Phalaris arundinacea L.

Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Distribution

Nativa y cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 2000 - 4000 m.; Andes.

Morphology General Habit

Hierba

Conservation

No Evaluada

Gramineae, W. D. Clayton, S. M. Phillips & S. A. Renvoize. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1974

Morphology General Habit

Perennial from scaly creeping rhizomes.

Morphology Culms

Culms 50–150 cm. tall.

Morphology Leaves

Leaf-blades up to 20 cm. long and 15 mm. wide.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences

Panicle 7–40 cm. long, dense, lobed or interrupted, with short branches up to 5 cm. long, these spreading at anthesis but otherwise contracted about the main axis.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Glumes 3.5–7.5 mm. long, acute, wingless or with a very narrow and inconspicuous wing on the keel; sterile florets 2, subulate, 1.2–2.3 mm. long, villous; fertile floret lanceolate, 2.7–4.5 mm. long, dull yellow to grey-brown, sparsely pubescent.

Figures

Fig. 32.

Habitat

Stream banks, swamp margins and damp hollows in the uplands; 1950–3000 m.

Distribution

K3 K4 K6 T2 N. temperate regionsnow introduced to most parts of the world

Morphology General Habit

Perennial. Rhizomes elongated; scaly. Culms erect; 50-150 cm long. Leaves cauline. Ligule an eciliate membrane; 6-10 mm long. Leaf-blades 10-20 cm long; 5-15 mm wide.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences

Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle contracted; linear; interrupted; 7-40 cm long; 1-4 cm wide. Primary panicle branches appressed; 1-5 cm long. Panicle branches scabrous. Spikelets appressed; solitary. Fertile spikelets pedicelled. Pedicels linear; tip cupuliform.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Spikelets comprising 2 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets ovate; laterally compressed; compressed strongly; 3.5-7.5 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret.

Fertile

Spikelets comprising 2 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets ovate; laterally compressed; compressed strongly; 3.5-7.5 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume

Glumes persistent; similar; exceeding apex of florets; thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume elliptic; 3.5-7.5 mm long; 1 length of upper glume; chartaceous; 1-keeled; wingless; 3 -veined. Lower glume surface asperulous. Lower glume apex acute. Upper glume elliptic; 3.5-7.5 mm long; 1.3-1.6 length of adjacent fertile lemma; chartaceous; 1-keeled; wingless; 3 -veined. Upper glume surface asperulous. Upper glume apex acute.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets

Basal sterile florets similar; barren; without significant palea; attached to and deciduous with the fertile. Lemma of lower sterile floret subulate; 1.2-2.3 mm long; 0.4-0.5 length of fertile lemma; membranous; pilose. Fertile lemma ovate; laterally compressed; 2.7-4.5 mm long; cartilaginous; yellow to dark brown; shiny; keeled; 5 -veined. Lemma surface pubescent. Lemma apex acute. Palea cartilaginous; 2 -veined; without keels. Palea surface pubescent; hairy on back.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers

Lodicules 2; membranous. Anthers 3; 2.5-3 mm long. Ovary glabrous.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits

Caryopsis with adherent pericarp. Hilum linear.

Distribution

Europe: northern, central, southwestern, southeastern, and eastern. Africa: north, west-central tropical, northeast tropical, east tropical, south, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: Siberia, Soviet far east, Soviet Middle Asia, Caucasus, western Asia, China, Mongolia, and eastern Asia. Asia-tropical: India and Malesia. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. North America: Subarctic, western Canada, eastern Canada, northwest USA, north-central USA, northeast USA, southwest USA, south-central USA, southeast USA, and Mexico. South America: Brazil and southern South America.

Reference

Aveneae. CEH.

Distribution

Biogeografic region: Andean. Elevation range: 2000–4000 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Naturalised in Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia, Bogotá DC, Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca.

Habit

Herb.

Conservation

IUCN Red List Assessment (2021): LC.

Ecology

Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, shrubland, native grassland, wetlands (inland), artificial - terrestrial.

The Useful Plants of Boyacá project

Ecology

Alt. 2000 - 4000 m.

Morphology General Habit

Herb.

Distribution

Native and cultivated in Colombia.

Conservation

Not Evaluated.

Extinction risk predictions for the world's flowering plants to support their conservation (2024). Bachman, S.P., Brown, M.J.M., Leão, T.C.C., Lughadha, E.N., Walker, B.E. https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.19592

Conservation

Predicted extinction risk: not threatened. Confidence: confident

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164064/1021826

Conservation

LC - least concern

Use Medicines

Medicinal (State of the World's Plants 2016).

Use Medicines Unspecified Medicinal Disorders

Medicinal (State of the World's Plants 2016, Instituto Humboldt 2014).