- Family:
- Poaceae Barnhart
- Genus:
- Sorghum Moench
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.

[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean, Caribbean. Elevation range: 0–2500 m a.s.l. Naturalised in Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia, Atlántico, Bogotá DC, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila, Norte de Santander, Quindío, Risaralda, San Andrés y Providencia, Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca.
- Habit
- Herb.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: savanna, shrubland, artificial - terrestrial.
- Vernacular
- Pasto johnson
[GB]
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial. Rhizomes elongated; scaly. Culms erect, or geniculately ascending, or decumbent; 50-300 cm long. Culm-nodes pubescent. Leaves cauline. Ligule a ciliolate membrane. Leaf-blades 20-90 cm long; 5-40 mm wide. Leaf-blade margins scaberulous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence a panicle with branches tipped by a raceme. Panicle open; lanceolate, or pyramidal; 10-55 cm long; 3-25 cm wide. Primary panicle branches whorled at most nodes; moderately divided. Racemes 1.2-2.5 cm long; bearing few fertile spikelets; bearing 1-5 fertile spikelets on each. Rhachis fragile at the nodes; ciliate on margins. Rhachis internodes filiform. Rhachis internode tip transverse; cupuliform. Spikelets in pairs. Fertile spikelets sessile; 1 in the cluster. Companion sterile spikelets pedicelled; 1 in the cluster. Pedicels filiform; ciliate.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; 4.5-6.5 mm long; as long as fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; 5 -veined; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas enclosed by glumes. Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets elliptic; dorsally compressed; 4.5-5(-5.5) mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus pubescent; base obtuse.
- Sterile
- Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; 4.5-6.5 mm long; as long as fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; 5 -veined; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas enclosed by glumes.
- Fertile
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets elliptic; dorsally compressed; 4.5-5(-5.5) mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus pubescent; base obtuse.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume
- Glumes dissimilar; with lower wider than upper; exceeding apex of florets; firmer than fertile lemma. Lower glume elliptic; 1 length of spikelet; coriaceous; pallid, or dark brown, or red, or purple, or black; 2-keeled; keeled above. Lower glume surface glabrous, or pubescent. Lower glume apex dentate; 3 -fid. Upper glume ovate; coriaceous; without keels. Upper glume surface glabrous, or pubescent.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets
- Basal sterile florets barren; without significant palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret elliptic; 0.8 length of spikelet; hyaline; 2 -veined; ciliolate on margins. Fertile lemma elliptic; 2-2.5 mm long; hyaline; 1 -veined. Lemma margins ciliate. Lemma apex entire, or dentate; 2 -fid; muticous, or awned; 1 -awned. Principal lemma awn from a sinus; geniculate; 10-16 mm long overall; with twisted column. Column of lemma awn pubescent; hairy on the spiral. Palea present.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Lodicules 2; ciliate.
- Distribution
- Europe: central, southwestern, southeastern, and eastern. Africa: north, Macaronesia, west tropical, west-central tropical, northeast tropical, southern tropical, south, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: Soviet Middle Asia, Caucasus, western Asia, Arabia, China, and eastern Asia. Asia-tropical: India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Papuasia. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. Pacific: southwestern, south-central, northwestern, and north-central. North America: northwest USA, north-central USA, northeast USA, southwest USA, south-central USA, southeast USA, and Mexico. South America: Mesoamericana, Caribbean, northern South America, western South America, Brazil, and southern South America.
- Reference
- Andropogoneae. Fl Pak.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Naturalizada y adventicia en Colombia; Alt. 0 - 2500 m.; Andes, Islas Caribeñas, Llanura del Caribe, Valle del Magdalena.
- Morphology General Habit
- Hierba
- Conservation
- No Evaluada
[UPB]
The Useful Plants of Boyacá project
- Ecology
- Alt. 0 - 2500 m.
- Morphology General Habit
- Herb.
- Distribution
- Introduced and naturalised in Colombia.
- Conservation
- Not Evaluated.
[UNAL]
Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
- Vernacular
- canutillo, grama china, maicillo, pasto Johnson, pasto ruso, sorgo, sorguillo
[GB]
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial; caespitose; clumped loosely. Rhizomes elongated. Culms 200-300 cm long; 5-10 mm diam. Culm-nodes glabrous, or pubescent. Lateral branches lacking, or sparse. Ligule a ciliolate membrane. Leaf-blades linear, or lanceolate; 30-90 cm long; 10-40 mm wide. Leaf-blade surface smooth. Leaf-blade margins scabrous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence a panicle with branches tipped by a raceme. Panicle open; ovate, or pyramidal; 25-55 cm long; 10-25 cm wide. Primary panicle branches 4-5 -nate; whorled at most nodes; 10-20 cm long. Panicle branches flexuous. Racemes 1-2.2 cm long; bearing few fertile spikelets; bearing 2-5 fertile spikelets on each. Rhachis fragile at the nodes; ciliate on margins. Rhachis hairs white, or tawny; 0.5-1 mm long. Rhachis internodes linear; 2-4 mm long. Rhachis internode tip transverse. Spikelets in pairs. Fertile spikelets sessile; 1 in the cluster. Companion sterile spikelets pedicelled; 1 in the cluster. Pedicels filiform; flattened; 2-4 mm long; ciliate.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; dorsally compressed; 5-6.5 mm long; longer than fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; 7-8 -veined; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas enclosed by glumes. Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets elliptic; dorsally compressed; subacute; 4-5.5 mm long; 1.5-2.3 mm wide; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus pilose; base obtuse.
- Sterile
- Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; dorsally compressed; 5-6.5 mm long; longer than fertile; separately deciduous. Companion sterile spikelet glumes chartaceous; 7-8 -veined; muticous. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas enclosed by glumes.
- Fertile
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets elliptic; dorsally compressed; subacute; 4-5.5 mm long; 1.5-2.3 mm wide; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Spikelet callus pilose; base obtuse.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume
- Glumes dissimilar; with lower wider than upper; exceeding apex of florets; firmer than fertile lemma. Lower glume ovate; 1 length of spikelet; coriaceous; much thinner above; without keels; keel-less except near apex; 8-12 -veined. Lower glume lateral veins with cross-veins. Lower glume margins ciliolate. Lower glume apex dentate; 3 -fid. Upper glume ovate; coriaceous; much thinner above; without keels; 7 -veined. Upper glume lateral veins with cross-veins. Upper glume margins scabrous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets
- Basal sterile florets barren; without significant palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret lanceolate; 3.5-5 mm long; hyaline; 2 -veined; ciliolate on margins; acute. Fertile lemma ovate; 2.5-4 mm long; hyaline; 1 -veined. Lemma margins ciliolate. Lemma apex dentate; 2 -fid; incised 0.2-0.25 of lemma length; muticous, or awned; 1 -awned. Principal lemma awn from a sinus; geniculate; 10-16 mm long overall; with twisted column. Column of lemma awn glabrous. Palea absent or minute.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Lodicules 2; oblong; fleshy; ciliate. Anthers 3; 2.5-3.5 mm long. Stigmas 2.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Caryopsis with adherent pericarp.
- Distribution
- Asia-tropical: India. Australasia: Australia.
- Reference
- Andropogoneae. Snowden 1993.
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Gene Sources
- Used as gene sources.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Materials
- Used as material.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
- Use Poisons
- Poisons.
- Use Social
- Social uses.
[UPB]
- Use Medicines
- Medicinal (State of the World's Plants 2016, Instituto Humboldt 2014).
- Use Medicines Unspecified Medicinal Disorders
- Medicinal (State of the World's Plants 2016, Instituto Humboldt 2014).
Native to:
Afghanistan, Algeria, Canary Is., Cape Verde, Chad, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Egypt, Gulf States, India, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Myanmar, Nicobar Is., North Caucasus, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Tadzhikistan, Thailand, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, West Himalaya
Introduced into:
Alabama, Albania, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Aruba, Austria, Azores, Bahamas, Baleares, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bolivia, Borneo, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Bulgaria, California, Cape Provinces, Caroline Is., Cayman Is., Central European Rus, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Colorado, Comoros, Connecticut, Cook Is., Corse, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Delaware, Desventurados Is., District of Columbia, Dominican Republic, Easter Is., Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Florida, France, Free State, French Guiana, Galápagos, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, Hungary, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kansas, Kentucky, Korea, Kriti, Krym, KwaZulu-Natal, Leeward Is., Louisiana, Madagascar, Malawi, Marianas, Marquesas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Mozambique, Namibia, Nansei-shoto, Nebraska, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, Nevada, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Nicaragua, Niue, North Carolina, North Dakota, Northern Provinces, Ogasawara-shoto, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Panamá, Paraguay, Pennsylvania, Peru, Pitcairn Is., Portugal, Primorye, Puerto Rico, Rhode I., Romania, Réunion, Sardegna, Senegal, Sicilia, Society Is., Solomon Is., South Carolina, South Dakota, Spain, St.Helena, Sudan, Swaziland, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tennessee, Texas, Tonga, Trinidad-Tobago, Tuamotu, Tubuai Is., Turkey-in-Europe, Ukraine, Uruguay, Utah, Venezuela, Vermont, Virginia, Wallis-Futuna Is., Washington, West Virginia, Windward Is., Wisconsin, Wyoming, Yugoslavia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
- Andropogon avenaceus Kunth
- Andropogon crupina (Link) Kunth
- Andropogon decolorans (Willd.) Kunth
- Andropogon dubitatus Steud.
- Andropogon dubius K.Koch ex B.D.Jacks.
- Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot.
- Andropogon halepensis subsp. anatherus Piper
- Andropogon halepensis var. muticus (Hack.) Asch. & Graebn.
- Andropogon miliaceus Roxb.
- Andropogon miliformis Schult.
- Andropogon sorghum var. exiguus (Forssk.) Piper
- Andropogon sorghum subsp. halepense (L.) Hack.
- Andropogon sorghum var. halepensis (L.) Hack.
- Andropogon sorghum subsp. halepensis (L.) Hack.
- Andropogon sorghum subvar. leiocladus Hack.
- Andropogon sorghum subvar. muticus Hack.
- Andropogon sorghum var. perennis Bertoni
- Andropogon sorghum subvar. trachycladus Hack.
- Andropogon tumbackianus Roxb. ex Kunth
- Blumenbachia halepensis (L.) Koeler
- Holcus decolorans Willd.
- Holcus exiguus Forssk.
- Holcus halepensis L.
- Milium halepense (L.) Cav.
- Rhaphis halepensis (L.) Roberty
- Sorghum crupina Link
- Sorghum decolor P.Beauv.
- Sorghum decolorans (Willd.) Roem. & Schult.
- Sorghum dubium K.Koch
- Sorghum halepense var. genuinum Hack.
- Sorghum halepense var. latifolium Willk.
- Sorghum halepense f. muticum (Hack.) C.E.Hubb.
- Sorghum miliaceum (Roxb.) Snowden
- Sorghum saccharatum var. halepense (L.) Kuntze
- Sorghum schreberi Ten.
- Trachypogon avenaceus Nees
- English
- Johnson Grass
- Spanish
- Pasto Johnson.
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan 1, 1966 | A.N.U. [1581], Philippines | K000731284 | No | ||
Sep 25, 1951 | Mabille, P. [66], Corse | K001050205 | Yes | ||
Aug 22, 1951 | Forskal [s.n.], Egypt | K000244589 | Yes | ||
Aug 21, 1951 | Warion, A. [2286], Algeria | K000731257 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1951 | Hinton, G.B. [13270], Michoacán | K000476339 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1951 | Hinton, G.B. [13270], Michoacán | K000476340 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1951 | Hinton, G.B. [13140], Michoacán | K000476341 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1951 | Hinton, G.B. [1427], México State | K000476343 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1951 | Hinton, G.B. [5457], Guerrero | K000476338 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1951 | Hinton, G.B. [4031], México State | K000476344 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1951 | Hinton, G.B. [13140], Michoacán | K000476342 | No | ||
Jul 5, 1934 | s.coll. [s.n.] | K001050204 | Yes | ||
Luetzelburg [12456], Brazil | K000004751 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8778] | K001131621 | Yes | |||
Shiu Ying Hu [5634], China | K000731260 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8778], India | K001131624 | Yes | |||
Raizada, M.B. [21330], India | K000731269 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8778] | K001131620 | Yes | |||
Matthew, K.M. [25337], India | K000731268 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8778] | K001131629 | Yes | |||
Roy, G.P. [2751], India | K000731267 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8778] | K001131630 | Yes | |||
Mohd, J. [8099], Pakistan | K000731262 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8778], India | K001131623 | Yes | |||
Silva, J.M. [1195], Brazil | K001068753 | Yes | |||
Furese, M. [44813], China | K000731259 | No | |||
Remanandan, P. [4672], India | K000731266 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8778], India | K001131626 | Yes | |||
Filgueiras, T.S. [733], Brazil | K001068755 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8778] | K001131622 | Yes | |||
Valls, J.F.M. [11688], Brazil | K001068756 | Yes | |||
Richards, P. [281216], Zimbabwe | K000731363 | No | |||
Teixeira, L.O.A. [313], Brazil | K001068754 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8778], India | K001131628 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8778], India | K001131625 | Yes | |||
Nasin, E. [28485], Pakistan | K000731263 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 8778], India | K001131627 | Yes | |||
Jan 1, 1955 | Gamble, J.S. [27139], India | Sorghum miliaceum | K000245614 | holotype | Yes |
First published in Syn. Pl. 1: 101 (1805)
Accepted by
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Literature
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
Useful Plants of Boyacá Project
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Castro, C. (Proveedor de metadatos), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). Versión 11.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
- Kew Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) https://www.kew.org/science/data-and-resources/tools-and-services/medicinal-plant-names-services in The State of the World’s Plants Report–2016. (2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew https://stateoftheworldsplants.or
Kew Backbone Distributions
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- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Brundu, G. & Camarda, I. (2013). The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis PhytoKeys 23: 1-18.
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- Clayton, W.D. & Snow, N. (2010). A key to Pacific Grasses: 1-107. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Cope, T.A. (2002). Flora Zambesiaca 10(4): 1-190. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Edinburgh University Press.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Davidse, G. & al. (eds.) (1994). Flora Mesoamericana 6: 1-543. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
- Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9: 1-724. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Dávila, P., Mejia-Saulés, M.T., Gómez-Sánchez, N., Valdés-Reyna, J., Ortíz, J.J., Morín, C., Castrejón, J. & Ocampo, A. (2006). Catálogo de las Gramíneas de México: 1-671. CONABIO, México city.
- Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. (2010). Flora of New Zealand, ed. 2, 5: 1-650. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
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- Fedtschenko, B.A. & al. (1932). Flora Turkmenii 1: 1-340. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2003). Flora of North America North of Mexico 25: 1-781. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
- Forzza, R.C. & al. (2013). Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.: i-vi, 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Giraldo-Cañas, D. (2011). Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en Colombia Darwiniana 49: 139-247.
- H?, P.-H. (2000). Câyc? Vi?tnam. An Illustrated flora of Vietnam, ed. 2, 3: 1-1020. Pham-hoang Ho, Montréal.
- Hallé, N. (1980). Les Orchidees de Tubuai (archipel des Australes, Sud Polynesie), suivies d'un catalogue des plantes a fleurs et fougeres des iles Australes Cahiers de l'Indo-Pacifique 2(3): 69-130.
- Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
- Hassler, M. (2012). Flora of Rhodes. Systematic list of flora of Rhodes http://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db111/flora/rhodos/list.php.
- Hepper, F.N. (ed.) (1972). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 3(2): 277-574.
- Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
- Jaramillo Díaz, P. & Guézou, A. (2017). CDF Checklist of Galapagos Vascular Plants - FCD Lista de especies de Plantas Vasculares de Galápagos http://www.darwinfoundation.org/datazone/checklists/vascular-plants/.
- Jongbloed, M., Western, R.A. & Boer, B. (2000). Annotated Check-list for plants in the U.A.E.: 1-90. Zodiac Publishing, Dubai.
- Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Kandwal, M.K. & Gupta, B.K. (2009). An update on grass flora of Uttarkhand Indian Journal of Forestry 32: 657-668.
- Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M. (1989). Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1-435. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
- Kharkevich, S.S., Probatova, N.S. & Novikov, V.S. (1985). Sosudistye rasteniia sovetskogo Dalnego Vostoka 1: 1-383. Izd-vo "Nauka," Leningradskoe otd-nie, Leningrad.
- Koyama, T. (1987). Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions: an identification manual: 1-570. Kodansha, Tokyo, Japan.
- Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590.
- Lambdon, P. (2012). Flowering plants & ferns of St Helena: 1-624. Pisces publications for St Helena nature conservation group.
- Lambion, J., Delvosalle, L. & Duvigneaud, J. (2004). Nouvelle flore de la Belgique du G. D. de Luxembourg, du Nord de la France et des régions voisines, ed. 5: 1-1167. Edition du Patrimoine du Jardin botanique national de Belgique.
- Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
- Masamune, G. (1942). Enumeratio phanerogamarum Bornearum: 1-739. Taihoku, Formosa.
- Meikle, R.D. (1985). Flora of Cyprus 2: 833-1970. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Merkodovich, N.A. (ed.) (1941). Flora Uzbekistana 1: 1-566. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
- Morat, P. & Veillon, J.-M. (1985). Contributions à la conaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis et Futuna Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia 7: 259-329.
- Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
- Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Ovczinnikov, P.N. (ed.) (1957). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 1: 1-547. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
- Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
- Pavlov, N.V. (ed.) (1956). Flora Kazakhstana 1: 1-354. Alma-Ata, Izd-vo Akademii nauk Kazakhskoi SSR.
- Press, J.R. et al. (2000). Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal: i-x, 1-430. Natural History Museum, London.
- Renvoize, S.A. (1998). Gramineas de Bolivia: 1-644. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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- Seregin, A.P. (2014). Flora of Vladimir Oblast, Russia: grid data analysis: 1-441. KMK schientific press, Moscow.
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- Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2006). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 2: 1-466. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
- Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1980). Flora Europaea 5: 1-452. Cambridge University Press.
- Voeltzkow, A. (1917). Flora und Fauna der Comoren: 428-480.
- Walker, E.H. (1976). Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu islands: 1-1159. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
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- de Cordemoy, E.J. (1895). Flore de l'ile de la Réunion: 1-574. Librairie des sciences naturelles Paul Klincksieck, Paris.
Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
- Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
- Dempewolf, H., Eastwood, R. J., Guarino, L., Khoury, C. K., Müller, J. V. & Toll, J. (2014). Adapting agriculture to climate change: a global initiative to collect, conserve, and use crop wild relatives. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38, 369-377.
- Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
- Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
- FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
- GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
- GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
- Jansen, P., Lemmens, R., Oyen, L., Siemonsma, J., Stavast, F. & Van Valkenburg, J. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Basic list of species and commodity grouping. Final version. Pudoc, Wageningen.
- Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
- PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
- RBG, Kew (ed.) (1999). Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
- Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
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Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible
ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
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GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora
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Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Living Collection Database
Common Names from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Living Collection https://www.kew.org/
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Science Photographs
Copyright applied to individual images
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia
ColPlantA database
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
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Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
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Useful Plants of Boyacá Project
ColPlantA database
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/