- Family:
- Fabaceae Lindl.
- Genus:
- Tamarindus Tourn. ex L.
Tamarindus indica L.
Tamarind fruits were traded widely in ancient times. Records from the eastern Mediterranean show Tamarindus indica was already in cultivation there in the fourth century B.C. On encountering the fruit in western India, Arab sea-traders thought the sticky black pulp and seeds of the fruit resembled their native date palm, so they combined their common name for date palm 'Tamr', along with the Arabic name for India ('hindi'), to arrive at the common name tamrhindi on which the scientific name Tamarindus is based.

[KSP]
Kew Species Profiles
- General Description
-
From the sausage-shaped fruits of the tamarind tree comes the sticky acidic pulp that has been used as a food ingredient for thousands of years.
Tamarind fruits were traded widely in ancient times. Records from the eastern Mediterranean show Tamarindus indica was already in cultivation there in the fourth century B.C. On encountering the fruit in western India, Arab sea-traders thought the sticky black pulp and seeds of the fruit resembled their native date palm, so they combined their common name for date palm 'Tamr', along with the Arabic name for India ('hindi'), to arrive at the common name tamrhindi on which the scientific name Tamarindus is based.
- Species Profile
-
Geography and distribution
The origin of tamarind is uncertain as it has been widely cultivated since ancient times. It is apparently native to tropical Africa and Madagascar but is found throughout the tropics. In some areas where it was originally cultivated, it has now run wild (it is naturalised).
DescriptionOverview: A tree up to 30 m tall with a spreading crown of up to 12 m in diameter.
Leaves:The leaves are up to 15 cm long and are composed of numerous small leaflets, which close at night, arranged in pairs along a central axis.
Flowers: The flowers are about 2.5 cm across and have three petals that are golden with a pattern of red veins as well as two tiny thread-like petals that are barely visible. The flowers are borne on inflorescences up to about 20 cm long.
Fruits: The brown, short-haired, sausage-like fruits contain an acidic pulp which is a much-prized ingredient of confectioneries, curries and pickles.
Threats and conservationThis widely distributed species is not currently of conservation concern.
UsesFrom the sausage-shaped fruits of the tamarind tree comes the sticky acidic pulp that has been used as a food ingredient for thousands of years. The pulp was traded widely in ancient times leading to the extensive use and cultivation of tamarind, which in turn has resulted in the widespread tropical distribution of this species.
The edible fruits, and especially the pulp, can be eaten raw or used as an ingredient in curries, pickles, confectionery and in fermented drinks. The seeds can be eaten raw or cooked. Tamarind wood is used as timber, firewood and for charcoal. Other uses of the species include medicines, dyes and for planting as an ornamental.
CultivationTamarindus indica is propagated at Kew using semi-ripe apical or internodal cuttings. Initially these are placed in a misting unit where there is bottom heat and frequent fogging. When rooting has occurred successfully, the plants are potted up into a loam-based or organic compost. They are then placed in a zone where the temperature is maintained at 18 to 28 ˚C. The watering regime keeps the substrate constantly moist but not soggy.
This species is subject to mealy bug, which is removed physically whenever possible. It is hoped that tamarind could be used as a host for the parasite sandalwood in future growth experiments in the Tropical Nursery.
Millennium Seed Bank: Seed storageKew's Millennium Seed Bank Partnership aims to save plant life world wide, focusing on plants under threat and those of most use in the future. Seeds are dried, packaged and stored at a sub-zero temperature in our seed bank vault.
Search Kew's Seed Information Database for further details on Tamarindus indica seeds
Tamarind at KewA tamarind from Ethiopia can be seen in Kew's Palm House.
There are also specimens of Tamarindus indica in the Tropical Nursery, one of the behind-the-scenes areas of the Gardens.
- Distribution
- Madagascar
- Ecology
- Tropical seasonally dry forest, woodland and wooded grassland, often found along rivers.
- Conservation
- This widely distributed species is not currently of conservation concern.
- Hazards
-
Flour from the ground seeds can cause asthma and contact dermatitis.
[FZ]
Leguminosae, R.K. Brummitt, A.C. Chikuni, J.M. Lock and R.M. Polhill. Flora Zambesiaca 3:2. 2007
- Morphology General Habit
- Tree to 25 m; crown rounded; bark rough, grey or grey-black.
- Morphology Branches
- Young branchlets pubescent to puberulous.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves: stipules free, narrowly ovate, small, early caducous; petiole with rachis 5–12(16) cm long, pubescent; leaflets in 10–18 pairs, (0.8)1.2–3.2 cm long, narrowly oblong, rounded and asymmetric at the base, rounded to truncate or sometimes emarginate at the apex, pubescent or occasionally glabrous except for a tuft of yellowish hairs at the base, venation raised-reticulate on both surfaces.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Racemes 1–15(22) cm long; axis pubescent to densely so; pedicels 3–14 mm long, glabrous to pubescent.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flower buds red.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Hypanthium
- Hypanthium 3–5 mm long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals pale yellow inside, reddish outside, 8–12 mm long, elliptic, acute, imbricate.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals yellow with red veins, large ones 10–13 mm long, elliptic to obovate-elliptic.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Pods 3–14 cm long, 2–3 cm in diameter, cylindrical with irregular constrictions, straight or curved, brown-scurfy, 1–10-seeded.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds chestnut-brown, 11–17 × 10–12 mm, rhombic to trapezioid.
[FSOM]
M. Thulin. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1–4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Distribution
- Native of tropical Africa (doubtfully also Asia), now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for ornament and for the fruits.
- Morphology General Habit
- Evergreen tree 3–24 m high Large petals elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 1–1.3 cm long, golden with red veins
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves 5–12(–16) cm long; leaflets c. 10–18 pairs, narrowly oblong, (0.8–)1.2–3.2 x 0.3–1.1 cm, usually glabrous or nearly so
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Racemes 1–15(–22) cm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals 0.8–1.2 cm long, reddish outside
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Pods (3–)6.5–14 x 2–3 cm, 1–10-seeded
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds chestnut brown, 11–17 x 10–12 mm.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 0 - 1200 m.; Andes, Islas Caribeñas, Llanura del Caribe, Orinoquia, Pacífico, Valle del Cauca, Valle del Magdalena.
- Morphology General Habit
- Árbol
[UNAL]
Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
- Vernacular
- tamarindo
[FTEA]
Leguminosae, J. B. Gillett, R. M. Polhill & B. Verdcourt. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1971
- Morphology General Habit
- Tree 3–24 m. high; bark rough, grey or grey-black; crown rounded; young branchlets pubescent or puberulous.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves:petiole with rhachis 5–12(–16) cm. long, ± pubescent; leaflets in 10–18(–21, fide F.C.B.) pairs, narrowly oblong, (0.8–)1.2–3.2 cm. long, 0.3–1.1 cm. wide, rounded to rounded-subtruncate rarely slightly emarginate at apex, rounded and asymmetric at base, glabrous except for a tuft of yellowish hairs at base, sometimes pubescent up midrib and margins, rarely all over both surfaces; venation ± reticulate-raised on both surfaces.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Racemes 1–15(–22) cm. long; axis subglabrous to densely pubescent; pedicels 3–14 mm. long, glabrous to pubescent.
- Morphology General Buds
- Flower-buds red.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Hypanthium
- Hypanthium 3–5 mm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals 8–12 mm. long, pale yellow inside, reddish outside.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Large petals 10–13 mm. long, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, gold with red veins.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Pods curved or sometimes straight, sausage-like, (3–)6.5–14 cm. long, 2–3 cm. in diameter, usually obtuse at base and apex, sometimes irregularly constricted, closely covered outside with brown scurf, 1–10-seeded.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds chestnut-brown, ± rhombic to trapeziform, 11–17 mm. long, 10–12 mm. wide.
- Figures
- Fig. 32.
- Habitat
- Woodland, wooded grassland, deciduous bushland; near sea-level to 1520 m.
- Distribution
- K1 K2 K4 K5 K6 K7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 widespread in the tropics of the Old World
[ILDIS]
International Legume Database and Information Service
- Conservation
- Not Threatened
- Ecology
- Africa: Zambezian woodland, Sudanian woodland, Somalia-Masai forest, Lake Victoria regional transition zone; scrub forest., Zanzibar-Inhambane regional transition zone; bushland and thicket., Cultivated; Indian Ocean: West Malagasy forest.
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial, Not climbing, Tree
- Vernacular
- Amli, Anbli, Imli, Indian Date, Kily, Madiro, Maha-siyambala, Puli, Siyambala, Tamaleni, Tamare, Tamaren, Tamarin, Tamarin des Bas, Tamarind, Tamarindo, Tamarinier, Tamarinier des Bas, Tamerine, Tamrind
[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean, Caribbean, Orinoquia, Pacific. Elevation range: 0–1200 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Naturalised in Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Caldas, Casanare, Cauca, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Norte de Santander, San Andrés y Providencia, Tolima, Valle del Cauca.
- Habit
- Tree.
- Conservation
- IUCN Red List Assessment (2021): LC.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, savanna, shrubland, native grassland, wetlands (inland), artificial - terrestrial.
[FWTA]
Caesalpiniaceae, Hutchinson and Dalziel. Flora of West Tropical Africa 1:2. 1958
- Ecology
- Commonly cultivated; also in savannah, especially on termite mounds.
[ILDIS]
- Use
- Chemical products, Domestic, Environmental, Fibre, Food and Drink, Medicine, Miscellaneous, Wood
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Environmental
- Environmental uses.
- Use Fuel
- Used for fuels.
- Use Gene Sources
- Used as gene sources.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Invertebrate Food
- Used as invertebrate food.
- Use Materials
- Used as material.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
- Use Poisons
- Poisons.
- Use Social
- Social uses.
Doubtfully present in:
Hainan
Native to:
Comoros, Madagascar
Introduced into:
Aldabra, Andaman Is., Angola, Aruba, Assam, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bismarck Archipelago, Bolivia, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Caroline Is., Cayman Is., Central African Repu, Chad, Chagos Archipelago, China South-Central, China Southeast, Christmas I., Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, Galápagos, Gambia, Ghana, Gilbert Is., Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, India, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laccadive Is., Laos, Leeward Is., Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaya, Maldives, Mali, Marianas, Marquesas, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico Central, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Mozambique, Mozambique Channel I, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Oman, Pakistan, Panamá, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Rodrigues, Réunion, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Socotra, Somalia, Southwest Caribbean, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sumatera, Tanzania, Texas, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad-Tobago, Tuamotu, Turks-Caicos Is., Uganda, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Western Australia, Windward Is., Yemen, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
- English
- Tamarind
Tamarindus indica L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jun 1, 2009 | Massuqueto, S.C. [2], Brazil | K000931846 | Yes | ||
Nov 14, 2005 | Harley, R.M. [54736], Brazil | K000890882 | Yes | ||
Oct 1, 1999 | Bisset, E. [11], Madagascar | K000383035 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | s.coll. [883], Madagascar | K000383039 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | s.coll. [7968], Madagascar | K000383041 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Randrianasolo [2160], Madagascar | K000383042 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Hladik, C.M. [1], Madagascar | K000383032 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Tsilizy [6782], Madagascar | K000383040 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | McWhirter, J.H. [124], Madagascar | K000383046 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Ranjokiny [8858], Madagascar | K000383038 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Ramamonjisoa [2552], Madagascar | K000383043 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Decary, R. [15992], Madagascar | K000383033 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Baron, R. [165], Madagascar | K000383053 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Baron, R. [4572], Madagascar | K000383051 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Boiteau, P. [1018], Madagascar | K000383034 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1997 | Chauvet, F. [158], Madagascar | K000383036 | No | ||
Jun 1, 1988 | Phillipson, P.B. [1822], Madagascar | K000383031 | No | ||
Mar 29, 1988 | Mendonça, R.C. [397], Brazil | K000931839 | Yes | ||
Tanner, R. [333], Tanzania | 15508.000 | No | |||
McWhirter, J.H. [124], Madagascar | 32133.000 | No | |||
Lewis, G.P., Brazil | 51915.000 | No | |||
Owens, S.J., USA | 52828.000 | No | |||
Renvoize, S.A. [717], Seychelles | 7315.000 | No | |||
Burchell [6253], Brazil | K000931840 | Yes | |||
Glaziou, A.F.M. [2533], Brazil | K000931842 | Yes | |||
Malcomber, S.T. [1115], Madagascar | K000383030 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5824] | K001122286 | Yes | |||
Schlieben, H.-.J. [8251], Madagascar | K000383047 | No | |||
Leeuwenberg, A.J.M. [14336], Madagascar | K000383037 | No | |||
Burchell [5125], Brazil | K000931841 | Yes | |||
Humblot, M. [373], Comoros | K000383048 | No | |||
Lewis, G.P. [CFCR7512], Brazil | K000931845 | Yes | |||
Roussel, S. [14], Madagascar | K000383055 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5824] | K001122287 | Yes | |||
Lam, H.J. [6114], Madagascar | K000383045 | No | |||
Scott-Elliot, G.F. [2626], Madagascar | K000383056 | No | |||
Hildebrandt, J.M. [3303], Madagascar | K000383049 | No | |||
Eiten, G. [10303], Brazil | K000931844 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5824] | K001122288 | Yes | |||
Glocker [153], Brazil | K000931843 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5824], Bangladesh | K001122283 | Yes | |||
Hildebrandt, J.M. [3303], Madagascar | K000383052 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5824], Thailand | K001122284 | Yes | |||
Ramamonjisoa [11636], Madagascar | K000383044 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5824] | K001122289 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5824], Thailand | K001122285 | Yes | |||
Barnett, L.C. [273], Madagascar | K000383050 | No |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 34 (1753)
Accepted by
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