Poaceae
Cenchrus

Cenchrus longisetus M.C.Johnst.

First published in Sida 1: 182 (1963)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is NE. Tropical Africa to Arabian Peninsula. It is a perennial or rhizomatous geophyte and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. It is used as animal food and a medicine and has environmental uses.

Distribution

Native to:

Eritrea, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Yemen

Introduced into:

Algeria, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Azores, Bolivia, Brazil Southeast, California, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Chile Central, Colombia, Colorado, Cuba, Cyprus, Egypt, Free State, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hawaii, India, Italy, Jamaica, Jawa, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, Madagascar, Madeira, Mauritius, Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Michigan, Morocco, Myanmar, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Northern Provinces, Peru, Réunion, Sardegna, Senegal, Spain, Sri Lanka, Tasmania, Texas, Tunisia, Uruguay

Recorded in error in:

Hawaii

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Engelmaier, P. & Wilhalm, T. (2018). Alien grasses (Poaceae) in the flora of the Eastern Alps. Neilreichia 9: 177-245.
  • Faccenda, K. (2023). Updates to the Hawaiian grass flora and selected keys to species: Part 2. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 155: 83-156.
  • Schäfer, H. (2021). Flora of the Azores a field guide: 1-445. Margraf Publishers GmbH.
  • de Salas, MF, Baker, ML (2022). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island: 1-161. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart. https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/resources/census/.

An alternative taxonomy had been proposed by the following authorities:

  • Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. MIM, Deurne. [Cited as Pennisetum villosum.]
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden. [Cited as Pennisetum villosum.]

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • (2018). https://doi.org/10.24310/abm.v43i0. epublication.
  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Bosser, J. & Renvoize, S.A. (2018). Flore des Mascareignes 203: 1-276. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
  • Boulos, L. (2005). Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Cope, T.A., Knees, S.G. & Miller, A.G. (2007). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 5(1): 1-387. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Cossu, T.A, Camarda, I. & Brundu, G. (2014). A catalogue of non-native weeds in irrigated crops in Sardinia (Italy). Webbia; Raccolta de Scritti Botanici 69: 145-156.
  • Damanakis, M. & Scholz, H. (1990). Phytogeographical notes on the Poaceae of Greece. Willdenowia 19: 413-423.
  • Dassanayake (ed.) (1994). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 8: 1-458. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2013). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 5: 1-451. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Dávila, P., Mejia-Saulés, M.T., Gómez-Sánchez, N., Valdés-Reyna, J., Ortíz, J.J., Morín, C., Castrejón, J. & Ocampo, A. (2006). Catálogo de las Gramíneas de México: 1-671. CONABIO, México city.
  • Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. (2010). Flora of New Zealand, ed. 2, 5: 1-650. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
  • Faccenda, K. (2023). Updates to the Hawaiian grass flora and selected keys to species: Part 2. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 155: 83-156.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2003). Flora of North America North of Mexico 25: 1-781. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Forzza, R.C. & al. (2013). Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.: i-vi, 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Giraldo-Cañas, D. (2011). Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en Colombia. Darwiniana 49: 139-247.
  • Hassler, M. & Muer, T. (2022). Flora Germanica: alle Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands in Text und Bild 1: 1-864. Verlag Regionalkultur, Uberstadt-Weiher.
  • Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 1-430. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
  • Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M. (1989). Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1-435. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
  • Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590.
  • Lebrun, J.P. (1973). Énumération des plantes vasculaires du Sénégal: 1-209. Maisons Alfort: Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux.
  • Meikle, R.D. (1985). Flora of Cyprus 2: 833-1970. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Renvoize, S.A. (1998). Gramineas de Bolivia: 1-644. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Thulin, M. (ed.) (1995). Flora of Somalia 4: i-ii, 1-298. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1980). Flora Europaea 5: 1-452. Cambridge University Press.
  • Veldkamp, J.F. (2014). A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59: 59-75.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • de Salas, MF, Baker, ML (2022). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island: 1-161. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart. https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/resources/census/.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Peterson, P.; Herrera Arrieta, Y.; Rentana Renteria, F.; Gonzalez Gallegos, J.G. [25556] Mexico K001609611 Yes
Peterson, P.; Annable, C. R. [11779] Bolivia K001614708 Yes
Ellis, R.P. [468] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926670 Yes
Bowen, H. [428] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201997 Yes
Pitard, C.J. [1195] Morocco Pennisetum villosum K002201107 Yes
Davidse, G. [6731] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926671 Yes
s.coll. [[54]] Pennisetum villosum K002201072 Yes
White, C.T. [10408] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002202004 Yes
Curtis, W.M. [221] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002202007 Yes
Parker, C. [E360] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203526 Yes
s.coll. [186] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203542 Yes
Schimper [1989] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K000281185 Unknown Type Material Yes
E. Bastió[n] [946] Bolivia Pennisetum villosum K002926910 Yes
Al-Khalili, A.D.A. [116] Saudi Arabia Pennisetum villosum K002201057 Yes
Ash, J. [2033] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203524 Yes
Rodway, F.A. [s.n.] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002202001 Yes
Webb, M. [30] France Pennisetum villosum K002200652 No
Schimper [316] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K000281186 Isotype Yes
Schimper [316] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K000281187 Isotype Yes
Peterson, P.M.; Annable, C. [11779] Bolivia Pennisetum villosum K002926912 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Italy Pennisetum villosum K002200656 No
Brueckner, A. [688] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926669 Yes
Schew, F.W. [27] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201988 Yes
Romero Juan de Dios [126] Bolivia Pennisetum villosum K002926905 Yes
Shimper, M.W. [901] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203544 Yes
Bally, P.R.O.; Melville, R. [16023] Somalia Pennisetum villosum K002203534 Yes
s.coll. [916] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201977 Yes
Elsley, J. [54] Pennisetum villosum K002200661 No
Feesey, M.T. [5] Pennisetum villosum K002200664 No
Brueckner, A. [6920] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926668 Yes
Drake-Brockmann, R.E. [s.n.] Pennisetum villosum K002203539 Yes
Adamovic [s.n.] Greece Pennisetum villosum K002200658 No
Elsley, J. [52] United Kingdom Pennisetum villosum K002200649 No
Dodd, J. [612] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201976 Yes
Elsley, J. [55] Pennisetum villosum K002200662 No
Crook, A.O. [2405] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926666 Yes
Lewis, E.P. [388] Morocco Pennisetum villosum K002201102 Yes
McCallum-Webster, M. [N307] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926664 Yes
Scott, H. [38] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203519 Yes
[M]. Killeen [s.n.] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201985 Yes
Collenette, I.S. [3778] Saudi Arabia Pennisetum villosum K002201061 Yes
Smook, L. [2127] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926660 Yes
[C. F. Hemming] [1046] Eritrea Pennisetum villosum K002203514 Yes
Hemming, C.F. [2320] Somalia Pennisetum villosum K002203535 Yes
Peck, E.F. [273] Somalia Pennisetum villosum K002203537 Yes
Narayanaswami, V. [4339] Pennisetum villosum K002201725 Yes
Thulin; Eriksson; Gifri; Langström [7939] Yemen Pennisetum villosum K002201071 Yes
{Mr. William Davies} [s.n.] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201996 Yes
Bally, P.R.O. [10273] Somalia Pennisetum villosum K002203531 Yes
Béguinot, A.; Pampanini, R.; Fiori, Adr.; Goiran, A. [504] Italy Pennisetum villosum K002200654 No
Simmons [B 60] Somalia Pennisetum villosum K002203536 Yes
Collenette, I.S. [3662] Saudi Arabia Pennisetum villosum K002201058 Yes
Tateoka, T. [s.n.] Mexico Pennisetum villosum K002926694 Yes
Jones, S. [20] Eritrea Pennisetum villosum K002203513 Yes
Vickery, G. [17858] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002202000 Yes
Collenette, I.S. [4415] Saudi Arabia Pennisetum villosum K002201063 Yes
Grabham, G.W. [s.n.] Portugal Pennisetum villosum K002201113 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [5755] Egypt Pennisetum villosum K002201073 Yes
Jago; [Strebes- Lallper] [2] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203525 Yes
Renvoize, S.A.; Ayala, G. [5249] Bolivia Pennisetum villosum K002926911 Yes
Drake-Brockmann, R.E. [s.n.] Pennisetum villosum K002203540 Yes
Hubbard, C.E. [8460] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201998 Yes
Ryding, O.; Ermias, K. [1140] Eritrea Pennisetum villosum K002203515 Yes
Hedberg, I.; Hedberg, O. [92122] Saudi Arabia Pennisetum villosum K002201056 Yes
Davy, J.B. [17507] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926673 Yes
Galàn, P. [3601] El Salvador Pennisetum villosum K002926695 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Yemen Pennisetum villosum K002201069 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom Pennisetum villosum K002200648 No
Boulos, L.; Ads, A.S. [14082] Saudi Arabia Pennisetum villosum K002201062 Yes
Money-Kyrle, A.F. [s.n.] Pennisetum villosum K002201104 Yes
Rodway, F.A. [1695] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002202002 Yes
[R. W.] Vaughan [1804] Mauritius Pennisetum villosum K002926416 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom Pennisetum villosum K002200647 No
Radcliffe-Smith, A.; Henchie, S.J. [4597] Yemen Pennisetum villosum K002201066 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Pennisetum villosum K002202003 Yes
Mooney, H.F. [s.n.] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203520 Yes
Sendusky, T. [115] Brazil Pennisetum villosum K001106085 Yes
Moss, C.E. [14256] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926674 Yes
Burchard, O. [s.n.] Spain Pennisetum villosum K002201112 Yes
Trethewy, A.W. [32] Morocco Pennisetum villosum K002201109 Yes
de Wilde, W.J.J.O.; de Wilde-Duyfjes, B.E.E. [8293] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203518 Yes
Willmott, E.A. [s.n.] France Pennisetum villosum K002200653 No
Feuerer, T. [4568] Bolivia Pennisetum villosum K002926909 Yes
Halperin, M. [s.n.] United States Pennisetum villosum K002926692 Yes
Peterson, P.M.; Soreng, R.J.; Laegaard, S. [13153] Bolivia Pennisetum villosum K002926913 Yes
Renvoize, S.A.; Cope, T.A. [3840] Bolivia Pennisetum villosum K002926906 Yes
Hubbard, C.E. [8256] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201999 Yes
Colville, J.W. [3] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203512 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom Pennisetum villosum K002200646 No
de Wilde, W.J.J.O.; Duyfjes, B.E.E. [7916] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203538 Yes
Wood, J.R.I. [7844] Bolivia Pennisetum villosum K002926907 Yes
s.coll. [1] Pennisetum villosum K002200665 No
Rodway, F.A. [14975] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002202005 Yes
[Lynn Gillespie] [39] Yemen Pennisetum villosum K002201065 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201992 Yes
Chaudhans, S. [7273] Saudi Arabia Pennisetum villosum K002201059 Yes
Glover, P.E.; Gilliland, H. [922] Somalia Pennisetum villosum K002203529 Yes
Grabham, M. [37] Portugal Pennisetum villosum K002201114 Yes
Kneucker, A. [559] Germany Pennisetum villosum K002200650 No
Spellenberg, R. [7195] Yemen Pennisetum villosum K002201068 Yes
Martindale, G.E. [94] Spain Pennisetum villosum K002200657 No
Trethewy, A.W. [17] Morocco Pennisetum villosum K002201108 Yes
de Winter, B. [52] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926672 Yes
Miles, L.G.; Hubbard, C.E. [5657] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201979 Yes
Smook, L. [002911] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926662 No
Hildebrandt, J.M. [1480] Somalia Pennisetum villosum K002203528 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201991 Yes
Bally, P.R.O. [B 10040] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203541 Yes
Merton, L.F.H. [2936] Cyprus Pennisetum villosum K002201055 Yes
White, C.T. [6647] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201981 Yes
Hansen, O.J.; Heemstra, H. [6223] Somalia Pennisetum villosum K002203533 Yes
Bally, P.R.O. [B 11085] Somalia Pennisetum villosum K002203532 Yes
de Wit [1068] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926667 Yes
[Elogtor] [4022] Portugal Pennisetum villosum K002201115 Yes
Trethewy, A.W. [8] Morocco Pennisetum villosum K002201105 Yes
Koorders, S.H. [2/1007] Indonesia Pennisetum villosum K002201748 Yes
Elsley, J. [53] Pennisetum villosum K002200660 No
Clydesdale, C.S. [s.n.] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201990 Yes
Everist, S.L. [s.n.] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201987 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [5266] Egypt Pennisetum villosum K002201074 Yes
Ruppel Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K000281184 Unknown Type Material Yes
Omer-Cooper, J. [s.n.] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203523 Yes
Hubbard, C.E. [5900] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201978 Yes
Baldrati, I. [s.n.] Eritrea Pennisetum villosum K002203516 Yes
Ash, J. [2060] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203521 Yes
D'Alleizette, A.C. [1545] Algeria Pennisetum villosum K002201103 Yes
Woods, D.V.G. [3] New Zealand Pennisetum villosum K002202016 Yes
Colenso, W. [s.n.] New Zealand Pennisetum villosum K002202017 Yes
McKinnon, A.S. [S96] Somalia Pennisetum villosum K002203527 Yes
Friis, I.; Bidgood, G.S.; Wondefrash, M.; Getachew, E. [10691] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203517 Yes
Ryres, T.B. [s.n.] United Kingdom Pennisetum villosum K002200659 No
Rodway, F.A. [14974] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002202006 Yes
Blake, S.T. [5828] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201984 Yes
Noble, A. [s.n.] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201982 Yes
Pichler, T. [s.n.] Italy Pennisetum villosum K002200655 No
Aston, H.I. [288] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201983 Yes
Ugent, D.; Cardenas, M. [4916] Bolivia Pennisetum villosum K002926908 Yes
Hubbard, C.E. [2409] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201980 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [15300] Pennisetum villosum K002201724 Yes
Aston, H.I. [2037] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201994 Yes
Pickering, C.H. [719] Portugal Pennisetum villosum K002201111 Yes
s.coll. [786] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K001734678 No
Skea, D. [1] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926675 Yes
Collenette, I.S. [7177] Saudi Arabia Pennisetum villosum K002201060 Yes
Shannon, J. [s.n.] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201986 Yes
Aston, H.I. [2037] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201995 Yes
Mooney, H.F. [7078] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203543 Yes
Long, V.E. [196a] United States Pennisetum villosum K002926693 Yes
Blake, S.J. [5133] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201989 Yes
Stewart, R.B. [C-7] Ethiopia Pennisetum villosum K002203522 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France Pennisetum villosum K002200651 No
Trethewy, A.W. [29] Morocco Pennisetum villosum K002201106 Yes
Hubbard, C.E. [[K/23/9/10]] Pennisetum villosum K002200663 No
Pratt [Y11] Yemen Pennisetum villosum K002201067 Yes
Smook, L. [1726] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926665 Yes
Glover, P.E.; Gilliland, H. [595] Somalia Pennisetum villosum K002203530 Yes
Smook; Russell, G. [2510] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926661 Yes
Gillet, J. [s.n.] Congo, Democratic Republic of the Pennisetum villosum K002202957 Yes
Smook, L. [1809] South Africa Pennisetum villosum K002926663 Yes
Symon, D.E. [12940] Australia Pennisetum villosum K002201993 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Somalia

    • Flora of Somalia
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of West Tropical Africa

    • Flora of West Tropical Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora

    • Clayton, W.D., Vorontsova, M.S., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora.
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0