- Family:
- Poaceae Barnhart
- Genus:
- Setaria P.Beauv.
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.

[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Naturalised in Colombia.
- Habit
- Herb.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: shrubland, artificial - terrestrial.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Nativa en Colombia.
- Morphology General Habit
- Hierba
- Conservation
- No Evaluada
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Annual up to 130 cm high; leaves linear
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Panicle contracted, spike-like, cylindrical, 1–10(–20) cm long, the bristles fulvous, the rhachis tomentellous; bristles 3–12 mm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Spikelets ovate, 1.5–2.5 mm long; lower glume 1/3–1/2 the length of the spikelet; upper glume 1/3–1/2 the length of the spikelet, 3- to 5-nerved; lower floret male or barren; upper lemma rugose to corrugate.
- Distribution
- S3 tropical and warm temperate regions of the Old World.
- Note
- The annual counterpart of S. sphacelata from which it can be difficult to distinguish if the basal parts are missing. Collected only once in Somalia.
[GB]
- Morphology General Habit
- Annual; caespitose. Culms geniculately ascending; 5-130 cm long. Culm-nodes glabrous. Ligule a ciliolate membrane, or a fringe of hairs. Leaf-blades 3-30 cm long; 2-10 mm wide.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle spiciform; linear; 1-10(-20) cm long. Primary panicle branches accrescent to a central axis; with evident branchlets on axis. Panicle axis pubescent. Spikelets subtended by an involucre. Fertile spikelets pedicelled; 1 in the cluster. Involucre composed of bristles; free throughout; 3-12 mm long. Involucral bristles persistent; few; in one whorl; 6-8 in principal whorl; flexible; antrorsely scaberulous; glabrous. Pedicels oblong.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets ovate; dorsally compressed; gibbous; 1.5-3.5 mm long; falling entire.
- Fertile
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets ovate; dorsally compressed; gibbous; 1.5-3.5 mm long; falling entire.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume
- Glumes shorter than spikelet; thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume orbicular; 0.3-0.7 length of spikelet; membranous; without keels; 3 -veined. Lower glume apex acute. Upper glume ovate; 0.4-0.7 length of spikelet; membranous; without keels; 5 -veined. Upper glume apex acute.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets
- Basal sterile florets male, or barren; with palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret ovate; 1 length of spikelet; membranous; 5 -veined; sulcate; acute. Fertile lemma ovate; dorsally compressed; gibbous; 1.5-3.5 mm long; indurate; without keel. Lemma surface rugose, or corrugate. Lemma margins involute. Palea involute; indurate.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Anthers 3; 0.4 mm long.
- Distribution
- Europe: central, southwestern, southeastern, and eastern. Africa: north, Macaronesia, west tropical, west-central tropical, northeast tropical, east tropical, southern tropical, south, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: Siberia, Soviet far east, Soviet Middle Asia, Caucasus, western Asia, Arabia, China, Mongolia, and eastern Asia. Asia-tropical: India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Papuasia. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. Pacific: southwestern, south-central, and northwestern. North America: western Canada, eastern Canada, northwest USA, north-central USA, northeast USA, southwest USA, south-central USA, southeast USA, and Mexico. South America: Caribbean and southern South America.
- Reference
- Paniceae. FTEA.
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Gene Sources
- Used as gene sources.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Materials
- Used as material.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
- Use Poisons
- Poisons.
Doubtfully present in:
North European Russi
Native to:
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Altay, Andaman Is., Angola, Assam, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Bangladesh, Benin, Bismarck Archipelago, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Central African Repu, Central European Rus, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Chita, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Djibouti, East European Russia, East Himalaya, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Free State, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Hainan, Hungary, India, Inner Mongolia, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jawa, Kenya, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Kriti, Krym, Kuwait, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Lebanon-Syria, Lesotho, Lesser Sunda Is., Libya, Madagascar, Madeira, Malawi, Malaya, Mali, Maluku, Manchuria, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Niger, Nigeria, North Caucasus, Northern Provinces, Northwest European R, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Portugal, Primorye, Romania, Rwanda, Réunion, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sicilia, Sierra Leone, Sinai, Socotra, Solomon Is., Somalia, South European Russi, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Swaziland, Tadzhikistan, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tibet, Togo, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey-in-Europe, Uganda, Ukraine, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Xinjiang, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Alabama, Alberta, Amur, Arizona, Arkansas, Baltic States, Belgium, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, British Columbia, California, Caroline Is., Colombia, Colorado, Connecticut, Cook Is., Delaware, District of Columbia, Dominican Republic, East Aegean Is., Fiji, Florida, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Haiti, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Jamaica, Kansas, Kentucky, Kermadec Is., Louisiana, Maine, Manitoba, Marcus I., Marianas, Marshall Is., Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Netherlands, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Caledonia, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Newfoundland, Norfolk Is., North Carolina, North Dakota, North European Russi, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Peru, Pitcairn Is., Poland, Prince Edward I., Puerto Rico, Québec, Rhode I., Samoa, Saskatchewan, Society Is., South Carolina, South Dakota, St.Helena, Sweden, Switzerland, Tennessee, Texas, Tonga, Tubuai Is., Utah, Vanuatu, Venezuelan Antilles, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Windward Is., Wisconsin, Wyoming
- Chaetochloa glauca var. purpurea Farw.
- Panicum flavescens Moench
- Panicum glaucum var. elongatum Pers.
- Panicum glaucum var. laevigatum Torr.
- Panicum imberbe var. pumilum (Poir.) Nees
- Panicum luteum Gueldenst.
- Panicum pallide-fuscum Schumach.
- Panicum pumilum Poir.
- Panicum rubiginosum Steud.
- Setaria auricoma Link ex A.Braun
- Setaria boninensis Nakai
- Setaria breviglumis St.-Lag.
- Setaria dasyura Schlecht.
- Setaria erythraeae Mattei
- Setaria glauca var. elongata (Pers.) Raddi
- Setaria glauca subsp. humifusa Dumort.
- Setaria glauca var. minutissima F.M.Bailey
- Setaria glauca subsp. subtesselata Buse
- Setaria humifusa (Dumort.) Dumort.
- Setaria laeta de Wit
- Setaria lutescens f. pumila (Poir.) Soó
- Setaria pallide-fusca (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
- Setaria pennicillata Nees ex Wall.
- Setaria pumila subsp. pallide-fusca (Schumach.) B.K.Simon
- Setaria pumila subsp. subtesselata (Buse) B.K.Simon
- Setaria rubiginosa (Steud.) Miq.
- Setaria sciuroidea Müll.Hal.
- Setaria ustilata de Wit
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan 1, 1991 | Pappi, A. [173], Eritrea | K000281909 | Yes | ||
Jan 1, 1991 | Pappi, A. [3069], Eritrea | K000281910 | Yes | ||
Jul 1, 1985 | Hepper, F.N. [3772], Mali | K000392244 | No | ||
Cuming, H. [551], Philippines | K000290269 | isotype | Yes | ||
Loher, A. [1677], Philippines | K000290353 | Yes | |||
Cuming, H. [1342], Philippines | K000290354 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [s.n.], India | K000245324 | isotype | Yes | ||
s.coll. [s.n.], India | K000245325 | isotype | Yes | ||
Kurz, W.S. [s.n.], India | K000245326 | syntype | Yes | ||
s.coll. [6527], India | K000245327 | Unknown type material | Yes | ||
Duthie, J. F. [6202], India | K000245328 | syntype | Yes | ||
Wallich, N. [8641], India | K000245329 | syntype | Yes | ||
s.coll. [3384], India | K000245330 | Unknown type material | Yes | ||
Wallich, N. [8641], India | K000245461 | syntype | Yes | ||
Hector, J.M. [527], South Africa | K000281848 | Yes | |||
Galpin, E.E. [8877], South Africa | K000281847 | Yes | |||
du Plessis, J.A., South Africa | K000281846 | Yes | |||
Thonning, P. [344], Ghana | K000282035 | kleptotype | Yes | ||
Thonning, P. [344], Ghana | K000282036 | kleptotype | Yes | ||
Put [4098], Thailand | K000621109 | No | |||
Put [2589], Thailand | K000621110 | No | |||
Phloenchit [1301], Thailand | K000688227 | No | |||
Smitinand, T. [4799-A], Thailand | K000688228 | No | |||
Heckman, C.W. [131], Thailand | K000688233 | No | |||
Diallo, D. [288], Mali | K000392241 | No | |||
Mahmoud, A [8641], India | K000885965 | Yes | |||
Cope, T.A. [RBG 244], United Kingdom | K000914562 | Yes | |||
Lazarides, M. [7427], Thailand | K000688231 | No | |||
Garrett, H.B.G. [176], Thailand | K000688224 | No | |||
van Beusekom, C.F. [4004], Thailand | K000688232 | No | |||
Wallich, N. [8641], India | K000885964 | Yes | |||
Trail, J.W.H. [1260], Brazil | K001102934 | Yes | |||
Sangkhachand [1353], Thailand | K000688225 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [20564], Thailand | K000621108 | No | |||
Clarke, C.B. [19244], India | K000885963 | Yes | |||
Smitinand, T. [3595], Thailand | K000688226 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [10842], Thailand | K000621104 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [12938], Thailand | K000621105 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [861], Thailand | K000621102 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [16189], Thailand | K000621107 | No | |||
Sorensen, Th. [4297], Thailand | K000688229 | No | |||
Put [4229], Thailand | K000621112 | No | |||
Kloss, C.B. [s.n.], Thailand | K000688223 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [10842], Thailand | K000621103 | No | |||
Put [4345], Thailand | K000621113 | No | |||
Eiten, G. [10645], Brazil | K001102935 | Yes | |||
Put [4137], Thailand | K000621111 | No | |||
Mahmoud, A [8641], India | K000885917 | Yes | |||
Egler, W.A. [46386], Brazil | K001102936 | Yes | |||
Floto, F. [7551], Thailand | K000688230 | No | |||
Kerr, A.F.G. [16189], Thailand | K000621106 | No | |||
Laegaard, S. [102539], Ecuador | K001469808 | Yes | |||
Ecuador | K001469809 | Yes | |||
Ecuador | K001469810 | Yes | |||
Jun 1, 1960 | Davey, J.T. [9], Mali | Setaria pallide-fusca | K000392245 | No | |
Farrow, R.A. [50], Mali | Setaria pallide-fusca | K000392243 | No | ||
Farrow, R.A. [49], Mali | Setaria pallide-fusca | K000392242 | No |
First published in Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 2: 891 (1817)
Accepted by
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Ahmed, Z.U. (ed.) (2008). Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 12: 1-505. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Audru, J., Cesar, J. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1993). Les Plantes Vasculaires de la République de Djibouti. Flore Illustrée 2(2): 433-968. CIRAD, Départerment d'Elevage et de Médecine vétérinaire, Djibouti.
- Barry, J. P. & Celles, J.S. (1991). Flore de Mauritanie 2: 360-550. Centre Regional de Documentation Pedagogique, Nice.
- Boudet, G., Lebrun, J.P. & Demange, R. (1986). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Mali: 1-465. Etudes d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux.
- Boulos, L. (2005). Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Buragohain, S. & Sarma, G.C. (2009). The exotic weeds of Guwahati, Assam and their role in employment generation. Pleione 3(1): 45-49.
- Catarino, L., Sampaio Martins, E., Pinto-Basto, M.F. & Diniz, M.A. (2006). Plantas Vasculares e Briófitos da Guiné-Bissau: 1-298. Instituto de investigação científica tropical, Instituto Português de apoio ao desenvolvimento.
- Clayton, W.D. & Renvoize, S.A. (1982). Gramineae. Flora of Tropical East Africa 3: 451-898.
- Clayton, W.D. & Snow, N. (2010). A key to Pacific Grasses: 1-107. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Clayton, W.D. (1989). Flora Zambesiaca 10(3): 1-231. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Cope, T.A. (1982). Flora of Pakistan 143: 1-678. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
- Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Edinburgh University Press.
- Danin, A. (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina area: 1-517. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (1994). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 8: 1-458. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Dimopoulos, P., Raus, T., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, T., Iatrou, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A., & Tzanoudakis, D. (2013). Vascular plants of Greece. An annotated checklist: 1-372. Botanic gardens and botanical museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin and Hellenic botanical society, Athens.
- Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Dávila, P., Mejia-Saulés, M.T., Gómez-Sánchez, N., Valdés-Reyna, J., Ortíz, J.J., Morín, C., Castrejón, J. & Ocampo, A. (2006). Catálogo de las Gramíneas de México: 1-671. CONABIO, México city.
- Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. (2010). Flora of New Zealand, ed. 2, 5: 1-650. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2003). Flora of North America North of Mexico 25: 1-781. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.: i-vi, 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
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- Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition. Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
- Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 1-430. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
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- Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590.
- Lambdon, P. (2012). Flowering plants & ferns of St Helena: 1-624. Pisces publications for St Helena nature conservation group.
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- Maliya, S.D. & Datt, B. (2010). A contribution to the flora of Katarniyaghat wildlife sanctuary, Baharaich district, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 34: 42-68.
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- Meikle, R.D. (1985). Flora of Cyprus 2: 833-1970. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Miller, A.G. & Morris, M. (2004). Ethnoflora of Soqotra Archipelago: 1-759. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
- Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.
- Morrone, O., Aliscioni, S.S., Veldkamp, J.F., Pensiero, J.F., Zuloaga, F.O. & Kellogg, E.A. (2014). Revision of the Old World species of Setaria (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 96: 1-161.
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- Noltie, H.J. (2000). Flora of Bhutan 3(2): 457-883. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
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- Parslow, R. & Bennallick, I. (2017). The new flora of the Isles of Scilly: 1-539. Parslow Press.
- Powell, A.M. & Worthington, R.D. (2018). Flowering plants of Trans-Pecos Texas and ajacent areas: 1-1444. BRIT Press.
- Schäfer, H. (2021). Flora of the Azores a field guide: 1-445. Margraf Publishers GmbH.
- Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2006). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 2: 1-466. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
- Thulin, M. (ed.) (1995). Flora of Somalia 4: i-ii, 1-298. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Troupin, G. (ed.) (1988). Flora du Rwanda 4: I-X, 1-651. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.
- Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1980). Flora Europaea 5: 1-452. Cambridge University Press.
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Not accepted by
- Authier, P. & Covillot, J. (2011). Catalogue actualisé des plantes de l'île de Rhodes (Grèce). Saussurea; Travaux de la Société Botanique de Genève 41: 131-170. [Cited as Setaria glauca.]
Literature
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Ahmed, Z.U. (ed.) (2008). Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 12: 1-505. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Audru, J., Cesar, J. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1993). Les Plantes Vasculaires de la République de Djibouti. Flore Illustrée 2(2): 433-968. CIRAD, Départerment d'Elevage et de Médecine vétérinaire, Djibouti.
- Aver'ianov, L.V. & al. (2006). Illyustrirovannyi opredelitel' rastenii Leningradskoi oblasti: 1-799. Nauka, Moskva.
- Bor, N.L. (1970). Flora Iranica 70: 1-573. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien.
- Boudet, G., Lebrun, J.P. & Demange, R. (1986). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Mali: 1-465. Etudes d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux.
- Boulos, L. (2005). Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
- Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 2(2): 1-94. ORSTOM, Bangui.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Buragohain, S. & Sarma, G.C. (2009). The exotic weeds of Guwahati, Assam and their role in employment generation. Pleione 3(1): 45-49.
- Clayton, W.D. & Renvoize, S.A. (1982). Gramineae. Flora of Tropical East Africa 3: 451-898.
- Clayton, W.D. & Snow, N. (2010). A key to Pacific Grasses: 1-107. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Clayton, W.D. (1989). Flora Zambesiaca 10(3): 1-231. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Cope, T.A. (1982). Flora of Pakistan 143: 1-678. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
- Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Edinburgh University Press.
- Danin, A. (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina area: 1-517. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (1994). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 8: 1-458. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Dávila, P., Mejia-Saulés, M.T., Gómez-Sánchez, N., Valdés-Reyna, J., Ortíz, J.J., Morín, C., Castrejón, J. & Ocampo, A. (2006). Catálogo de las Gramíneas de México: 1-671. CONABIO, México city.
- Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. (2010). Flora of New Zealand, ed. 2, 5: 1-650. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
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