- Family:
- Poaceae Barnhart
- Genus:
- Lolium L.
Lolium multiflorum Lam.

[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean. Elevation range: 1500–3500 m a.s.l. Naturalised in Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia, Bogotá DC, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Nariño, Quindío, Risaralda, Tolima, Valle del Cauca.
- Habit
- Herb.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: shrubland, native grassland, artificial - terrestrial.
- Vernacular
- Lolium
[FZ]
Gramineae, E. Launert. Flora Zambesiaca 10:1. 1971
- Morphology General Habit
- A caespitose annual or biennial.
- Morphology Culms
- Culms 30-80(100) cm. tall, 2-5-noded, sometimes solitary, simple or branched below, erect or geniculately ascending, smooth or scaberulous beneath the inflorescence.
- Morphology Leaves Leaf sheaths
- Leaf-sheaths prominently striate, dorsally rounded, tight at first, later somewhat loose, smooth or more rarely scaberulous, glabrous.
- Morphology Leaves Ligules
- Ligule 1-2 mm. long, membranous.
- Morphology Leaves Leaf lamina
- Leaf-laminae 6-25 x 0·4-1 cm., linear, tapering to a fine soft point, with narrow auricles at the base, involute in young shoots, smooth and glossy on the lower and often scaberulous on the upper surface.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Spikes 10-30 cm. long, erect or sometimes nodding, rather compressed, often tinged with purple; rhachis usually scabrous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Spikelets 7·5-25 mm. long, 5-15-flowered, elliptic-oblong to obovate-oblong in lateral view, glabrous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume
- Superior glume much shorter than the spikelet, 4-7-nerved, narrowly oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse to acute.
- Superior
- Superior glume much shorter than the spikelet, 4-7-nerved, narrowly oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse to acute.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Lemma
- Lemmas 5-8 mm. long, 5-nerved, awned, imbricate, oblong to lanceolate-oblong, with the apex obtuse and 2-dentate; awn up to 10 mm. long, straight, slender.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Palea
- Paleas scaberulous along the keels.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens Anthers
- Anthers 3-4·5 mm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Caryopsis 3-3·5 mm. long.
[UPB]
The Useful Plants of Boyacá project
- Ecology
- Alt. 1500 - 3500 m.
- Morphology General Habit
- Herb.
- Distribution
- Introduced and naturalised in Colombia.
- Conservation
- Least concern.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Naturalizada y adventicia en Colombia; Alt. 1500 - 3500 m.; Andes.
- Morphology General Habit
- Hierba
- Conservation
- No Evaluada
[UNAL]
Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
- Vernacular
- ballico, raigrás, raigrás anual, raigrás inglés, raigrás italiano, reigrás
[GB]
- Morphology General Habit
- Annual; caespitose. Culms erect, or decumbent; 30-90 cm long. Leaf-sheath oral hairs lacking. Leaf-sheath auricles falcate. Ligule an eciliate membrane; 1-2 mm long. Leaf-blades 6-25 cm long; 4-10 mm wide.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence composed of racemes. Racemes 1; single; bilateral; 10-30 cm long. Rhachis semiterete. Spikelet packing adaxial; 1 their length apart; regular; 2 -rowed. Spikelets appressed; solitary. Fertile spikelets sessile.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Spikelets comprising 5-15 fertile florets; with diminished florets at the apex. Spikelets oblong; laterally compressed; 7.5-25 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret.
- Fertile
- Spikelets comprising 5-15 fertile florets; with diminished florets at the apex. Spikelets oblong; laterally compressed; 7.5-25 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume
- Glumes one the lower absent or obscure; persistent; shorter than spikelet; similar to fertile lemma in texture. Upper glume lanceolate; coriaceous; without keels; 4-7 -veined. Upper glume surface smooth. Upper glume apex obtuse, or acute.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets
- Fertile lemma oblong; 5-8 mm long; coriaceous; without keel; 5 -veined. Lemma apex dentate; 2 -fid; obtuse; awned; 1 -awned. Principal lemma awn 5-10 mm long overall. Palea keels scaberulous. Apical sterile florets resembling fertile though underdeveloped.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Ovary glabrous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Hilum linear.
- Distribution
- Europe: northern, central, southwestern, southeastern, and eastern. Africa: north, Macaronesia, northeast tropical, east tropical, southern tropical, and south. Asia-temperate: Soviet far east, Soviet Middle Asia, Caucasus, western Asia, Arabia, China, and eastern Asia. Asia-tropical: India, Malesia, and Papuasia. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. Pacific: north-central. North America: Subarctic, western Canada, eastern Canada, northwest USA, north-central USA, northeast USA, southwest USA, southeast USA, and Mexico. South America: Mesoamericana, Caribbean, western South America, Brazil, and southern South America. Antarctic: Subantarctic islands.
- Reference
- Poeae. FTEA.
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Environmental
- Environmental uses.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
- Use Poisons
- Poisons.
[UPB]
- Use Environmental
- Environmental uses (State of the World's Plants 2016).
- Use Medicines
- Medicinal (Instituto Humboldt 2014).
- Use Medicines Unspecified Medicinal Disorders
- Medicinal (State of the World's Plants 2016, Instituto Humboldt 2014).
Native to:
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Azores, Baleares, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Chad, Corse, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., East Himalaya, Egypt, France, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Kriti, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Mauritania, Morocco, North Caucasus, Pakistan, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, Sinai, Spain, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, West Siberia, Western Sahara, Yemen, Yugoslavia
Extinct in:
Jawa
Introduced into:
Alabama, Alaska, Alberta, Aleutian Is., Amsterdam-St.Paul Is, Antipodean Is., Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Austria, Bahamas, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, British Columbia, California, Cape Provinces, Central European Rus, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Colorado, Connecticut, Costa Rica, Crozet Is., Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Delaware, Denmark, District of Columbia, Dominican Republic, East European Russia, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Is., Finland, Florida, Free State, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greenland, Guatemala, Haiti, Hawaii, Hungary, Idaho, Illinois, India, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Ireland, Jamaica, Japan, Jawa, Juan Fernández Is., Kansas, Kentucky, Kerguelen, Korea, Krym, KwaZulu-Natal, Labrador, Leeward Is., Louisiana, Magadan, Maine, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nansei-shoto, Nebraska, Netherlands, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Guinea, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Newfoundland, North Carolina, North Dakota, North European Russi, Northern Provinces, Northwest European R, Northwest Territorie, Norway, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Panamá, Pennsylvania, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Primorye, Prince Edward I., Puerto Rico, Queensland, Québec, Rhode I., Sakhalin, Saskatchewan, Saudi Arabia, South Australia, South Carolina, South Dakota, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tasmania, Tennessee, Texas, Tibet, Ukraine, Uruguay, Utah, Venezuela, Vermont, Victoria, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Western Australia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yukon, Zimbabwe
- Lolium ambiguum Desp.
- Lolium aristatum (Willd.) Lag.
- Lolium compositum Thuill.
- Lolium elongatum Rouville
- Lolium gaudinii Parl.
- Lolium italicum A.Braun
- Lolium lesdainii Sennen
- Lolium multiflorum subsp. gaudinii (Asch. & Graebn.) Schinz & R.Keller
- Lolium multiflorum subsp. italicum (Husn.) Schinz & R.Keller
- Lolium multiflorum var. laeviculme Maire
- Lolium multiflorum var. latifolium Maire
- Lolium multiflorum subsp. ramosum (Guss.) Arcang.
- Lolium multiflorum f. submuticum (Mutel) Anghel & Beldie
- Lolium osiridis Fig. & Delile ex Rouville
- Lolium perenne subsp. italicum Bonnier & Layens
- Lolium perenne subsp. italicum Husn.
- Lolium perenne subsp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husn.
- Lolium scabrum J.Presl
- Lolium siculum Parl.
- Lolium temulentum Bertero ex Steud.
- Lolium temulentum var. multiflorum (Lam.) Kuntze
- Lolium westerwoldicum Breakw.
- Spanish
- Lolium.
Lolium multiflorum Lam. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uechtritz, R.F.C. [s.n.], Poland | K000913356 | Yes | |||
Clayton, W.D. [4298], Brazil | K001077709 | Yes | |||
Ferreira, L.F. [70], Brazil | K001077717 | Yes | |||
Paciornik, E.F. [169], Brazil | K001077721 | Yes | |||
Cordeiro, J. [975], Brazil | K001077707 | Yes | |||
Kummrow, R. [3098], Brazil | K001077706 | Yes | |||
Dombrowski, L.T. [1041], Brazil | K001077714 | Yes | |||
Braun, A.C.H. [s.n.], Germany | K000913361 | Yes | |||
Reitz [7846], Brazil | K001077708 | Yes | |||
Dombrowski, L.T. [2073], Brazil | K001077712 | Yes | |||
Kummrow, R. [127], Brazil | K001077718 | Yes | |||
Ferreira, L.F. [127], Brazil | K001077716 | Yes | |||
Thuillier, J.L. [s.n.], France | K000913359 | Yes | |||
Dombrowski, L.T. [1918], Brazil | K001077713 | Yes | |||
Dombrowski, L.T. [1966], Brazil | K001077719 | Yes | |||
Smith, L.B. [12947], Brazil | K001077710 | Yes | |||
Wasum, R. [6422], Brazil | K001077720 | Yes | |||
Rigo, G. [s.n.], Italy | K000913362 | Yes | |||
Clayton, W.D. [4400], Brazil | K001077711 | Yes | |||
Hatschbach, G. [28471], Brazil | K001077723 | Yes | |||
Kummrow, R. [2338], Brazil | K001077722 | Yes | |||
Dombrowski, L.T. [2785], Brazil | K001077715 | Yes | |||
Bouly de Lesdain, M. [s.n.], France | K000913357 | Yes | |||
Braun, A.C.H. [s.n.] | K000913358 | Yes | |||
Gay, J.E. [s.n.] | K000913360 | Yes |
First published in Fl. Franç. 3: 621 (1779)
Accepted by
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Ackerfield, J. (2015). Flora of Colorado: 1-818. BRIT Press.
- Barry, J. P. & Celles, J.S. (1991). Flore de Mauritanie 2: 360-550. Centre Regional de Documentation Pedagogique, Nice.
- Bor, N.L. (1968). Flora of Iraq 9: 1-588. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
- Bor, N.L. (1970). Flora Iranica 70: 1-573. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien.
- Boulos, L. (2005). Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
- Clayton, W.D. & Snow, N. (2010). A key to Pacific Grasses: 1-107. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Cope, T.A. (1982). Flora of Pakistan 143: 1-678. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
- Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Edinburgh University Press.
- Danin, A. (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina area: 1-517. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (1994). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 8: 1-458. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Davidse, G. & al. (eds.) (1994). Flora Mesoamericana 6: 1-543. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
- Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9: 1-724. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Dobignard, A., Jacquemoud, F. & Jordan, D. (1992). Matériaux pour la conaissance floristique du Sahara occidental et l'Anti-Atlas méridional. I. Pteridophyta à Rosaceae Candollea 47: 113-179.
- Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Dávila, P., Mejia-Saulés, M.T., Gómez-Sánchez, N., Valdés-Reyna, J., Ortíz, J.J., Morín, C., Castrejón, J. & Ocampo, A. (2006). Catálogo de las Gramíneas de México: 1-671. CONABIO, México city.
- Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. (2010). Flora of New Zealand, ed. 2, 5: 1-650. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
- Fedorov, A.A. (ed.) (1999). Flora of Russia. The European part and bordering regions 1: 1-546. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Broekfield.
- Frenot, Y., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P.M., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M. & Bergstrom,D.M. (2005). Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 80: 45-72.
- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.: i-vi, 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Giraldo-Cañas, D. (2011). Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en Colombia Darwiniana 49: 139-247.
- Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 1-430. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
- Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (2020). Flora of Japan IVa: 1-430. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.
- Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Kandwal, M.K. & Gupta, B.K. (2009). An update on grass flora of Uttarkhand Indian Journal of Forestry 32: 657-668.
- Kharkevich, S.S., Probatova, N.S. & Novikov, V.S. (1985). Sosudistye rasteniia sovetskogo Dalnego Vostoka 1: 1-383. Izd-vo "Nauka," Leningradskoe otd-nie, Leningrad.
- Koyama, T. (1987). Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions: an identification manual: 1-570. Kodansha, Tokyo, Japan.
- Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
- Launert, E. (1971). Flora Zambesiaca 10(1): 1-152. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Lee, W.T. (1996). Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 1-1688. Soul T'ukpyolsi: Ak'ademi Sojok.
- Malyschev, L.I. & Peschkova, G.A. (eds.) (2001). Flora of Siberia 2: 1-362. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
- Meikle, R.D. (1985). Flora of Cyprus 2: 833-1970. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Noltie, H.J. (2000). Flora of Bhutan 3(2): 457-883. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Nowak, A. & Nobis, M. (eds.) (2020). Illustrated Flora of Tajikistan and adjacent areas 2: 367-766. PAN, Polish academy of sciences.
- Parslow, R. & Bennallick, I. (2017). The new flora of the Isles of Scilly: 1-539. Parslow Press.
- Powell, A.M. & Worthington, R.D. (2018). Flowering plants of Trans-Pecos Texas and ajacent areas: 1-1444. BRIT Press.
- Renvoize, S.A. (1998). Gramineas de Bolivia: 1-644. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Sunil, C.N. & Abdul Jaleel, V. (2013). Lolium multiflorum (Poaceae): A new record for Peninsular India Rheedea 23: 52-54.
- Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2006). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 2: 1-466. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
- Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1980). Flora Europaea 5: 1-452. Cambridge University Press.
- Walker, E.H. (1976). Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu islands: 1-1159. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
- Wilson, A. (ed.) (2009). Flora of Australia 44A: 1-410. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
- Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A Handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2006). Poaceae Flora of China 22: 1-733. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
- Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.
Literature
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
Useful Plants of Boyacá Project
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Castro, C. (Proveedor de metadatos), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). Versión 11.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
- Kew’s Economic Botany collection in The State of the World’s Plants Report–2016. (2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew https://stateoftheworldsplants.org/2016/
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Bor, N.L. (1970). Flora Iranica 70: 1-573. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien.
- Boulos, L. (2005). Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Broughton, D.A. & McAdam, J.H. (2002). The non-native vascular flora of the Falkland islands Botanical Journal of Scotland 54: 153-190.
- Chilton, L. (2010). Plant list for Lesvos, slightly revised 1998-2009: 1-36. Marengo, Hunstanton, England.
- Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Edinburgh University Press.
- Danin, A. (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina area: 1-517. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (1994). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 8: 1-458. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Davidse, G. & al. (eds.) (1994). Flora Mesoamericana 6: 1-543. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
- Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9: 1-724. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Dobignard, A., Jacquemoud, F. & Jordan, D. (1992). Matériaux pour la conaissance floristique du Sahara occidental et l'Anti-Atlas méridional. I. Pteridophyta à Rosaceae Candollea 47: 113-179.
- Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Dávila, P., Mejia-Saulés, M.T., Gómez-Sánchez, N., Valdés-Reyna, J., Ortíz, J.J., Morín, C., Castrejón, J. & Ocampo, A. (2006). Catálogo de las Gramíneas de México: 1-671. CONABIO, México city.
- Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. (2010). Flora of New Zealand, ed. 2, 5: 1-650. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
- Fedorov, A.A. (ed.) (1999). Flora of Russia. The European part and bordering regions 1: 1-546. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Broekfield.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2007). Flora of North America North of Mexico 24: 1-908. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
- Forzza, R.C. & al. (2013). Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
- Frenot, Y., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P.M., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M. & Bergstrom,D.M. (2005). Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 80: 45-72.
- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.: i-vi, 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Giraldo-Cañas, D. (2011). Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en Colombia Darwiniana 49: 139-247.
- Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 1-430. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
- Hultén, E.O.G. (1960). Flora of the Aleutian Islands and westernmost Alaska Peninsula: with notes on the flora of Commander Islands, ed. 2: 1-376. Weinheim : J. Cramer ; New York : Hafner Pub. Co.
- Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Kandwal, M.K. & Gupta, B.K. (2009). An update on grass flora of Uttarkhand Indian Journal of Forestry 32: 657-668.
- Kharkevich, S.S., Probatova, N.S. & Novikov, V.S. (1985). Sosudistye rasteniia sovetskogo Dalnego Vostoka 1: 1-383. Izd-vo "Nauka," Leningradskoe otd-nie, Leningrad.
- Koyama, T. (1987). Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions: an identification manual: 1-570. Kodansha, Tokyo, Japan.
- Launert, E. (1971). Flora Zambesiaca 10(1): 1-152. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Lee, W.T. (1996). Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 1-1688. Soul T'ukpyolsi: Ak'ademi Sojok.
- Malyschev, L.I. & Peschkova, G.A. (eds.) (2001). Flora of Siberia 2: 1-362. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
- Meades, S.J. & Brouillet, L. (2019). Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Newfoundland and Labrador https://www.newfoundland-labradorflora.com/checklist/.
- Meikle, R.D. (1985). Flora of Cyprus 2: 833-1970. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Merkodovich, N.A. (ed.) (1941). Flora Uzbekistana 1: 1-566. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
- Noltie, H.J. (2000). Flora of Bhutan 3(2): 457-883. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
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Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
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