Poaceae
Phragmites

Phragmites mauritianus Kunth

First published in Révis. Gramin. 1: 80 (1829)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Tropical & S. Africa, W. Indian Ocean. It is a perennial or helophyte and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome.

Distribution

Native to:

Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Central African Republic, Congo, Ethiopia, Free State, Gabon, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Northern Provinces, Rodrigues, Rwanda, Réunion, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe

Introduced into:

Egypt

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

Kew's Tree of Life Explorer

Discover the flowering plant tree of life and the genomic data used to build it.

View the Tree of Life
PAFTOL

Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Bosser, J. & Renvoize, S.A. (2018). Flore des Mascareignes 203: 1-276. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
  • Bosser, J. (1969). Gramiées des pasturages et des cultures a Madagascar: 1-440. ORSTOM, Paris.
  • Boulos, L. (2005). Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
  • Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 2(2): 1-94. ORSTOM, Bangui.
  • Clayton, W.D. (1970). Gramineae. Flora of Tropical East Africa 1: 1-176.
  • Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.: i-vi, 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Launert, E. (1971). Flora Zambesiaca 10(1): 1-152. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lewalle, J. (1970). Liste floristique et répartition altitudinale de la flore du Burundi occidental: 1-84. Université officielle de Bujumbura.
  • Ndabaneze, P. (1989). Catalogue des Graminées du Burundi. Lejeunia; Revue de Botanique, n.s., 132: 1-127.
  • Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
  • Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
  • Troupin, G. (ed.) (1988). Flora du Rwanda 4: I-X, 1-651. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Bosser, J. & Renvoize, S.A. (2018). Flore des Mascareignes 203: 1-276. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
  • Boulos, L. (2005). Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
  • Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 2(2): 1-94. ORSTOM, Bangui.
  • Clayton, W.D. (1970). Gramineae. Flora of Tropical East Africa 1: 1-176.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.: i-vi, 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Hubbard, C.E. & Vaughan, R.E. (1940). Grasses of Mauritius and Rodriguez: 1-128. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.
  • Launert, E. (1971). Flora Zambesiaca 10(1): 1-152. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lewalle, J. (1970). Liste floristique et répartition altitudinale de la flore du Burundi occidental: 1-84. Université officielle de Bujumbura.
  • Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
  • Troupin, G. (ed.) (1988). Flora du Rwanda 4: I-X, 1-651. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Nov 1, 2020 Schimper [1697] Ethiopia K000366968 Unknown Type Material Yes
Nov 1, 2020 Boulon [s.n.] Mauritius K000366967 Type Yes
Langdale-Brown [1441] Uganda K003939273 Yes
Flamigni [5220] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939182 Yes
Chipp, T.F. [9] Sudan K003939226 Yes
Renvoize, S.A. [5747] Zambia K003939456 Yes
Newbould, J.; Harley, R.M. [4328] Tanzania K003939329 Yes
Gossweiler, J. Angola K003939495 Yes
Rudatis, H. [1665] South Africa K003939577 Yes
Codd, L.E. [5454] South Africa K003939566 Yes
Plowes, D.C.H. [1843] Zimbabwe K003939480 Yes
Greenway, P.J.; Kanuri [12910] Kenya K003939305 Yes
Brewer, J. [2152] Botswana K003939486 Yes
s.coll. Madagascar K003939497 Yes
Wood, J.M. [1335] South Africa K003939579 Yes
Galpin, E.E. [13534] South Africa K003939564 Yes
Verdcourt [2890] Tanzania K003939353 Yes
Chase, N.C. [2508] Mozambique K003939411 Yes
Pole Evans, I.B.; Erens, J. [514] Mozambique K003939409 Yes
Schweinfurth, G. [1126] Sudan K003939219 Yes
Harker, K.W. [382] Uganda K003939279 Yes
Lye, K.A. [Ly5919] Uganda K003939290 Yes
Fanshawe, D.B. [F9293] Zambia K003939461 Yes
Scheepers, J.C. [976] South Africa K003939563 Yes
Long, D.G.; Rae, D.A.H. [707] Botswana K003939485 Yes
Anderson, B. [972] Tanzania K003939326 Yes
Glasgow, J.P. [47/6] Kenya K003939294 Yes
[Cemon] [9574] South Africa K003939567 Yes
Chandler, P. [917] Uganda K003939278 Yes
Robertson, V.C. [s.n.] Malawi K003939432 Yes
Kinet, U. [247] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939181 Yes
Bredo [3104] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939193 Yes
Milne-Redhead, E.; Taylor, P. [10540] Tanzania K003939327 Yes
Decary, M.R. Madagascar K003939499 Yes
s.coll. [10] Malawi K003939420 Yes
Martin, J.D. [21] Zambia K003939453 Yes
Lawrence, E. [50] Mozambique K003939408 Yes
Stocks, J. [46] Mozambique K003939413 Yes
Msiska, H.G. [30] Malawi K003939422 Yes
Snowden, J.D. [1646] Uganda K003939282 Yes
Jefford, T.G.; Juniper, B.E.; Newbould, J. [38] Tanzania K003939331 Yes
Gutzwiller, R. [511] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939178 Yes
de Lemos, F.; Macuacua, L. [106] Mozambique K003939410 Yes
Milne-Redhead, E.; Taylor, P. [10540] Tanzania K003939334 Yes
Burtt Davy, J.; F.L.S. [936/29] Zambia K003939450 Yes
Lisowski, S. [570] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939195 Yes
Merrett, L. [2150] Zambia K001553962 Yes
Merrett, L. [2150] Zambia K001553963 Yes
Evrard, C.M. [2418] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939194 Yes
Boane, C. [100] Mozambique K003939415 Yes
Gibbs Russell, G.E. [1171] Zimbabwe K003939472 Yes
Greenway [3587] Tanzania K003939344 Yes
Rogers, F.A. [5317] Zimbabwe K003939469 Yes
Glasgow, J.P. [47/6] Kenya K003939293 Yes
Milne-Redhead, E.; Taylor, P. [10540] Tanzania K003939328 Yes
[Couteaux] [1088] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939184 Yes
Bullock, A.A. [2974] Tanzania K003939320 Yes
Verboom, W.C. [1729] Zambia K003939454 Yes
Kotschy [414] Sudan K003939225 Yes
Louis, J. [10288] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939171 Yes
Goyder, D.J.; Barker, N.; Clark, V.R. Angola K003939492 Yes
Batty, M. (Mrs.) [601] Tanzania K003939355 Yes
Toms, K.E. [204] Tanzania K003939358 Yes
Van Rensburg, H.J. [KBS2154] Zambia K003939444 Yes
Jackson, G. [543] Malawi K003939430 Yes
Purseglove, J.W. [P2487] Uganda K003939289 Yes
Quintas, F. [126] Mozambique K003939412 Yes
Napper, D. (Miss) [516] Kenya K003939301 Yes
Buchanan [[273]] South Africa K003939575 Yes
Gomes Sousa, A. [1510] Mozambique K001736649 Yes
Bernard, R.; Andrianarivelo, S.; Rakotovao, C. [2380] Madagascar K001930194 Yes
Goyder, D.J.; Maiato, F. [9182] Angola K001636104 Yes
Salubeni, A.J.; Patel, I.H. [3805] Malawi K003939440 Yes
Davies, R.M. [D395] Tanzania K003939314 Yes
Rogers, F.A. [7654] Zambia K003939447 Yes
Sandwith, C. [33] Zambia K003939458 Yes
de Winter, B.; Leistner, O.A. [5658] Namibia K003939561 Yes
Lovett, P.; Kayombo, C. [276] Tanzania K003939352 Yes
Renvoize, S.A.; Abdallah, R.A. [2223] Tanzania K003939351 Yes
Clupunga, L. [949] Zimbabwe K003939481 Yes
Rodrigues; Balfour, I.B. K003939503 Yes
Chase, N.C. [5642] Zimbabwe K003939479 Yes
Burtt Davy, J.; F.L.S. [805/29] Zambia K003939452 Yes
Trapwell, C.G. [2002] Zambia K003939443 Yes
Johnston [1073] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939191 Yes
Lewalle [4662] Burundi K003939197 Yes
Stewart [s.n.] Mozambique K003939414 Yes
Flamigni [5220] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939172 Yes
Verboom, W.C. [1729] Zambia K003939455 Yes
Milne-Redhead, E.; Taylor, P. [10540] Tanzania K003939347 Yes
Fijamo, V.; Hudson, A.; Massunde, J.A.; Chupai, M. [122] Mozambique K003939405 Yes
Seyani, J.H.; Patel [426] Malawi K003939421 Yes
Renvoize, S.A. [5612] Zambia K003939451 Yes
Carmichael [1118] Tanzania K003939322 Yes
Kotschy [414] Ethiopia K003939224 Yes
Chapman, J.D.; Chapman, E.G. [8722] Malawi K003939438 Yes
Semsei, S.R. [2304] Tanzania K003939313 Yes
McDonald, C. [1274] Kenya K003939303 Yes
Siame, W. [453] Tanzania K003939340 Yes
Purseglove, J.W. [P2487] Uganda K003939280 Yes
Flamigni [5210] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939170 Yes
Schweickerdt; Verdoorn [621] South Africa K003939562 Yes
Mott, P.J. [290] Botswana K003939489 Yes
FitzGibbon, H.; Barcock, J. [29(E3)] Tanzania K003939336 Yes
Smith, P.A. [671] Botswana K003939488 Yes
Peterson, P.; Soreng, R.J.; Romaschenko, K.; Abeid, Y.S. [23900] Tanzania K003939356 Yes
Hopkins [2238] Uganda K003939271 Yes
s.coll. [7632] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939174 Yes
Humbert, H.; Swingle, C.F. Madagascar K003939500 Yes
Bojer Mauritius K003939501 Yes
Jackson, G. [543] Malawi K003939431 Yes
Rabson Phiri [97] Zambia K003939463 Yes
Brummitt, R.K. [10559] Malawi K003939423 Yes
Afzelius, K.R. Madagascar K003939496 Yes
Astle, W.L. [1406] Zambia K003939459 Yes
Vanderyst, H. [3907] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939187 Yes
Kinet, U. [247] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939180 Yes
Greenway; Kanuri [13811] Tanzania K003939309 Yes
Chase, N.C. [3934] Malawi K003939433 Yes
Jackson, G. [27] Zambia K003939468 Yes
Baron, R. (Rev.) Madagascar K003939498 Yes
B. Mhoro [1095] Tanzania K003939312 Yes
{Greenway; Kanuri} [12910] Kenya K003939297 Yes
Myers, J.G. [6299] Sudan K003939218 Yes
Thomas, A.S. [Th4137] Uganda K003939284 Yes
Van der Ben [2222] Burundi K003939198 Yes
Wilms, F. (Dr.) [1711] South Africa K003939565 Yes
Rogers, F.A. [8234] Zambia K003939466 Yes
Busse, W. [2936] Tanzania K003939318 Yes
[T. W. Maitland] [[740]] Uganda K003939277 Yes
Johnston, H.B. [1120] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939192 Yes
s.coll. [1057] Burundi K003939196 Yes
Brass, L.J. [17082] Malawi K003939419 Yes
Scott, L. [s.n.] Malawi K003939441 Yes
Jackson, G. [27] Zambia K003939467 Yes
Plowes, D.C.H. [1741] Zimbabwe K003939473 Yes
Snowden, J.D. [1646] Uganda K003939283 Yes
Crook, A.O. [2084] Zimbabwe K003939482 Yes
s.coll. [1083] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939176 Yes
Whyte, A.; Johnston, H.H. [s.n.] Malawi K003939428 Yes
Sandwith, C. [33] Zimbabwe K003939475 Yes
Snowden, J.D. [1132] Uganda K003939288 Yes
Rwaburindore, P.K. [3386] Uganda K003939281 Yes
Hens, F. [37] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939188 Yes
Hopkins [2238] Uganda K003939274 Yes
Thomas, A.S. [Th4344] Uganda K003939285 Yes
Mavi, S. [1399] Zimbabwe K003939449 Yes
Vanderyst, H. [4491] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939186 Yes
Codd, L.E. [5454] South Africa K003939570 Yes
Vrydagh [580] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939183 Yes
Sutherland [s.n.] South Africa K003939578 Yes
Leonard, A. [3639] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939185 Yes
Holst, C. [2758] Tanzania K003939324 Yes
Blenkiron, M.E. [436] South Africa K003939573 Yes
Speke (Capt.); Grant [576] Sudan K003939229 Yes
Evens, J. [381] Botswana K003939490 Yes
Moomaw, J.C. [961] Kenya K003939298 Yes
[illegible]; Dao [1520] Tanzania K003939342 Yes
Meller, C.J. [s.n.] Mozambique K003939417 Yes
Jefford, T.G.; Juniper, B.E.; Newbould, J. [15] Tanzania K003939330 Yes
Craster, W. [68] Zambia K003939464 Yes
Long, D.G.; Rae, D.A.H. [803] Botswana K003939484 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [7569] Sudan K003939222 Yes
Chapman, J.D. [637] Malawi K003939434 Yes
Huntley, B.J. [1961] South Africa K003939569 Yes
Maguire, B. [BM7445] Eswatini K003939580 Yes
Milne-Redhead, E.; Taylor, P. [10540] Tanzania K003939335 Yes
Greenway, P.J. [2381] Tanzania K003939348 Yes
s.coll. [7569] Sudan K003939221 Yes
Greenway, P.J. [7363] Tanzania K003939343 Yes
Mitchell, B.L. [2895] Zambia K003939462 Yes
Koritschoner, H. [3073] Tanzania K003939321 Yes
Ward, C.J.; Hines, C.J. [10352] Namibia K003939560 Yes
Battiscombe, E. [266] Kenya K003939300 Yes
Dubois [1138] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939179 Yes
Vanderyst, H. [1722] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939190 Yes
Smith, J. [41] Sudan K003939220 Yes
Louis, J. [10288] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939173 Yes
Whyte, A.; Johnston, H.H. [s.n.] Malawi K003939427 Yes
Burtt Davy, J. [2277/29] Malawi K003939442 Yes
Mogg, A.O.D. [29528] South Africa K003939571 Yes
Archbold, M.E. (Miss) [1115] Tanzania K003939349 Yes
Burtt, B.D. [2594] Tanzania K003939341 Yes
Lynes, H. [Pr61] Tanzania K003939337 Yes
Davies, R.M. [D228] Tanzania K003939307 Yes
Luke, W.R.Q.; Mwangulango, R.; Butynski, T.; Ehardt, C.; Kingdon, J.; Kimaro, G. [7684] Tanzania K003939311 Yes
Milne-Redhead, E.; Taylor, P. [10540] Tanzania K003939346 Yes
Astle, W.L. [2596] Zambia K003939465 Yes
Bally, P.R.O. [B7919] Tanzania K003939316 Yes
Smith, J. [41] Sudan K003939227 Yes
Peterson, P.; Soreng, R.J.; Romaschenko, K.; Abeid, Y.S. [24060] Tanzania K003939333 Yes
Drummond [5697] Zimbabwe K003939474 Yes
J.A.; J.W. [3009] Zimbabwe K003939476 Yes
Pearson, H.H.W. Angola K003939494 Yes
Brain, C.K. [41615] Zimbabwe K003939477 Yes
Burtt Davy, J. [[1441?]] Malawi K003939436 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [7461] Sudan K003939228 Yes
J. Buchanan, C. M. G. [1245] Malawi K003939439 Yes
Fijamo, V.; Hudson, A.; Massunde, J.A.; Felipe, F.; Saize, E.; Chimbi, A. [72] Mozambique K003939404 Yes
Vaughan, J.H. [1258] Tanzania K003939360 Yes
Bogdan, A. [AB2936] Kenya K003939304 Yes
Greenway, P.J. [7363] Tanzania K003939339 Yes
Glasgow, J.S. [47/3] Kenya K003939306 Yes
Vaughan, J.H. [1385] Tanzania K003939359 Yes
Speke (Capt.); Grant [s.n.] Sudan K003939230 Yes
Magogo; Ruffo [705] Tanzania K003939317 Yes
Harris, T.; Murray-Hudson, F. Angola K003939491 Yes
Codd, L.E. [7199] Zambia K003939460 Yes
Bogdan, A. [AB1389] Kenya K003939299 Yes
Langdale-Brown [1441] Uganda K003939272 Yes
Pielou, D.P. [175] Tanzania K003939338 Yes
Kinet, U. [196] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939177 Yes
Bullock, A.A. [2878] Zambia K003939457 Yes
Crook, A.O. [474] Zimbabwe K003939471 Yes
Snowden, J.D. [1132] Uganda K003939287 Yes
Snowden, J.D. [1132] Uganda K003939286 Yes
Rodin, R.J. [4551] Eswatini K003939581 Yes
Snowden, J.D. [1132] Uganda K003939292 Yes
Thomas, A.S. [Th812] Uganda K003939276 Yes
Rogers, F.A. [8234] Zambia K003939470 Yes
Rodin, R.J. [4181] Mozambique K003939406 Yes
Baum, H. Mozambique K003939493 Yes
Peterson, P.; Soreng, R.J.; Romaschenko, K.; Abeid, Y.S. [23900] Tanzania K003939357 Yes
Batty, M. (Mrs.) [724] Tanzania K003939354 Yes
Semsei, S.R. [2139] Tanzania K003939308 Yes
Gutzwiller, R. [511] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939175 Yes
Compton, R.H. [26893] Eswatini K003939582 Yes
Smith, P.A. [671] Botswana K003939487 Yes
Drummond, R.B. [5697] Zimbabwe K003939478 Yes
Ward, C.J. [5555] South Africa K003939574 Yes
Chipp, T.F. [9] Sudan K003939223 Yes
Kahurananga, J.; Kibuwa; Mungai [2674] Tanzania K003939345 Yes
Milne-Redhead, E.; Taylor, P. [10751] Tanzania K003939319 Yes
Williams, G.R. [76] Tanzania K003939323 Yes
Greenway, P.J.; Kanuri [13811] Tanzania K003939315 Yes
Synge, A.H.M. [WC275] Malawi K003939424 Yes
de Lemos, F.; Macuacua, L. [106] Mozambique K003939407 Yes
J. Buchanan, C. M. G. [1244] Malawi K003939435 Yes
Chapman, J.D.; Chapman, E.G. [8722] Malawi K003939437 Yes
Langdale-Brown [1441] Uganda K003939275 Yes
Glasgow, J.P. [47/3] Kenya K003939295 Yes
Peterson, P.; Soreng, R.J.; Romaschenko, K.; Abeid, Y.S. [24060] Tanzania K003939332 Yes
Hall-Martin, A.J. [1740] Malawi K003939425 Yes
Ward, C.J. [5555] South Africa K003939576 Yes
Schlieben, H.J. [2191] Tanzania K003939325 Yes
Fay, J.M.; Doka, J. [s.n.] Central African Republic K003939168 Yes
Bullock, A.A. [2878] Zambia K003939445 Yes
Kirk, J. [s.n.] Mozambique K003939418 Yes
Smith, C. [s.n.] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K003939189 Yes
McCallum Webster, M. [A267] Zambia K003939446 Yes
Greenway [2381] Tanzania K003939350 Yes
de Winter, B.; Codd, L.E. [307] South Africa K003939568 Yes
Stalmans, M. [29] South Africa K003939572 Yes
Gibbs Russell, G.E. [2377] Botswana K003939483 Yes
Angus, A. [35] Zambia K003939448 Yes
Milne-Redhead, E.; Taylor, P. [10540] Tanzania K003939310 Yes
Snowden, J.D. [1132] Uganda K003939291 Yes
Burtt Davy, J. [2277/29] Malawi K003939429 Yes
Hall-Martin, A.J. [913] Malawi K003939426 Yes
McDonald, J. [1274] Kenya K003939302 Yes
Stocks, J. [46] Mozambique K003939416 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora

    • Clayton, W.D., Vorontsova, M.S., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora.
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0