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux.) p. 460 (1958).
  • Dale & Greenway, Kenya Trees and Shrubs p. 201 (1961).
  • E. Lind & A. Tallantire, Some Common Flowering Plants of Uganda p. 113 (1962).
  • F. White, Forest Flora of Northern Rhodesia p. 199 (1962).
  • J.P.M. Brenan, Check-lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire no. 5, part II, Tanganyika Territory p. 211 (1949).
  • L., Sp. Pl.: 452 (1753).
  • Leach in Kirkia 9: 69 (1973).
  • N.E. Br. in Fl. Cap. 5(2): 293 (1915).
  • R. O. Williams, Useful and Ornamental Plants in Zanzibar and Pemba p. 255 (1949).
  • Robyns, Flore des Spermatophytes du Parc National Albert 1: 478 (1948).
  • W.J. Eggeling, Indigenous Trees of the Uganda Protectorate, ed. 2: 128 (1952).

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
  • Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Jansen, P., Lemmens, R., Oyen, L., Siemonsma, J., Stavast, F. & Van Valkenburg, J. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Basic list of species and commodity grouping. Final version. Pudoc, Wageningen.
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Ulian, T., Sacandé, M., Hudson, A., & Mattana, E. (2017). Conservation of indigenous plants to support community livelihoods: the MGU–Useful Plants Project. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 60:668-683.
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jan 1, 2003 Baron, R. [6750] Madagascar K000185114 Yes
Jan 1, 2003 Baron, R. [6995] Madagascar K000185112 Yes
Jan 1, 2003 Baron, R. [6950] Madagascar K000185113 Yes
Apr 1, 1971 Leach, L.C. [14463] Zimbabwe K000317983 Yes
Apr 1, 1971 Leach, L.C. [14129B] South Africa K000317981 Yes
Apr 1, 1971 Leach, L.C. [14463] Zimbabwe K000317982 Yes
Oct 1, 1959 Gossweiler [474] Angola K000253093 Syntype Yes
Oct 1, 1959 Welwitsch [630] Angola K000253092 Type Yes
Oct 1, 1959 Rattray [s.n.] Angola K000253094 Syntype Yes
Phillipson, P.B. [2310] Madagascar K000185124 Yes
Chandler, P. [1047] Uganda K004958930 Yes
Greenway [1843] Tanzania K004958958 Yes
Speke; Grant Tanzania K000252989 Type Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Angola K000776403 Yes
Smith, P.A. [2111] Botswana K004429586 Yes
Chase, N.C. [5161] Zimbabwe K004429582 Yes
Salubeni, A.J.; Seyani, J.H.; Nachamba, W. [3863] Malawi K004429576 Yes
de Wilde, W.J.J.O.; de Wilde-Duyfjes, B.E.E. [7356] Ethiopia K004956663 Yes
Mogg, A.O.D. [28340] Mozambique K004429565 Yes
Morris, J.W. [544] South Africa K004796646 Yes
Brummitt, R.K. [18375] Malawi K004429573 Yes
Brasnett, N.V. [B164] Uganda K004958931 Yes
Phillipson, P.B. [2388] Madagascar K000185126 Yes
Tanner, R. [1147] Tanzania K004958945 Yes
Tweedie [2101] Kenya K004958933 Yes
Beals, E. [B518] Ethiopia K004956666 Yes
Andrews, F.W. [Bally 12393] Sudan K:SPC-02609.000 No
Archbold, M.E. [880] Tanzania K:SPC-33210.000 No
Leach, L.C.; Bayliss [11885] Mozambique K000317984 Yes
Mitchison, N. (Lady) [A35] Botswana K004429583 Yes
Andrianjafy, N.M. [1681] Madagascar K001553947 Yes
Beals, E.; Prosser [B15] Ethiopia K004956665 Yes
Wild, H. [4713] Zimbabwe K004429580 Yes
Van der Schijff, H.P. [499] South Africa K004796643 Yes
Eggeling, W.J.; Brasnett, N.V. [204] Uganda K004958932 Yes
Wild, H. [4712] Zimbabwe K004429579 Yes
Faulkner, H. [3088] Tanzania K:SPC-25827.000 No
Groenendijk, E.M.C.; Dungo, J. [2106] Mozambique K004429570 Yes
Schäfer, P.A. [7229] Mozambique K004429564 Yes
Faulkner, H.G. [1575] Tanzania K004958961 Yes
Friis, I.; Bidgood, S.; Malaku Wondefrash; Getu Tefera [9375] Ethiopia K004956662 Yes
Bally; Carter [B14136] Kenya K004958939 Yes
Faulkner, H. [3014] Tanzania K:SPC-25792.000 No
Eyles, F. Zimbabwe K:SPC-16755.000 No
Heath, A.; Heath, R. [1335] Botswana K004429587 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] South Africa K004796638 Yes
Faulkner, H. [1548] Tanzania K:SPC-05231.000 No
Milne-Redhead, E. [1257] Zambia K000776295 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Tanzania K004958949 Yes
Burkill, H.M. [HMB1248] Thailand K005169586 Yes
Bally, P.R.O. [5446] Kenya K004958938 Yes
Hutchinson, J.; Gillett, J.B. [3568] Zambia K000776300 Yes
[Dr. Amold] [[6607B]] Zimbabwe K004429577 Yes
Leach, L.C.; Royle, P. [14815] Mozambique K004429572 Yes
Drummond, R.B.; Hemsley, J.H. [3330] Tanzania K004958959 Yes
s.coll. [1298] K004956660 Yes
Mogg, A.O.D. [27190] Mozambique K004429567 Yes
Poilane, M. [2970] Vietnam K005169584 Yes
Perdue, R.E.; Kibuwa, S.P. [10139] Kenya K004958943 Yes
Price, W.R. [595] Taiwan K005167859 Yes
Davy, J.B. [10585] Eswatini K004796645 Yes
Faulkner, H.G. [1548] Tanzania K004958960 Yes
Kirk, J. [s.n.] Mozambique K000253090 Syntype Yes
Drummond, R.B.; Hemsley, J.H. [3225] Tanzania K004958954 Yes
Paiva, J.; Silveira, P. [M721] Mozambique K004429563 Yes
Balslev, H. [s.n.] Tanzania K004958955 Yes
Tweedie [2101] Kenya K:SPC-02608.000 No
Biegel, H.; Pope, G.; Gosden, N. [4349] Zimbabwe K004429581 Yes
Archbold, N.E. [880] Tanzania K004958957 Yes
s.coll. [6607] Zimbabwe K004429578 Yes
s.coll. [2984] Hong Kong K005167861 Yes
Greenway, P.J. [2151] Tanzania K004958948 Yes
Busse, W. [250] Tanzania K000252988 Type Yes
Davis, R.L. [222] Tanzania K004958944 Yes
Wood, J.M. [1339] South Africa K004796639 Yes
Phillipson, P.B. [2480] Madagascar K000185125 Yes
Burger, W. [2598] Ethiopia K004956658 Yes
Pawek, J. [11980] Malawi K004429574 Yes
Matimele, H.A.; Banze, A.; Monteiro, J.; Aldina; Patel, H. [101] Mozambique K004429561 Yes
Greenway [2568] Tanzania K004958951 Yes
Raynal, J. [19302] Tanzania K004958946 Yes
Drummond, R.B.; Hemsley, J.H. [3365] Tanzania K:SPC-04144.000 No
Lighthouse Keeper Mozambique K:SPC-16757.000 No
Chaffey, D.R. [277] Ethiopia K004956668 Yes
Boulos, L.; Corrà, M. [s.n.] Ethiopia K004956664 Yes
Leach, L.C.; Cannell, I.C. [14588] Angola K000776402 Yes
Bally, P.R.O. [B12357] Kenya K004958934 Yes
[J.C. Moomau] [982] Kenya K004958942 Yes
s.coll. [1277] Tanzania K004958956 Yes
Bolus, H. [12279] Eswatini K004796640 Yes
MacNaughtan, G. [25] Kenya K004958941 Yes
Meyer, F.G. [7509] Ethiopia K004956659 Yes
Bally; Carter [B14130] Kenya K004958935 Yes
Van Rensburg, H.J. [2384] Zambia K000776297 Yes
Hu, S.Y. [5023] Hong Kong K005167862 Yes
Napier, E.R. [1147] Kenya K004958940 Yes
Codd, L.E. [5276] South Africa K004796641 Yes
Brummitt, R.K.; Banda, E.A. [8755] Malawi K004429575 Yes
Hutchinson, J.; Gillett, J.B. [3565] Zambia K000776296 Yes
Gossweiler, J. [474] Angola K:SPC-02610.000 No
Bally, P.R.O. [E14] Kenya K:SPC-16754.000 No
Strey, R.G. [9140] South Africa K004796642 Yes
Mogg, A.O.D. [28317] Mozambique K004429562 Yes
Wild, H. [4712] Zimbabwe K:SPC-05232.000 No
Long, D.G.; Rae, D.A.H. [426] Botswana K004429584 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Tanzania K004958950 Yes
Ash [459] Ethiopia K:SPC-26332.030 No
Scott, L. [s.n.] Malawi K000253091 Type Yes
Bigger, M. [2236] Tanzania K004958947 Yes
Groenendijk, E.M.C.; Dungo, J. [1928] Mozambique K004429571 Yes
Milne-Redhead, E.; Taylor, P. [7289] Tanzania K:SPC-04141.000 No
Burtt Davy, J. [1700] South Africa K004796644 Yes
Greenway, P.J. [4923] Tanzania K004958952 Yes
Smith, P.A. [2111] Botswana K004429585 Yes
Leach; Cannell [14792] Zimbabwe K004429568 Yes
Mogg, A.O.D. [27190] Mozambique K004429566 Yes
s.coll. [316] Taiwan K005167860 Yes
Drummond, R.B.; Hemsley, J.H. [3365] Tanzania K004958953 Yes
[L.Muriel] [L 67] K000252854 Type Yes
Robson, N.K.B. [961] Zambia K000776299 Yes
Greenway, P.J. [6655] Tanzania K:SPC-02606.000 No
Haniff, M.; Nur, M. [4062] Thailand K005169585 Yes
Leach, L.C.; Cannell, I.C. [14623] Angola K000776404 Yes
Sandwith, C. [118] Zambia K000776298 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Ethiopia K004956667 Yes
Phipps, J.B. [2415] Zimbabwe K004429569 Yes
Napier, E.R. [5255] Kenya K004958937 Yes
Drummond, R.B.; Hemsley, J.H. [3330] Tanzania K:SPC-02607.000 No
Perdue, R.E.; Kibuwa, S.P. [8160] Kenya K004958936 Yes

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    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

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    • Copyright applied to individual images

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