Poaceae
Schismus

Schismus arabicus Nees

First published in Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill.: 422 (1841)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is E. & S. Medit. to Mongolia and Ethiopia. It is an annual and grows primarily in the subtropical biome.

Distribution

Doubtfully present in:

Canary Is., Kriti, Morocco

Native to:

Afghanistan, Algeria, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Gulf States, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Kuwait, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Mongolia, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sinai, Sudan, Tadzhikistan, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, Xinjiang

Introduced into:

Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, California, Chile Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Nevada, New Mexico, South Australia, Texas, Utah, Western Australia

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Al-Rawi, A. (1987). Flora of Kuwait 2: 1-455. Alden Press Ltd., U.K.
  • Bor, N.L. (1968). Flora of Iraq 9: 1-588. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Bor, N.L. (1970). Flora Iranica 70: 1-573. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien.
  • Boulos, L. (2005). Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
  • Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Cope, T.A. (1982). Flora of Pakistan 143: 1-678. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
  • Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Danin, A. (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina area: 1-517. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
  • Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9: 1-724. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Dávila, P., Mejia-Saulés, M.T., Gómez-Sánchez, N., Valdés-Reyna, J., Ortíz, J.J., Morín, C., Castrejón, J. & Ocampo, A. (2006). Catálogo de las Gramíneas de México: 1-671. CONABIO, México city.
  • Fedorov, A.A. (ed.) (1999). Flora of Russia. The European part and bordering regions 1: 1-546. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Broekfield.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2003). Flora of North America North of Mexico 25: 1-781. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Grubov, V.I. (2008). Key to the vascular plants of Mongolia (with an atlas) 2: 1-503. Academy of Sciences, Mongolian People's Republic, Ulaan Bator.
  • Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 1-430. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
  • Jongbloed, M., Western, R.A. & Boer, B. (2000). Annotated Check-list for plants in the U.A.E.: 1-90. Zodiac Publishing, Dubai.
  • Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M. (1989). Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1-435. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
  • Komiljon, T., Natalya, B., Avazbek, B., Dilnoza, A., Ziyoviddin, Y., Deng, T. & Sun, H. (2020). Flora of the Dzhizak Province, Uzbekistan: 1-523. China Forestry Publishing House.
  • Mallett, K. (ed.) (2005). Flora of Australia 44B: 1-486. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Meikle, R.D. (1985). Flora of Cyprus 2: 833-1970. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Nowak, A. & Nobis, M. (eds.) (2020). Illustrated Flora of Tajikistan and adjacent areas 2: 367-766. PAN, Polish academy of sciences.
  • Powell, A.M. & Worthington, R.D. (2018). Flowering plants of Trans-Pecos Texas and ajacent areas: 1-1444. BRIT Press.
  • Shaheen, H., Qureshi, R., Akram, A., Gulfraz, M. & Potter, D. (2014). A preliminary floristic checklist of Thal desert Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 46: 13-18.
  • Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2006). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 2: 1-466. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1980). Flora Europaea 5: 1-452. Cambridge University Press.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2006). Poaceae. Flora of China 22: 1-733. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Bor, N.L. (1968). Flora of Iraq 9: 1-588. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Boulos, L. (2005). Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
  • Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9: 1-724. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Dávila, P., Mejia-Saulés, M.T., Gómez-Sánchez, N., Valdés-Reyna, J., Ortíz, J.J., Morín, C., Castrejón, J. & Ocampo, A. (2006). Catálogo de las Gramíneas de México: 1-671. CONABIO, México city.
  • Fedorov, A.A. (ed.) (1999). Flora of Russia. The European part and bordering regions 1: 1-546. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Broekfield.
  • Fedtschenko, B.A. & al. (1932). Flora Turkmenii 1: 1-340. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2003). Flora of North America North of Mexico 25: 1-781. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Grubov, V.I. (2008). Key to the vascular plants of Mongolia (with an atlas) 2: 1-503. Academy of Sciences, Mongolian People's Republic, Ulaan Bator.
  • Hassler, M. (2012). Flora of Rhodes. Systematic list of flora of Rhodes http://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db111/flora/rhodos/list.php.
  • Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 1-430. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
  • Jongbloed, M., Western, R.A. & Boer, B. (2000). Annotated Check-list for plants in the U.A.E.: 1-90. Zodiac Publishing, Dubai.
  • Mallett, K. (ed.) (2005). Flora of Australia 44B: 1-486. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Meikle, R.D. (1985). Flora of Cyprus 2: 833-1970. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Merkodovich, N.A. (ed.) (1941). Flora Uzbekistana 1: 1-566. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
  • Ovczinnikov, P.N. (ed.) (1957). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 1: 1-547. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
  • Powell, A.M. & Worthington, R.D. (2018). Flowering plants of Trans-Pecos Texas and ajacent areas: 1-1444. BRIT Press.
  • Roshevitz, R.J. & al. (eds.) (1950). Flora Kirgizskoi SSR 2: 1-315. Frunze : Izd-vo KirgizFAN SSSR.
  • Ryabinina, Z.N. & Knyazev, M.S. (2009). Opredelitel sosudistykh rastenii Orenburgskoi oblasti: 1-757. Moskva: KMK.
  • Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2006). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 2: 1-466. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1980). Flora Europaea 5: 1-452. Cambridge University Press.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2006). Poaceae. Flora of China 22: 1-733. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Nov 1, 2005 Zarrei, M. [327], Iran K000709043 No
Jan 1, 2001 Schrenk [s.n.], China K000709340 No
Jun 26, 1987 Good, R. [362], Bahrain K000709064 No
Jun 26, 1987 Boulos, L. [10924], Qatar K000709063 No
Jun 26, 1987 Rawi, A. [10370], Kuwait K000709069 No
Jun 26, 1987 Rawi, A. [10307], Kuwait K000709071 No
Nov 23, 1980 Al Khayat [51614], Iraq K000709007 No
Apr 12, 1979 Al-Kaisi, K. [48286], Iraq K000709006 No
Jan 1, 1977 Keith, H.G. [442], Libya K000709275 No
Jan 1, 1977 Keith, H.G. [449], Libya K000709276 No
May 8, 1976 Botany staff [42458], Iraq K000709022 No
Jan 1, 1976 Clarke, C.B. [s.n.], India K000709353 No
Jan 1, 1972 Grey-Wilson, C. [91], Iran K000709050 No
Jan 1, 1971 Davis [50265], Libya K000709272 No
Jan 1, 1971 Pampanini, R. [1075], Libya K000709274 No
Jan 1, 1971 Ruhmer, G. [377], Libya K000709273 No
Jan 1, 1971 Davis [50287], Libya K000709271 No
Oct 9, 1969 Omar, S. [36720], Iraq K000709025 No
Jan 1, 1969 Litwinow, D. [222F], Turkmenistan K000709335 No
Jan 1, 1969 Clarke, C.B. [29983], India K000709346 No
Jan 1, 1969 Clarke, C.B. [30006], India K000709358 No
Jan 1, 1969 Duthie, J.F. [s.n.], India K000709361 No
Jan 1, 1969 Clarke, C.B. [30017], India K000709347 No
Jan 1, 1968 Merton, L.F.H. [2296], Cyprus K000714960 No
Jan 1, 1968 Chapman, E. [681], Cyprus K000714965 No
Jan 1, 1968 Syngrassides, A.I. [791], Cyprus K000714967 No
Jan 1, 1968 Sintenis, P. [376], Cyprus K000714964 No
Jan 1, 1968 Syngrassides, A.I. [791], Cyprus K000714966 No
Jan 1, 1968 Rigo [376], Cyprus K000714961 No
Jan 1, 1968 Sintenis, P. [376], Cyprus K000714962 No
Jan 1, 1968 Sintenis, P. [376], Cyprus K000714963 No
Dec 19, 1967 Alizzi [35183], Iraq K000709029 No
Nov 4, 1965 Husain [33823], Iraq K000709024 No
Jan 1, 1965 Furse, P. [8360], Afghanistan K000709083 No
Jan 1, 1965 Furse, P. [5496], Afghanistan K000709081 No
Jan 1, 1965 Furse, P. [5475], Afghanistan K000709079 No
Jan 1, 1965 Furse, P. [5847], Afghanistan K000709080 No
Jan 1, 1965 Furse, P. [6389], Afghanistan K000709082 No
Jan 1, 1963 Rechinger, K.H. [3077], Iran K000709038 No
Jan 1, 1963 Bowles Scholarship Bot. Exp. [1475], Iran K000709049 No
Jan 1, 1963 Rechinger, K.H. [2756], Iran K000709039 No
Jan 1, 1962 Alizzi, K. [31425], Iraq K000709010 No
Jan 1, 1956 Stewart, R.R. [23340], Pakistan K000709344 No
Jan 1, 1956 Rahman, A. [25822], Pakistan K000709359 No
Jan 1, 1956 Stewart, R.R. [25813], Pakistan K000709345 No
Sep 1, 1929 Ybeueb [s.n.], Russian Federation K000709331 No
Sep 1, 1929 Pyeahob, F.N. [169/3], Russian Federation K000709330 No
Clarke, C.B. [32008], Italy K000714947 No
Gandoger, M. [s.n.], Greece K000714956 No
Merton, L.F.H. [2296], Cyprus K000714959 No
Cope, T.A. [4], Jordan K000714972 No
McDonald, M. [s.n.], Jordan K000714981 No
Simpson, N.D. [53101], Jordan K000714982 No
Hepper, F.N. [3123], Jordan K000714985 No
Hepper, F.N. [3379], Jordan K000714986 No
El-Aqlah, A. [6810], Jordan K000714990 No
Dinsmore, J.E. [8530], Jordan K000714994 No
Dinsmore, J.E. [M530], Jordan K000714995 No
Dinsmore, J.E. [s.n.], Jordan K000714998 No
Davis, P.H. [5735], Syria K000709005 No
Barkley, F.A. [231], Iraq K000709008 No
Cowan [63], Iraq K000709012 No
Rawi [6252], Iraq K000709015 No
Wheeler Haines, R. [W1943], Iraq K000709017 No
Barkley, F.A. [6398], Iraq K000709023 No
Omar, S. [35504], Iraq K000709026 No
Leonard, J. [5286], Iran K000709032 No
Scharif [9001E], Iran K000709044 No
Bahbonde [9000E], Iran K000709045 No
Furse, P. [7597], Iran K000709048 No
Stapf [29], Iran K000709053 No
Kotschy, T. [29], Iran K000709054 No
Collenette, J.S. [4060], Saudi Arabia K000709055 No
Chandhary, S. [E-510], Saudi Arabia K000709056 No
McLeish, I. [3799], Oman K000709058 No
McLeish, I. [3505], Oman K000709060 No
Griffith [1157], Afghanistan K000709073 No
s.coll. [6678], Afghanistan K000709076 No
Schweinfurth, G. [1107], Egypt K000709087 No
s.coll. [32], Egypt K000709088 No
Shabatai, J.R. [41], Egypt K000709092 No
Muschler, R. [s.n.], Egypt K000709095 No
Cope, T.A. [259], Egypt K000709103 No
Davis, P.H. [645803], Egypt K000709104 No
Meinertzhagen [s.n.], Egypt K000709113 No
Volkens [236], Egypt K000709114 No
Hassan, L. [1700], Egypt K000709118 No
Rizk, M.R. [s.n.], Egypt K000709119 No
Schult [s.n.], Russian Federation K000709321 No
Stewart, R.R. [27996], Pakistan K000709342 No
Stewart, R.R. [26697], Pakistan K000709343 No
Stewart, J.L. [s.n.], India K000709348 No
Ali, S. [2607], Pakistan K000709360 No
Stock [756], Pakistan K000709362 No
Grohmann, F. [7986], Pakistan K000709363 No
Hoover, R.F. [3321], USA K000709505 No
illegible [211], Egypt K000709093 No
Townsend, C. C. [65/380], Jordan K000714980 No
Mosavi-Amin [12291], Iran K000709042 No
Aitchison, J.E.T. [295], India K000709349 No
Boulos, L. [20405], Egypt K000709084 No
Simpson, N.D. [1842], Egypt K000709110 No
s.coll. [s.n.], Afghanistan K000709077 No
Griffiths [164], Afghanistan K000709355 No
Townsend, C.C. [65/73], Jordan K000714974 No
Watson, G.A. [s.n.], Iraq K000709021 No
Hohenacker, R.F. [s.n.], Azerbaijan K000709325 No
Davis, P.H. [10396], Egypt K000709105 No
Figari [s.n.], Egypt K000709117 No
Muschler, R. [s.n.], Egypt K000709111 No
Stewart, J.L. [s.n.], Afghanistan K000709357 No
Ehrenberg, C.G. [s.n.], Egypt K000709096 No
Ascherson [2548], Egypt K000709116 No
Norris, J.J. [59], Pakistan K000709351 No
Haussknecht, C. [s.n.], Syria K000714978 No
Davis, P.H. [s.n.], Syria K000714992 No
Fernandes, J. [443], Bahrain K000709065 No
Davis, P.H. [8363], Egypt K000709107 No
Bornmuller, J. [1689], Palestinian Territory, Occupied K000714976 No
Kunkel [16976], Iran K000709041 No
McLeish, I. [3595], Oman K000709059 No
Alizzi, K. [31753], Iraq K000709009 No
Dickson, H.R.P. [329], Kuwait K000709070 No
Watson, G.A. [s.n.], Iraq K000709020 No
Leonard, J. [5439], Iran K000709036 No
Boroumand [10196E], Iran K000709047 No
s.coll. [34], Syria K000714975 No
Heldreich, T. [104], Greece K000714954 No
Sohanif [8099E], Iran K000709046 No
Cowan [60], Iraq K000709011 No
Roshevitz, R. [4253], Kazakhstan K000709333 No
Bornmuller, J. [4923], Iran K000709051 No
Dinsmore, J.E. [G530], Jordan K000714996 No
Leonard, J. [5373], Iran K000709035 No
Helbaek, H [238], Syria K000709003 No
Hwain, P. [10572], Egypt K000709086 No
Holmberg [114], Azerbaijan K000709324 No
Davis, P.H. [8255], Egypt K000709106 No
Thomson, T. [s.n.], Pakistan K000709356 No
Omar, S.A. [34240], Iraq K000709027 No
Koie, M. [2015], Afghanistan K000709078 No
Bornmuller, J. [8444], Azerbaijan K000709326 No
Hepper, F.N. [3079], Jordan K000714984 No
Heldreich [2226], Greece K000714951 No
Muschler, R. [s.n.], Egypt K000709094 No
s.coll. [s.n.], Afghanistan K000709072 No
Dony, C.M. [720S/a], United Kingdom K000714945 No
Dinsmore, J.E. [B4530], Jordan K000714997 No
Khatib, Hazim [30559], Iraq K000709018 No
Cope, T.A. [225], Egypt K000709102 No
Meyers, F. [5306], Israel K000714999 No
s.coll. [s.n.], Pakistan K000709354 No
Boulos, L. [17746], Kuwait K000709067 No
Cope, T.A. [200], Egypt K000709099 No
Howell, J.T. [24268], USA K000709504 No
Vestin, F. [4421], Palestinian Territory, Occupied K000715000 No
Kunkel [16389], Iran K000709040 No
Shabatai, J.R. [40], Egypt K000709091 No
Muschler, R. [s.n.], Egypt K000709112 No
Gillett, J.B. [15573], Jordan K000714987 No
Davis, P.H. [9002], Jordan K000709004 No
Schweinfurth, G. [466], Egypt K000709089 No
Grabmayr, C. V. [853], Greece K000714950 No
Schimper, G.H.W. [391] K000709057 Unknown type material Yes
Haussknecht, C. [s.n.], Greece K000714953 No
Townsend, C. C. [65/26], Jordan K000714979 No
Boulos, L. [7837], Jordan K000714989 No
Fernandes, J. [588], Bahrain K000709066 No
Bourgeau [s.n.], Turkey K000714957 No
Cope, T.A. [54], Jordan K000714971 No
Stewart, R.R. [27961], Pakistan K000709341 No
Alzzi, H. [34355], Iraq K000709031 No
Rechinger [17748], Iraq K000709030 No
Norris, J.J. [36], Pakistan K000709350 No
Townsend, C. C. [640422/20], Turkey K000714958 No
Guest [15225B], Iraq K000709019 No
Alizzi [35203], Iraq K000709028 No
Zucearini [s.n.], Italy K000714948 No
Meyers, F.S. [902], Palestinian Territory, Occupied K000714973 No
Hepper, F.N. [3287], Israel K000714983 No
Helbaek, H. [271], Iraq K000709016 No
Hoover, R.F. [3331], USA K000709506 No
Boulos, L. [8448], Jordan K000714988 No
Cope, T.A. [211], Egypt K000709100 No
Ascherson [2547], Egypt K000709115 No
Leontieff, W. [s.n.], Russian Federation K000709332 No
Harding, L.H. [176], Palestine K000714991 No
Heldreich, T. [104], Greece K000714955 No
Paine, J.A. [s.n.], Jordan K000714977 No
Orphanides, T.G. [13], Greece K000714952 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K000912524 Yes
Cope, T.A. [282], Egypt K000709098 No
Szovits, J.N. [s.n.], Azerbaijan K000709327 Unknown type material Yes
Meyer, F.N. [611], Azerbaijan K000709322 No
Leonard, J. [5502], Iran K000709037 No
Bamps, P. [9108bis], Syria K000714968 No
Elamin, H.M. [98], Qatar K000709062 No
Leonard, J. [5692], Iran K000709033 No
Hwain, P. [10581], Egypt K000709085 No
Schweinfurth, G. [251], Egypt K000709097 No
Leonard, J. [5347], Iran K000709034 No
Gardner, L. [96], USA K000709503 No
Rawi, A. [30229], Iraq K000709014 No
Griffith [6611], Afghanistan K000709074 No
Holmberg [439], Azerbaijan K000709323 No
[Bitchie] [165], Afghanistan K000709075 No
Gandoger, N. [s.n.], Greece K000714949 No
Boulos, L. [18056], Kuwait K000709068 No
Parlaton [s.n.], Egypt K000709090 No
Davis, P.H. [s.n.], Egypt K000709108 No
Rechinger, K.H. [28864], Pakistan K000709352 No
Gabrielith, R. [3], Palestinian Territory, Occupied K000709002 No
Colvill, W.A. [11], Iraq K000709013 No
Elamin, H.M. [23], Qatar K000709061 No
Cope, T.A. [215], Egypt K000709101 No
Feinbrun, N. [s.n.], Palestinian Territory, Occupied K000709001 No
Kotschy, T. [3], Iran K000709052 No
Hackel, E. [2243], Armenia K000709320 No
s.coll. [s.n.], Iran K000709328 Unknown type material Yes
Bunge, A.A.von [s.n.] K000709329 Unknown type material Yes
Dinsmore, J.E. [18530], Syria K000714993 No
Simpson, N.D. [2479], Egypt K000709109 No
Ryves, T.B. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000714946 No

Sources

  • GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora

    • Clayton, W.D., Vorontsova, M.S., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora.
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2022 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2022 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images