Family:
Poaceae Barnhart
Genus:
Phalaris L.

Phalaris arundinacea L.

This species is accepted, and its native range is Temp. & Subtropical Northern Hemisphere to Tropical Mountains. It is used to treat unspecified medicinal disorders, has environmental uses, as animal food, a poison and a medicine and for food.

[UNAL]

Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/

Vernacular
alpiste de forraje, pasto brasilero, pasto cinta

[CPLC]

Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Distribution
Nativa y cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 2000 - 4000 m.; Andes.
Morphology General Habit
Hierba
Conservation
No Evaluada

[FTEA]

Gramineae, W. D. Clayton, S. M. Phillips & S. A. Renvoize. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1974

Morphology General Habit
Perennial from scaly creeping rhizomes.
Morphology Culms
Culms 50–150 cm. tall.
Morphology Leaves
Leaf-blades up to 20 cm. long and 15 mm. wide.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
Panicle 7–40 cm. long, dense, lobed or interrupted, with short branches up to 5 cm. long, these spreading at anthesis but otherwise contracted about the main axis.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
Glumes 3.5–7.5 mm. long, acute, wingless or with a very narrow and inconspicuous wing on the keel; sterile florets 2, subulate, 1.2–2.3 mm. long, villous; fertile floret lanceolate, 2.7–4.5 mm. long, dull yellow to grey-brown, sparsely pubescent.
Figures
Fig. 32.
Habitat
Stream banks, swamp margins and damp hollows in the uplands; 1950–3000 m.
Distribution
K3 K4 K6 T2 N. temperate regionsnow introduced to most parts of the world

[GB]
Morphology General Habit
Perennial. Rhizomes elongated; scaly. Culms erect; 50-150 cm long. Leaves cauline. Ligule an eciliate membrane; 6-10 mm long. Leaf-blades 10-20 cm long; 5-15 mm wide.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle contracted; linear; interrupted; 7-40 cm long; 1-4 cm wide. Primary panicle branches appressed; 1-5 cm long. Panicle branches scabrous. Spikelets appressed; solitary. Fertile spikelets pedicelled. Pedicels linear; tip cupuliform.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
Spikelets comprising 2 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets ovate; laterally compressed; compressed strongly; 3.5-7.5 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret.
Fertile
Spikelets comprising 2 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets ovate; laterally compressed; compressed strongly; 3.5-7.5 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume
Glumes persistent; similar; exceeding apex of florets; thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume elliptic; 3.5-7.5 mm long; 1 length of upper glume; chartaceous; 1-keeled; wingless; 3 -veined. Lower glume surface asperulous. Lower glume apex acute. Upper glume elliptic; 3.5-7.5 mm long; 1.3-1.6 length of adjacent fertile lemma; chartaceous; 1-keeled; wingless; 3 -veined. Upper glume surface asperulous. Upper glume apex acute.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets
Basal sterile florets similar; barren; without significant palea; attached to and deciduous with the fertile. Lemma of lower sterile floret subulate; 1.2-2.3 mm long; 0.4-0.5 length of fertile lemma; membranous; pilose. Fertile lemma ovate; laterally compressed; 2.7-4.5 mm long; cartilaginous; yellow to dark brown; shiny; keeled; 5 -veined. Lemma surface pubescent. Lemma apex acute. Palea cartilaginous; 2 -veined; without keels. Palea surface pubescent; hairy on back.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
Lodicules 2; membranous. Anthers 3; 2.5-3 mm long. Ovary glabrous.
Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
Caryopsis with adherent pericarp. Hilum linear.
Distribution
Europe: northern, central, southwestern, southeastern, and eastern. Africa: north, west-central tropical, northeast tropical, east tropical, south, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: Siberia, Soviet far east, Soviet Middle Asia, Caucasus, western Asia, China, Mongolia, and eastern Asia. Asia-tropical: India and Malesia. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. North America: Subarctic, western Canada, eastern Canada, northwest USA, north-central USA, northeast USA, southwest USA, south-central USA, southeast USA, and Mexico. South America: Brazil and southern South America.
Reference
Aveneae. CEH.

[UPFC]
Distribution
Biogeografic region: Andean. Elevation range: 2000–4000 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Naturalised in Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia, Bogotá DC, Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca.
Habit
Herb.
Conservation
IUCN Red List Assessment (2021): LC.
Ecology
Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, shrubland, native grassland, wetlands (inland), artificial - terrestrial.

[UPB]

The Useful Plants of Boyacá project

Ecology
Alt. 2000 - 4000 m.
Morphology General Habit
Herb.
Distribution
Native and cultivated in Colombia.
Conservation
Not Evaluated.

[UPFC]
Use Animal Food
Used as animal food.
Use Environmental
Environmental uses.
Use Food
Used for food.
Use Materials
Used as material.
Use Medicines
Medical uses.
Use Poisons
Poisons.

[UPB]
Use Medicines
Medicinal (State of the World's Plants 2016).
Use Medicines Unspecified Medicinal Disorders
Medicinal (State of the World's Plants 2016, Instituto Humboldt 2014).

Native to:

Afghanistan, Alabama, Alaska, Albania, Alberta, Altay, Amur, Arizona, Arkansas, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Buryatiya, California, Central European Rus, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Chita, Colorado, Connecticut, Corse, Czechoslovakia, Delaware, Denmark, District of Columbia, East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Føroyar, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Illinois, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Irkutsk, Italy, Japan, Kamchatka, Kansas, Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Kenya, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Krym, Kuril Is., Lebanon-Syria, Madagascar, Magadan, Maine, Manchuria, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mongolia, Montana, Myanmar, Nebraska, Nepal, Netherlands, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Newfoundland, North Carolina, North Caucasus, North Dakota, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Northwest Territorie, Norway, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Pakistan, Pennsylvania, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Prince Edward I., Qinghai, Québec, Rhode I., Romania, Rwanda, Sakhalin, Sardegna, Saskatchewan, South Dakota, South European Russi, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tennessee, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Tuva, Ukraine, Utah, Uzbekistan, Vermont, Vietnam, Virginia, Washington, West Himalaya, West Siberia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yakutskiya, Yugoslavia, Yukon

Extinct in:

Jawa

Introduced into:

Algeria, Argentina Northeast, Brazil South, Cape Provinces, Colombia, Egypt, Free State, Jawa, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, Mauritius, Nansei-shoto, New South Wales, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Northern Provinces, Peru, South Australia, Tasmania, Uruguay, Victoria, Western Australia

Phalaris arundinacea L. appears in other Kew resources:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jan 1, 2009 Dieterten, A. [1183] K001065332 Yes
Jan 1, 2009 Bosser, J. [9264], Reunion K001065331 Yes
Aug 1, 1991 Matthew, K. [RHT 53085], India K001065285 Yes
Dec 1, 1967 Snowdon, J.D. [1457A], Uganda K001065320 Yes
Dec 1, 1967 Liebenberg, L.C.C. [370], Uganda K001065321 Yes
Jan 1, 1967 Napper, D. [1682], Tanzania K001065327 Yes
Jan 1, 1947 Ram, B. [20620], Pakistan K001065284 Yes
Pouzolz, P.M.C.de [s.n.], Corse K000808999 Yes
Vasak, V. [s.n.], Armenia K001065250 Yes
Krassnow [s.n.], Kazakhstan K001065271 Yes
James, H.E.M. [s.n.], China K001065273 Yes
Faber, E. [s.n.], China K001065274 No
Fang, W.P. [4401], China K001065275 Yes
Smeds, H. [1338 B], Ethiopia K001065301 Yes
Mooney, H.F. [7013], Ethiopia K001065302 Yes
Greenway, P.J. [14543], Kenya K001065314 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Sweden K001064257 Yes
Hilleström, A. [s.n.], Sweden K001064266 Yes
Idman, R. [1036], Finland K001064268 Yes
s.coll. [802], Russian Federation K001064275 Yes
Granng [s.n.], Austria K001064287 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Austria K001064288 Yes
Pin, L. [s.n.], Switzerland K001064291 Yes
Klovsf, A.H. [s.n.], Netherlands K001064305 Yes
Hichel, E. [s.n.], Belgium K001064308 Yes
Dionède [s.n.], France K001064322 Yes
Turrill, W.B. [268], Greece K001064329 Yes
Tanner, R. [3270], Tanzania K001065328 Yes
Cowan [1500], Iran K001065215 Yes
Capt. Garden [s.n.], Iran K001065217 Yes
Köle, M. [2798], Afghanistan K001065221 Yes
Davis [43845], Turkey K001065226 Yes
Davis [47283], Turkey K001065227 Yes
Hennipman, E. [507], Turkey K001065230 Yes
Kharkevich, S. [1068], Russian Federation K001065235 Yes
Fischer [s.n.], Russian Federation K001065238 Yes
Schrenck [s.n.], Russian Federation K001065239 Yes
Timokhina, S. [727], Russian Federation K001065242 Yes
Duthie, J.F. [13933], Pakistan K001065283 Yes
Gressit, J.L. [153], Taiwan K001065277 Yes
Hilleström, A. [s.n.], Sweden K001064261 Yes
Eberneder [963], Germany K001064284 Yes
Thomas, A.S. [1192], Uganda K001065319 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Germany K001064279 Yes
Matthew, K. [RHT 49065], India K001065286 Yes
Billot, C. [2162], Italy K001064323 Yes
Babakhanloo-Amin [10928], Iran K001065219 Yes
Hubbard, C.E. [s.n.], Sweden K001064259 Yes
Komarov, V. [4553], Russian Federation K001065234 Yes
Glover, G. [1042], Kenya K001065313 Yes
Leeuwenberg, A.J.M. [s.n.], Netherlands K001064307 Yes
Mameev, S. [877], Russian Federation K001065248 Yes
Coe, M. [701], Kenya K001065303 Yes
Rechinger [s.n.], Austria K001064290 Yes
Boggiani, M.O. [s.n.], Italy K001064325 Yes
Anastray, C. [EA 16294], Kenya K001065316 Yes
Schrenck [s.n.], Russian Federation K001065241 Yes
Mosseuary, R. [s.n.], Belgium K001064303 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Russian Federation K001064273 Yes
Pin, L. [s.n.], Switzerland K001064296 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Austria K001064289 Yes
Tang, T. [1973], China K001065268 Yes
Greenway, P.G. [9147], Tanzania K001065326 Yes
Bornet, E. [s.n.], France K001064314 Yes
Marklund, E. [s.n.], Sweden K001064258 Yes
Proal, M. [s.n.], France K001064320 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Italy K001064324 Yes
Bijout, F. [1809], Mauritius K001065329 Yes
Gammie, G.A. [s.n.], Pakistan K001065282 Yes
Idmar, R. [1036], Finland K001064269 Yes
Dudley [36085], Turkey K001065229 Yes
Bogdan, A. [AB 2836], Kenya K001065308 Yes
Greenway, P.J. [9564], Kenya K001065315 Yes
Rydén, C. [s.n.], Sweden K001064264 Yes
Faurie [1217], Japan K001065262 Yes
James, H.E.M. [s.n.], China K001065272 Yes
Verdcourt, B. [876], Kenya K001065318 Yes
Komarov, V. [s.n.], Russian Federation K001065237 Yes
Fellman, N.I. [304], Finland K001064271 Yes
Bisand, H. [11], Turkey K001065222 Yes
Davis [24278], Turkey K001065224 Yes
Steward, A.N. [2528], China K001065276 Yes
Bourke, J.A. [s.n.], Queensland K001065293 Yes
Dieterten, A. [1183] K001065333 Yes
Furse, P. [8655], Afghanistan K001065220 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Germany K001064285 Yes
Faurie [8519], Japan K001065261 Yes
Black, R.A. [s.n.], Victoria K001065294 Yes
Phillips, S.M. [1], Ethiopia K001065297 Yes
McDonald, J. [884], Kenya K001065310 Yes
Alston, A. [950], Sri Lanka K001065291 Yes
Hollen [649], Portugal K001064328 Yes
Lacroix, F. [2281], France K001064316 Yes
Davidse, G. [7082], Kenya K001065307 Yes
Sedoux [s.n.], Belgium K001064306 Yes
Meebold, A. [s.n.], Germany K001064280 Yes
Bredemann [39], Germany K001064283 Yes
Helsingör [s.n.], Sweden K001064256 Yes
Schmidt [s.n.], India K001065287 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Switzerland K001064294 Yes
s.coll. [1037], Finland K001064272 Yes
Bacher, G.O.van [21702], Jawa K001065292 Yes
Nepsh, T. [s.n.], Russian Federation K001065243 Yes
Pahet [10097E], Iran K001065218 Yes
Pin. C. [s.n.], France K001064317 Yes
Oberneder [4148], Germany K001064276 Yes
Tanaka, H. [s.n.], Japan K001065265 Yes
Furse, P. [2811], Iran K001065216 Yes
Stormer [7B], Norway K001064253 Yes
Hubbard, C.E. [13286], Sweden K001064262 Yes
Pin, L. [s.n.], France K001064313 Yes
Otruba, J. [2], Czech Republic K000838002 Yes
Trotter, E.N. [63 G], Pakistan K001065281 Yes
Haradjian, M. [4205], Syria K001065232 Yes
Maximowicz [s.n.], Japan K001065264 Yes
Eberlen, F. [192], Germany K001064281 Yes
Bogdan, A. [AB 5222], Kenya K001065304 Yes
Burtt-Davey, J. [5550], South Africa K001065336 Yes
s.coll. [55], Great Britain K000838004 Yes
Haradjian, M. [3283], Syria K001065231 Yes
Banks, W.L. [s.n.], Austria K001064286 Yes
Oliau, G. [A/123], Mauritius K001065330 Yes
Dionède [s.n.], France K001065412 Yes
Chuwa, S. [2725], Tanzania K001065323 Yes
Chmelewsky, W. [398], Poland K001064299 Yes
Degen, A. de [54], Hungary K001064301 Yes
HGT [1124], Greece K001064330 Yes
Jávorko, S. [s.n.], Hungary K001064300 Yes
Falconer [s.n.], India K001065288 Yes
Drummond [s.n.], Saskatchewan K001065417 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], France K001064315 Yes
Davis [45749], Turkey K001065228 Yes
Edwards, D.C. [1804], Kenya K001065312 Yes
Samuelsson, V. [119], Sweden K001064263 Yes
Kralik, J.L. [s.n.], Corse K000838001 Yes
Jansen, D. [s.n.], Germany K001064278 Yes
Klovsf, A.K. [s.n.], Netherlands K001064304 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], France K001064319 Yes
Dorsett, P.H. [3500], China K001065270 Yes
Pobedimova, E. [269], Russian Federation K001065245 Yes
Transhakr [10384E], Iran K001065213 Yes
Clark, C.B. [29145], Pakistan K001065279 Yes
Furuse, M. [6074], Japan K001065255 Yes
Gorovoy [s.n.], Russian Federation K001065244 Yes
Collett, R. [s.n.], Norway K001064254 Yes
Tanino, K. [s.n.], Japan K001065257 Yes
Brummitt [6144], Italy K001064326 Yes
Frame, G.W. [187], Tanzania K001065322 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Switzerland K001064292 Yes
Lindley [1000], Colombia K001065405 Yes
Murata, G. [18070], Japan K001065263 Yes
Thulin, M. [1474], Ethiopia K001065300 Yes
Davis [23264], Turkey K001065223 Yes
Bogdan, A. [AB 2159], Kenya K001065306 Yes
Serafino, E. [125], Corse K000809000 Yes
Daveau, J. [5329], France K000808996 Yes
Maximowicz, C.J. [s.n.], China K001065267 Yes
Ahlberg, F. [s.n.], Sweden K001064265 Yes
Salter, T.M. [9170], South Africa K001065335 Yes
Favrat, L. [s.n.], Switzerland K001064295 Yes
Swartz [s.n.], Germany K001064277 Yes
s.coll. [531], Mexico K001065403 Yes
Andrews, W. [454], Kenya K001065309 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [s.n.], France K001064312 Yes
Komarov, V. [141], Korea K001065278 Yes
Davis [D32481], Turkey K001065225 Yes
Edwards, S. [36], Ethiopia K001065299 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Switzerland K001064293 Yes
Jacobs, S. [3220], New South Wales K001065295 Yes
Barney, R.W. [1139], Kenya K001065305 Yes
Gillett, J.B. [5356], Ethiopia K001065298 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Norway K001064252 Yes
Ohrstedt, G. [s.n.], Sweden K001064260 Yes
Furuse, M. [37247], Japan K001065252 Yes
Fröding, H.A. [s.n.], Sweden K001064267 Yes
Durahue [s.n.], France K001064318 Yes
Koelz, W. [15691], Iran K001065214 Yes
Blakeloda, R.A. [72], Norway K001064255 Yes
Hubbard, C.E. [11940], Great Britain K000838005 Yes
Maries [s.n.], Japan K001065258 Yes
Brummitt, R.K. [20802], Russian Far East K001065249 Yes
Lindfors, A. [1037], Finland K001064270 Yes
Furuse, M. [32402], Japan K001065254 Yes
Hubbard, J.C.E. [D3], New Zealand K001065296 Yes
Furuse, M. [37247], Japan K001065253 Yes
Wood, J.R.I. [4301], Colombia K001065404 Yes
Favrat [s.n.], Switzerland K001064297 Yes
Raynal, J. [19559], Tanzania K001065325 Yes
Wilizek [745], Belgium K001064302 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], France K001064310 Yes
Moroz, B.F. [s.n.], Russian Federation K001065236 Yes
Sandwith, N.Y. [5536], Spain K001064327 Yes
Bor, N. [s.n.], India K001065289 Yes
Bordiere [s.n.], France K001064321 Yes
Faurie [10898], Japan K001065260 Yes
Neuli, G.N. [s.n.], Russian Federation K001065246 Yes
Schrenk [s.n.], Mali K001065240 Yes
Alston, A. [950], Sri Lanka K001065290 Yes
Jehel [s.n.], Germany K001064282 Yes
Otruba, J. [I], Czech Republic K000838003 Yes
Drummond, J.R. [14363], Pakistan K001065280 Yes
Oldham, R. [645], Japan K001065259 Yes
Chuwa, S. [89016/E], Tanzania K001065324 Yes
Edwards, D.C. [2836/9], Kenya K001065311 Yes
Twardowska, M. [891], Belarus K001064274 Yes
Cowdry, N.H. [1796], China K001065269 Yes
Savatier, L. [1435], Japan K001065266 Yes
Borza [724], Romania K001064298 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], France K001064309 Yes
Shennikov, A.P. [s.n.], Russian Federation K001065247 Yes
Barneg, R.W. [1155], Kenya K001065317 Yes
Furuse, M. [27606], Japan K001065251 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], France K001064311 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Syria K001065233 Yes
Maacty [s.n.], Japan K001065256 Yes
Salter, T.M. [9171], South Africa K001065334 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.], Argentina K001472134 Yes
Drege [s.n.], South Africa Phalaris caesia K000367490 Yes
Zeyher [s.n.], South Africa Phalaris caesia K000367492 No
Wood, J. M. [4097], South Africa Phalaris caesia K000367493 No
Drege [s.n.], South Africa Phalaris caesia K000367491 No

First published in Sp. Pl.: 55 (1753)

Accepted by

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Literature

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Useful Plants of Boyacá Project

  • Kew Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) https://www.kew.org/science/data-and-resources/tools-and-services/medicinal-plant-names-services in The State of the World’s Plants Report–2016. (2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew https://stateoftheworldsplants.or

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Bor, N.L. (1968). Flora of Iraq 9: 1-588. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Bor, N.L. (1970). Flora Iranica 70: 1-573. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Clayton, W.D. (1970). Gramineae Flora of Tropical East Africa 1: 1-176.
  • Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Cope, T.A. (1982). Flora of Pakistan 143: 1-678. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
  • Dassanayake (ed.) (1994). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 8: 1-458. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
  • Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9: 1-724. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Dávila, P., Mejia-Saulés, M.T., Gómez-Sánchez, N., Valdés-Reyna, J., Ortíz, J.J., Morín, C., Castrejón, J. & Ocampo, A. (2006). Catálogo de las Gramíneas de México: 1-671. CONABIO, México city.
  • Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. (2010). Flora of New Zealand, ed. 2, 5: 1-650. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
  • Fedorov, A.A. (ed.) (1999). Flora of Russia. The European part and bordering regions 1: 1-546. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Broekfield.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2007). Flora of North America North of Mexico 24: 1-908. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Forzza, R.C. & al. (2013). Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.: i-vi, 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Giraldo-Cañas, D. (2011). Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en Colombia Darwiniana 49: 139-247.
  • Grubov, V.I. (2008). Key to the vascular plants of Mongolia (with an atlas) 2: 1-503. Academy of Sciences, Mongolian People's Republic, Ulaan Bator.
  • H?, P.-H. (2000). Câyc? Vi?tnam. An Illustrated flora of Vietnam, ed. 2, 3: 1-1020. Pham-hoang Ho, Montréal.
  • Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 1-430. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
  • Hubbard, C.E. & Vaughan, R.E. (1940). Grasses of Mauritius and Rodriguez: 1-128. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.
  • Kandwal, M.K. & Gupta, B.K. (2009). An update on grass flora of Uttarkhand Indian Journal of Forestry 32: 657-668.
  • Kharkevich, S.S., Probatova, N.S. & Novikov, V.S. (1985). Sosudistye rasteniia sovetskogo Dal’nego Vostoka 1: 1-383. Izd-vo "Nauka," Leningradskoe otd-nie, Leningrad.
  • Koyama, T. (1987). Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions: an identification manual: 1-570. Kodansha, Tokyo, Japan.
  • Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590.
  • Lee, W.T. (1996). Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 1-1688. Soul T'ukpyolsi: Ak'ademi Sojok.
  • Malyschev, L.I. & Peschkova, G.A. (eds.) (2001). Flora of Siberia 2: 1-362. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Merkodovich, N.A. (ed.) (1941). Flora Uzbekistana 1: 1-566. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
  • Noltie, H.J. (2000). Flora of Bhutan 3(2): 457-883. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Ovczinnikov, P.N. (ed.) (1957). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 1: 1-547. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
  • Press, J.R. et al. (2000). Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal: i-x, 1-430. Natural History Museum, London.
  • Roshevitz, R.J. & al. (eds.) (1950). Flora Kirgizskoi SSR 2: 1-315. Frunze : Izd-vo KirgizFAN SSSR.
  • Sumadijaya, A. (2011). An account of the non-bambusoid alien grasses (Poaceae) in Java, one century after first records by Backer Folia Malaysiana 12: 47-68.
  • Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2006). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 2: 1-466. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
  • Troupin, G. (ed.) (1988). Flora du Rwanda 4: I-X, 1-651. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1980). Flora Europaea 5: 1-452. Cambridge University Press.
  • Walker, E.H. (1976). Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu islands: 1-1159. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
  • Wilson, A. (ed.) (2009). Flora of Australia 44A: 1-410. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2006). Poaceae Flora of China 22: 1-733. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Flora of Tropical East Africa

  • A.V. Bogdan, A Revised List of Kenya Grasses p. 35 (1958).
  • D.M. Napper, Grasses of Tanganyika: 18 (1965).
  • Eggeling, Ann. list grasses Ug.: 38 (1947).
  • K.W. Harker & D.M. Napper, An Illustrated Guide to the Grasses of Uganda p. 49 (1960).
  • L., Sp. Pl.: 55 (1753).

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Jansen, P., Lemmens, R., Oyen, L., Siemonsma, J., Stavast, F. & Van Valkenburg, J. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Basic list of species and commodity grouping. Final version. Pudoc, Wageningen.
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

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  • Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible

    ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
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  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    Flora of Tropical East Africa
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  • GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora

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  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

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  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
    © Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
    © Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

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  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    ColPlantA database
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  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

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  • Useful Plants of Boyacá Project

    ColPlantA database
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