- Family:
- Poaceae Barnhart
- Genus:
- Heteropogon Pers.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.

[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Nativa en Colombia; Alt. 1000 - 3000 m.; Andes, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
- Morphology General Habit
- Hierba
- Conservation
- No Evaluada
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Tufted perennial with laterally compressed basal sheaths; stems up to 1 m high, erect
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Racemes 3–10 cm long, solitary or aggregated into a scanty false panicle, the awns forming a twisted spire; homogamous spikelet-pairs 3–17, resembling the pedicelled spikelets
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm long, including the ferociously pungent, rufously bearded 2–3 mm long callus; lower glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm long Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm long with a callus 2–3 mm long.
- Distribution
- N1, 2; C1, 2; S3 tropical and warm temperate regions generally.
- Ecology
- Altitude range 25–1650 m.
[FZ]
Gramineae, T. A. Cope. Flora Zambesiaca 10:4. 2002
- Morphology General Habit
- Caespitose perennial with laterally compressed leaf sheaths; culms up to 100 cm high, erect.
- Morphology Leaves Leaf lamina
- Leaf laminas 3–30 cm × 2–8 mm, abruptly narrowed at the apex.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Racemes 3–10 cm long, mostly long-exserted, solitary or aggregated into a scanty false panicle, the awns eventually twisted together into a terminal spire; homogamous spikelet pairs 3–17, resembling the pedicelled spikelets.
- Sessile
- Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm long (including the ferociously pungent and rufously barbate callus 2–3 mm long); inferior glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm long, hirtellous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm long; inferior glume green with yellowish membranous margins, without glands, the indumentum ranging from absent to tuberculate-villous; callus 2–3 mm long. Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm long (including the ferociously pungent and rufously barbate callus 2–3 mm long); inferior glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm long, hirtellous.
- Pedicelled
- Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm long; inferior glume green with yellowish membranous margins, without glands, the indumentum ranging from absent to tuberculate-villous; callus 2–3 mm long.
[FTEA]
Gramineae, W. D. Clayton, S. M. Phillips & S. A. Renvoize. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1974
- Morphology General Habit
- Untidily tufted perennial, the basal sheaths laterally compressed; culms 30–100 cm. high, erect.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaf-blades flat, 3–30 cm. long, 2–8 mm. wide, abruptly narrowed at the tip.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Homogamous pairs 3–17, resembling the pedicelled spikelets. Racemes 3–10 cm. long, mostly long-exserted, solitary or aggregated into a scanty false panicle, the awns forming a twisted spire.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm. long, including a ferociously pungent and rufously bearded callus 2–3 mm. long; lower glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm. long, hirtellous. Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm. long; lower glume green with yellowish membranous margins, without glands, the hairiness varying from glabrous to tuberculate-villous; callus 2–3 mm. long.
- Sessile
- Sessile spikelet 5.5–10 mm. long, including a ferociously pungent and rufously bearded callus 2–3 mm. long; lower glume elliptic-oblong, brown, hispidulous; awn 5–8 cm. long, hirtellous.
- Pedicelled
- Pedicelled spikelet 5–15 mm. long; lower glume green with yellowish membranous margins, without glands, the hairiness varying from glabrous to tuberculate-villous; callus 2–3 mm. long.
- Figures
- Fig. 191.
- Habitat
- Deciduous bushland and wooded grassland; often the dominant species in open grassy places on dry soils; 0–2100 m.
- Distribution
- K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 P T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 tropical and warm temperate regions generally
[GB]
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial; caespitose. Basal innovations intravaginal. Culms erect; 30-100 cm long; 1.5-3 mm diam. Culm-internodes solid. Culm-nodes black. Lateral branches fastigiate. Leaves cauline. Leaf-sheaths keeled. Ligule a fringe of hairs; 1 mm long. Collar glabrous, or pilose. Leaf-blades 3-30 cm long; 2-8 mm wide. Leaf-blade surface ribbed. Leaf-blade apex abruptly acute.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence composed of racemes. Peduncle antrorsely scabrous above. Racemes 1; single; erect; unilateral; 3-10 cm long. Rhachis fragile at the nodes; glabrous on margins. Rhachis internodes linear. Rhachis internode tip oblique. Spikelets appressed; in pairs. Fertile spikelets sessile; 1 in the cluster. Companion sterile spikelets pedicelled; 1 in the cluster. Pedicels oblong; semiterete; 0.2 length of fertile spikelet.
- Sterile
- Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 6-34 in number; larger than fertile. Basal sterile spikelet glumes smooth on margins; lower glume muticous. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; asymmetrical; dorsally compressed; 5-15 mm long; longer than fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; eglandular; winged on margins; distinctly veined; smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose, or villous; acute; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets linear; subterete; 5.5-10 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long; bearded; base pungent; attached obliquely. Spikelet callus hairs red; 0.2 length of spikelet. Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 6-34 in number; larger than fertile. Basal sterile spikelet glumes smooth on margins; lower glume muticous. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; asymmetrical; dorsally compressed; 5-15 mm long; longer than fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; eglandular; winged on margins; distinctly veined; smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose, or villous; acute; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes.
- Fertile
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets linear; subterete; 5.5-10 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus linear; 2-3 mm long; bearded; base pungent; attached obliquely. Spikelet callus hairs red; 0.2 length of spikelet.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume
- Glumes dissimilar; with lower wider than upper; exceeding apex of florets; firmer than fertile lemma. Lower glume linear; 1 length of spikelet; coriaceous; dark brown; without keels; 9 -veined. Lower glume surface puberulous, or pubescent, or pilose. Lower glume apex obtuse. Upper glume linear; coriaceous; without keels. Upper glume muticous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets
- Basal sterile florets barren; without significant palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret linear; 1 length of fertile lemma; hyaline; 2 -veined; erose. Fertile lemma linear; 3-5 mm long; membranous; 1 -veined. Lemma apex entire; awned; 1 -awned. Principal lemma awn apical; geniculate; 50-80 mm long overall; with twisted column. Column of lemma awn hirtellous. Palea absent or minute.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Anthers 3; 2.5 mm long. Stigmas 2.
- Distribution
- Europe: central, southwestern, and southeastern. Africa: north, Macaronesia, west tropical, west-central tropical, northeast tropical, east tropical, southern tropical, south, middle Atlantic ocean, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: western Asia, Arabia, China, and eastern Asia. Asia-tropical: India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Papuasia. Australasia: Australia. Pacific: southwestern, south-central, northwestern, and north-central. North America: southwest USA, south-central USA, and Mexico. South America: Mesoamericana, Caribbean, northern South America, western South America, Brazil, and southern South America.
- Reference
- Andropogoneae. FTEA.
[UPB]
The Useful Plants of Boyacá project
- Ecology
- Alt. 1000 - 3000 m.
- Morphology General Habit
- Herb.
- Distribution
- Native from Colombia.
- Conservation
- Not Evaluated.
[FWTA]
Gramineae, W. D. Clayton. Flora of West Tropical Africa 3:2. 1972
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial, up to about 1 m. high
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Awns twisted into a spire when young, and forming a malignant tangled knot at maturity; callus painfully pungent.
[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean. Elevation range: 1000–3000 m a.s.l. Native to Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia, Boyacá, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena, Meta, Nariño, Santander, Tolima.
- Habit
- Herb.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, savanna, native grassland, artificial - terrestrial.
[GB]
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial; caespitose. Culms 30-40 cm long. Leaves cauline (middle third of culm); distichous. Leaf-sheaths 2.5 cm long; keeled; striately veined. Ligule a fringe of hairs; 1 mm long. Leaf-blades conduplicate; 2.5-7 cm long; 2-4 mm wide; stiff. Leaf-blade surface glabrous; hairless except near base. Leaf-blade margins cartilaginous; scabrous; tuberculate-ciliate; hairy at base.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence composed of racemes. Racemes 1; single; erect; unilateral; 4-5 cm long. Rhachis fragile at the nodes. Rhachis internodes linear. Rhachis internode tip oblique. Spikelets appressed; in pairs. Fertile spikelets sessile; 1 in the cluster. Companion sterile spikelets pedicelled; 1 in the cluster. Pedicels oblong; semiterete; 0.3 mm long; 0.05 length of fertile spikelet.
- Sterile
- Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 8-12 in number; larger than fertile. Basal sterile spikelet lower glume muticous. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; dorsally compressed; 7-8 mm long; longer than fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet callus linear; 1.5 mm long; truncate. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; eglandular; winged on margins; smooth; glabrous; acute; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets linear; subterete; 8.5-9 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus linear; curved; 2.5 mm long; bearded; base pungent; attached obliquely. Spikelet callus hairs dark brown. Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 8-12 in number; larger than fertile. Basal sterile spikelet lower glume muticous. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; dorsally compressed; 7-8 mm long; longer than fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet callus linear; 1.5 mm long; truncate. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; eglandular; winged on margins; smooth; glabrous; acute; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes.
- Fertile
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets linear; subterete; 8.5-9 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus linear; curved; 2.5 mm long; bearded; base pungent; attached obliquely. Spikelet callus hairs dark brown.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume
- Glumes dissimilar; with lower wider than upper; exceeding apex of florets; firmer than fertile lemma. Lower glume linear; 1 length of spikelet; coriaceous; dark brown; without keels. Lower glume surface grooved on either side of midvein; pubescent. Lower glume apex truncate. Upper glume linear; coriaceous; without keels. Upper glume muticous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets
- Basal sterile florets barren; without significant palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret lanceolate; 1 length of fertile lemma; hyaline; 0 -veined; without lateral veins; erose. Fertile lemma linear; 2-3 mm long; membranous; 1 -veined. Lemma apex entire; awned; 1 -awned. Principal lemma awn apical; geniculate; 40-70 mm long overall; with twisted column. Column of lemma awn pubescent. Palea absent or minute.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Anthers 3. Stigmas 2.
- Distribution
- Asia-tropical: India.
- Reference
- Andropogoneae. Deshpande.
Native to:
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Arizona, Assam, Baleares, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil North, Burkina, Burundi, California, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Caprivi Strip, Central African Repu, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Comoros, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, France, Free State, Ghana, Guatemala, Gulf of Guinea Is., Guyana, Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laccadive Is., Lebanon-Syria, Leeward Is., Lesotho, Lesser Sunda Is., Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Mali, Maluku, Marianas, Marquesas, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexican Pacific Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Mexico, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Rodrigues, Rwanda, Réunion, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sicilia, Sierra Leone, Society Is., Socotra, Somalia, South China Sea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Swaziland, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Texas, Thailand, Tibet, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Uganda, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Windward Is., Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Ascension, Cook Is., Nansei-shoto, Venezuela, Wallis-Futuna Is.
- Andropogon allionii DC.
- Andropogon austrocaledonicus Vieill.
- Andropogon bellardii Bubani
- Andropogon besukiensis Steud.
- Andropogon contortus L.
- Andropogon contortus subsp. allionii (DC.) Trab.
- Andropogon contortus subsp. glaber K.Richt.
- Andropogon contortus var. glaber (Hack.) Hack.
- Andropogon contortus subvar. hispidissimus Hack.
- Andropogon contortus var. macroglumis Pilg.
- Andropogon contortus subvar. secundus Hack.
- Andropogon firmus (J.Presl) Kunth
- Andropogon glaber Raspail
- Andropogon hispidissimus Steud.
- Andropogon hohenackeri Hochst. ex Steud.
- Andropogon messanensis Biv.
- Andropogon polystachyos Roxb.
- Andropogon secundus Griseb.
- Heteropogon allionii (DC.) Roem. & Schult.
- Heteropogon besukiensis (Steud.) Miq.
- Heteropogon contortus var. glaber Hack.
- Heteropogon contortus var. hirtus Hack.
- Heteropogon contortus var. hispidissimus (Hack.) M.R.Almeida
- Heteropogon contortus var. polystachyos (Roxb.) Deshp.
- Heteropogon contortus subvar. secundus (Hack.) Domin
- Heteropogon fertilis B.S.Sun & S.Wang
- Heteropogon firmus J.Presl
- Heteropogon fischerianus Bor
- Heteropogon glaber Pers.
- Heteropogon hirsutus P.Beauv.
- Heteropogon hirtus Pers.
- Heteropogon hispidissimus Hochst. ex Steud.
- Heteropogon hohenackeri Hochst. ex Miq.
- Heteropogon messanensis (Biv.) Guss.
- Heteropogon polystachyos (Roxb.) Schult.
- Heteropogon roxburghii Arn. ex Nees
- Holcus contortus (L.) Stuck.
- Sorghum contortum (L.) Kuntze
- English
- (Common) spear grass, Stick grass, Tanglehead
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan 1, 2016 | Hooker, J.D. [91], Cape Verde | K001259203 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 2016 | Hooker, J.D. [90], Cape Verde | K001134467 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 2016 | Hooker, J.D. [89], Cape Verde | K001134468 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 2014 | Gardner, G. [3522], Brazil | K001072840 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 2014 | Ule, E. [7920], Brazil | K001072841 | Yes | ||
May 27, 1933 | s.coll. [s.n.], Tamil Nadu | K000911728 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 1817 | Wallich, N. [1688], India | K000245938 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 1817 | Hohenacker, R.F. [301], Karnataka | K000245939 | isotype | Yes | |
Jan 1, 1817 | Hohenacker, R.F. [301], Karnataka | K000245940 | isotype | Yes | |
Schimper [1219], Ethiopia | K000280097 | isotype | Yes | ||
Schimper [1219], Ethiopia | K000280098 | isotype | Yes | ||
Schimper [1219], Ethiopia | K000280099 | isotype | Yes | ||
Spruce, R. [6094], Ecuador | K000201742 | Yes | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [11072], Thailand | K000620580 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [7976], Thailand | K000620582 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [7073], Thailand | K000620583 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [4610], Thailand | K000620584 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [1267], Thailand | K000620585 | No | |||
Put [2173], Thailand | K000620586 | No | |||
Marcan, A. [2313], Thailand | K000620591 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [19765], Thailand | K000620593 | No | |||
Lindhard, E. [s.n.], Thailand | K000688890 | No | |||
Smitinand [6190], Thailand | K000688899 | No | |||
Tagawa, M. [T 2203], Thailand | K000688900 | No | |||
Parry, D.E. [38], Thailand | K000688901 | No | |||
van Beusekom, C.F. [3789], Thailand | K000688902 | No | |||
Larsen, K. [1596], Thailand | K000688903 | No | |||
Sorensen, Th. [5886], Thailand | K000688905 | No | |||
Hinton, G.B. [6700], Guerrero | K000476384 | No | |||
Hinton, G.B. [1821], México State | K000476381 | No | |||
Put [2173], Thailand | K000620587 | No | |||
Put [1967], Thailand | K000620589 | No | |||
Smitinand, T. [4001], Thailand | K000688897 | No | |||
s.coll. [s.n.], France | K000911729 | Yes | |||
Hinton, G.B. [5306], México State | K000476382 | No | |||
Smitinand, T. [2032], Thailand | K000688895 | No | |||
Collins, D.J. [1909], Thailand | K000688892 | No | |||
Hinton, G.B. [9400], Guerrero | K000476383 | No | |||
Smitinand, T. [1613], Thailand | K000688894 | No | |||
Smitinand, T. [4264], Thailand | K000688898 | No | |||
Sorensen, Th. [4437], Thailand | K000688904 | No | |||
Hinton, G.B. [2068], México State | K000476385 | No | |||
Hosseus, C.C. [108a], Thailand | K000688891 | No | |||
Spruce, R. [6094], Ecuador | K000201743 | Yes | |||
Marcan, A. [2229], Thailand | K000620592 | No | |||
Eiten, G. [10790], Brazil | K001072843 | Yes | |||
Put [1967], Thailand | K000620588 | No | |||
Marcan, A. [2313], Thailand | K000620590 | No | |||
Smitinand, T. [3063], Thailand | K000688896 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [15976], Thailand | K000620581 | No | |||
Chantaranothai, P. [90/478], Thailand | K000688893 | No | |||
Kloss, C.B. [s.n.], Thailand | K000688888 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [19559], Thailand | K000620579 | No | |||
Lindhard, E. [s.n.], Thailand | K000688889 | No | |||
Jan 1, 1951 | Bourne, E.T. [2026], Tamil Nadu | Heteropogon fischerianus | K000245941 | isosyntype | Yes |
Jan 1, 1951 | Bourne, E.T. [2026], Tamil Nadu | Heteropogon fischerianus | K000245942 | isosyntype | Yes |
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800] | Andropogon contortus | K001128246 | Yes | ||
Akkul, M. [Cat. no. 8800] | Andropogon contortus | K001128244 | Yes | ||
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 8800], Nepal | Andropogon contortus | K001128242 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800] | Andropogon contortus | K001128238 | Yes | ||
Akkul, M. [Cat. no. 8800], Myanmar | Andropogon contortus | K001128245 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800], India | Andropogon contortus | K001128239 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800] | Andropogon contortus | K001128237 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800], India | Andropogon contortus | K001128241 | Yes | ||
Akkul, M. [Cat. no. 8800] | Andropogon contortus | K001128243 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800] | Andropogon contortus | K001128236 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8800], India | Andropogon contortus | K001128240 | Yes |
First published in Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 2: 836 (1817)
Accepted by
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Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
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Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible
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Flora Zambesiaca
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Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
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Plants and People Africa
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