Amaryllidaceae
Allium

Allium schoenoprasum L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 301 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Temp. Northern Hemisphere. It is a bulbous geophyte and grows primarily in the temperate biome. It is used as a poison and a medicine and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Afghanistan, Alaska, Albania, Alberta, Altay, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Buryatiya, Central European Russia, Chita, Colorado, Connecticut, Corse, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East European Russia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Idaho, Inner Mongolia, Iran, Iraq, Irkutsk, Italy, Japan, Kamchatka, Kazakhstan, Khabarovsk, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., Labrador, Magadan, Maine, Manitoba, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mongolia, Montana, Netherlands, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Caucasus, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Northwest Territories, Norway, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Pakistan, Pennsylvania, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Prince Edward I., Québec, Rhode I., Romania, Sakhalin, Saskatchewan, South European Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Tuva, Ukraine, Vermont, Washington, West Himalaya, West Siberia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yakutskiya, Yugoslavia, Yukon

Introduced into:

Argentina South, Azores, Belgium, Comoros, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Falkland Is., Haiti, Illinois, Ireland, Jamaica, Maryland, Newfoundland, Seychelles, Trinidad-Tobago

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
  • Broughton, D.A. & McAdam, J.H. (2002). The non-native vascular flora of the Falkland islands. Botanical Journal of Scotland 54: 153-190.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2002). Flora of North America North of Mexico 26: 1-723. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 1-529. MIM, Deurne.
  • Grubov, V.I. (2001). Key to the Vascular Plants of Mongolia 1: 1-411. Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield, USA. Plymouth, U.K.
  • Hassler, M. & Muer, T. (2022). Flora Germanica: alle Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands in Text und Bild 1: 1-864. Verlag Regionalkultur, Uberstadt-Weiher.
  • Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (2016). Flora of Japan IVb: 1-335. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.
  • Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M. (1989). Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1-435. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
  • Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
  • Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
  • Maire, R. (1958). Flore de l'Afrique du Nord 5: 1-307. Paul Lechevalier, Paris.
  • Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. & Khassanov, F.O. (2007). Allium L. subgen. Rhizirideum sensu lato in Iran, two new records and a synopsis of taxonomy and phytogeography. Iranian Journal of Botany 13: 12-20.
  • Meyer, F.K. (2011). Beiträge zur Flora von Albanien. Haussknechtia, Beih. 15: 1-220.
  • Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
  • Nasir, E. (1975). Flora of Pakistan 83: 1-31. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Nikolin, E.G. (2020). Opredelitel' vysshikh rasteniy Yakutii: 1-895. Moskva : Tovarishchestvo Nauchnykh Izdaniy KMK Novosibirsk "Nauka".
  • Ohwi, J. (1984). Flora of Japan (in English): 1-1067. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  • Rico, E. & al. (eds.) in Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora Iberica 20: 1-651. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.
  • Robertson, S.A. (1989). Flowering Plants of Seychelles: 1-327. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Singh, N.P. & Sanjappa, M. (eds.) (2006). Alliaceae, Liliaceae, Trilliaceae & Uvulariaceae. Fascicles of Flora of India 23: 1-134. Botanical Survey of India, New Delhi.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Townsend, C.C. & Guest, E. (eds.) (1985). Flora of Iraq 8: 1-440. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Zhao, Y.Z., Zhao, L.Q. & Rui, C. (eds.) (2019). Flora Intramongolica, edition 3, 6: 1-619. Typis Intramongolicae popularis, Huhhot.
  • Zhengyi, W. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2000). Flora of China 24: 1-431. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Zuloaga, F.O. & Morrone, O. (eds.) (1996). Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledoneae). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de la República Argentina 1: 1-323. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Broughton, D.A. & McAdam, J.H. (2002). The non-native vascular flora of the Falkland islands. Botanical Journal of Scotland 54: 153-190.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2002). Flora of North America North of Mexico 26: 1-723. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448. Nauka, Leningrad.
  • Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
  • Komarov, V.L. (ed.) (1935). Flora SSSR 4: 1-586. Izdatel'stov Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad.
  • Malyschev L.I. & Peschkova , G.A. (eds.) (2001). Flora of Siberia 4: 1-238. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Meades, S.J. & Brouillet, L. (2019). Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Newfoundland and Labrador https://newfoundland-labradorflora.ca/checklist/.
  • Meyer, F.K. (2011). Beiträge zur Flora von Albanien. Haussknechtia, Beih. 15: 1-220.
  • Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
  • Nasir, E. (1975). Flora of Pakistan 83: 1-31. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
  • Ohwi, J. (1984). Flora of Japan (in English): 1-1067. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  • Robertson, S.A. (1989). Flowering Plants of Seychelles: 1-327. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Singh, N.P. & Sanjappa, M. (eds.) (2006). Alliaceae, Liliaceae, Trilliaceae & Uvulariaceae. Fascicles of Flora of India 23: 1-134. Botanical Survey of India, New Delhi.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Townsend, C.C. & Guest, E. (eds.) (1985). Flora of Iraq 8: 1-440. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Zhao, Y.Z., Zhao, L.Q. & Rui, C. (eds.) (2019). Flora Intramongolica, edition 3, 6: 1-619. Typis Intramongolicae popularis, Huhhot.
  • Zhengyi, W. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2000). Flora of China 24: 1-431. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Zuloaga, F.O. & Morrone, O. (eds.) (1996). Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledoneae). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de la República Argentina 1: 1-323. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Flora of Tropical East Africa

  • L., U.O.P.Z: 115 (1949).

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Allen, D., Bilz, M., Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M., Timoshyna, A., & Window, J. (2014). European Red List of medicinal plants. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 10:907382.
  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
  • Dempewolf, H., Eastwood, R. J., Guarino, L., Khoury, C. K., Müller, J. V. & Toll, J. (2014). Adapting agriculture to climate change: a global initiative to collect, conserve, and use crop wild relatives. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38, 369-377.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Jansen, P., Lemmens, R., Oyen, L., Siemonsma, J., Stavast, F. & Van Valkenburg, J. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Basic list of species and commodity grouping. Final version. Pudoc, Wageningen.
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jan 1, 1973 Davis; Polunin, O. [24222a] Türkiye K000809354 Yes
Reuter [s.n.] K003715461 Yes
[Auguslinowier] [s.n.] K003746020 No
Ström, I. [s.n.] Finland K003715412 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K003748662 No
Asplund, E.; Samuelsson, G. [s.n.] Sweden K003715415 Yes
[illegible] [162] Germany K003715427 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K003748679 No
Levan, A. [s.n.] K003748672 No
Thomas, A.L.E. [s.n.] K001651903 No
[illegible] [s.n.] Germany K003715425 Yes
Ahlberg, F. [s.n.] K003715404 Yes
[illegible] [1500] K003746030 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Italy K003715459 Yes
Ahlberg, F. [s.n.] Sweden K003715550 Yes
s.coll. [660] Russia K003715407 Yes
Ledebour; [Frente [s.n.] K001651900 No
Turrill, W.B. (Dr.) [744] Bulgaria K003715545 Yes
Friesen, N.W. [s.n.] Russia K003746034 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Germany K003715426 Yes
Huter [s.n.] K003715460 Yes
Norrman, C.M. [s.n.] Norway K003715421 Yes
[illegible] [s.n.] Russia K003715408 Yes
s.coll. [699] Switzerland K003715448 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K003715441 Yes
Thomas [s.n.] Switzerland K003715436 Yes
Schur [s.n.] K003715403 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K003715434 Yes
Townsend, C.C. [84/116] Switzerland K003715456 Yes
Gay, J.E. [s.n.] Switzerland K003715437 Yes
Price, M.P. [423] K003746021 No
Huter [s.n.] Italy K003715465 Yes
Farjon, A.; Firsov, G. [546] Russia K000809360 No
Bové, A. [295] Algeria K003745528 Yes
Peralta, J. [2534] Spain K001611658 Yes
Wright, C.; Small, J. [s.n.] Russia K003746022 No
Westberg, G. [s.n.] Latvia K003715409 Yes
Facchini [s.n.] Italy K003715463 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K003748661 No
Karelin; Kiriloff [s.n.] K003746012 No
[Pallard] [s.n.] K001651901 No
Womersley, J.S. [E132] Sweden K003715416 Yes
Joad, G.C. [s.n.] Switzerland K003715435 Yes
Özhatay, N.; Özhatay, E. [49490] Türkiye K000809353 Yes
Richardson, C.J. [ 702/11] Switzerland K003715450 Yes
Wright, L.S. [s.n.] Switzerland K003715449 Yes
Thomas, E. [s.n.] Switzerland K003715438 Yes
Kuzmanov, B. [BK-803103] Bulgaria K003715544 Yes
Kotschty, T. [s.n.] K003746015 No
Moe [s.n.] Norway K003715419 Yes
[illegible] [s.n.] K003746009 No
Otto Abrahamson, B.W. [s.n.] Sweden K003715414 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K003748669 No
Townsend, C.C. [s.n.] United Kingdom K003715395 Yes
Politow [s.n.] Kyrgyzstan K003746017 No
Prescot [s.n.] Russia K003746026 No
Nordström, Å. [885] Finland K003715411 Yes
Summerhayes, V.S. [s.n.] Norway K003715423 Yes
Mayeda, C. [41] K003748660 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K003748678 No
Das, C.R. [s.n.] Italy K003715540 Yes
Sprague, T.A. [s.n.] United Kingdom K003715391 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K003715451 Yes
Sinker, C.A. [84] Norway K003715424 Yes
Sealy, J.R. [1590] United Kingdom K003715393 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K003748668 No
Samaden [s.n.] Switzerland K003715443 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K001651902 No
Fellman, N.I. [s.n.] Russia K003746024 No
Feilden, H.W. (Col.) [s.n.] Russia K003715402 Yes
Radde [s.n.] K000464482 Type Yes
Welwitsch, F.M.J. [s.n.] K003748673 No
{Hno. Elias} [3859] Spain K003715538 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K003748675 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K003748667 No
Friesen, N.W. [s.n.] K003746036 No
Oberleitner [s.n.] Austria K003715466 Yes
Littledale, S.G.R. [s.n.] Russia K003746037 No
Schangin [s.n.] K003746016 No
[illegible] [s.n.] K003746005 No
Richardson [101] K003746008 No
Fries, Th. [s.n.] Norway K003715418 Yes
{Ft.} [s.n.] Switzerland K003715445 Yes
Oberleitner [s.n.] K003715468 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K003715446 Yes
MJC [s.n.] K003748659 No
Feilden, H.W. (Col.) [s.n.] Russia K003715399 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] North Macedonia K003715548 Yes
Appleton, H. [743] K003746040 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K003746014 No
Levan, A. [s.n.] K003748670 No
Facchini [s.n.] Italy K003715462 Yes
[Ft] [s.n.] Switzerland K003715455 Yes
Hunnybun, E.W. [s.n.] Jersey K003715398 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K003748665 No
Bergmann [948] Bulgaria K003715546 Yes
[Janhiv] [31320] K003748674 No
Zetterstedt, J.E. [s.n.] Norway K003715417 Yes
A. [Heogussin] [s.n.] Switzerland K003715447 Yes
Kablikóva, J. [s.n.] Germany K003715428 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K003748663 No
Komarov, V.L. [s.n.] Russia K003746039 No
Fries, Th. [s.n.] Norway K003715420 Yes
Thomas [s.n.] Switzerland K003715440 Yes
Kjellman, F.R.; Lundström, A.N. [s.n.] K003715405 Yes
Trott, A.C. [306] Iran K003717652 Yes
[illegible] [790] K003746032 No
[illegible] [s.n.] K003746031 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Switzerland K003715452 Yes
Maricaud [s.n.] Switzerland K003715432 Yes
Ahlberg, F. [s.n.] K003715410 Yes
[illegible]; [illegible] [s.n.] Bulgaria K003715547 Yes
Trautmann [s.n.] Germany K003715430 Yes
Littledale, S.G.R. [s.n.] Mongolia K003746011 No
Rein [s.n.] Russia K003715406 Yes
Churchill, G.C. [s.n.] Austria K003715467 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K003715464 Yes
Schrenck [s.n.] K003746023 No
Schagerstrom, J.A. [s.n.] Sweden K003715413 Yes
Malinsky [s.n.] Czech Republic K003715458 Yes
{Fischer} [s.n.] Russia K003746025 No
Rieder [94] K003746006 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K003746033 No
{Ft} [s.n.] Switzerland K003715444 Yes
Gregor, A.G. [s.n.] Switzerland K003715454 Yes
Fetissow [s.n.] Kazakhstan K003746018 No
Feilden, H.W. (Col.) [s.n. ] Russia K003715400 Yes
{Turczaninow} [s.n.] K003746027 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Portugal K003715542 Yes
Levan, A. [s.n.] K003748671 No
[illegible] [s.n.] K003746004 No
Reuter [1757] K003748676 No
Andersson [s.n.] Sweden K001738938 Yes
Elwes, H.J.; [F.R.S [s.n.] Mongolia K003746010 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K003748666 No
Hutchinson, J.; Matthews, J.R.; Riley, L.A.M. [336] Spain K003715539 Yes
Dorfler, I. [220] Albania K003715543 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K003746013 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Spain K003746007 No
Feilden, H.W. (Col.) [s.n. ] K003715401 Yes
Marshall, E.S. [s.n.] Ireland K003715397 Yes
Kharkevich, S.; Buch, T. [s.n.] Russia K003746029 No
Schepping [s.n.] Germany K003715431 Yes
Eyerdam, W.J. [s.n.] K003746038 No
Friesen, N.W. [s.n.] Russia K003746035 No
Gregor, A.G. [s.n.] Switzerland K003715453 Yes
Christy, W. [30] Norway K003715422 Yes
Czekanowski, A.; Muller, F. [s.n.] Russia K003746019 No
Zetterstedt, J.W. [s.n.] K003748677 No
Sealy, S.; Sealy, J.R. [K. 3101] United Kingdom K003715396 Yes
Ross-Craig, S.; Sealy, J.R. [1590] United Kingdom K003715394 Yes
Walker, A. [s.n.] Germany K003715429 Yes
Buch, T.; Barkalov, V. [s.n.] Russia K003746028 No
s.coll. [1102] Allium sibiricum K003746961 Yes
Strachey, R.; Winterbottom, J.E. [10] India Allium sibiricum K003746968 Yes
[W. S. A] [24253] India Allium sibiricum K003746962 Yes
Duthie, J.F. [13405] India Allium sibiricum K003746966 Yes
Duthie, J.F. [13213] India Allium sibiricum K003746963 Yes
Duthie, J.F. [13636] India Allium sibiricum K003746964 Yes
[Guviel] [s.n.] Allium sibiricum K003746967 Yes
Coventry, B.O. [937] India Allium sibiricum K003746965 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0