- Family:
- Colchicaceae DC.
- Genus:
- Gloriosa L.
Gloriosa superba L.
Flame lily is a tuberous herb, which is widespread in tropical and southern Africa and in tropical Asia. The generic name Gloriosa means 'full of glory' and the specific epithet superba means 'superb', alluding to the striking red and yellow flowers.

[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean. Elevation range: 2600–2600 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Colombian departments: Bogotá DC, Cundinamarca.
- Habit
- Herb.
- Conservation
- IUCN Red List Assessment (2021): LC.
[FWTA]
Liliaceae, F. N. Hepper. Flora of West Tropical Africa 3:1. 1968
- Morphology General Habit
- Common forest climber
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers turning from yellow to red.
[FTEA]
Colchicaceae, Kim Hoenselaar. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 2005
- Morphology General Habit
- Herb, stem erect, simple or branched, sometimes not higher than 40 cm, or plant scandent or climbing, up to several meters long.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves alternate, sometimes opposite or verticillate and clustered, sometimes clustered above the middle of the stem, sessile, base sometimes sheathing the stem, ranging from linear, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic to ovate, 6–17.5 cm long, 0.4–5 cm wide, apex acute, acuminate, falcate or ending in a tendril.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers solitary, axillary, sometimes terminal, different shades of yellow, orange, red, crimson, purple/mauve stripes or fading purple, often bicolored; pedicel erect, recurved apically, 3.5–18 cm long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Perianth
- Perianth sometimes at the base connate into a short tube, up to 2 mm long; perianth segments (strongly) reflexed, base clawed, narrowly elliptic-linear, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes ovate to obovate, 29–85 mm long, 4–25(–38) mm wide, the margins sometimes crisped,apex acuminate to acute, sometimes falcate.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Filaments filiform, sometimes flattened, 10–45 mm long; anthers straight to curved, 5.5–15 mm long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Pistil
- Ovary 4–13 mm long, 1–5 mm wide; style 9–50 mm long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule 37–50 mm long, 10–14 mm in diameter; seeds 4 mm.
[KSP]
Kew Species Profiles
- General Description
-
Flame lily is a climber with spectacular red and yellow flowers, but all parts of the plant (especially the tubers) are extremely poisonous and can be fatal if eaten.
Flame lily is a tuberous herb, which is widespread in tropical and southern Africa and in tropical Asia. The generic name Gloriosa means 'full of glory' and the specific epithet superba means 'superb', alluding to the striking red and yellow flowers.
All parts of the plant, but especially the tubers (swollen, underground stems), are extremely poisonous and the ingestion of flame lily has caused many accidental deaths. It has also been used to commit murder, suicide, to induce abortions and to poison dogs. African porcupines and some moles are reputed to be able to consume the roots with no ill effects.
- Species Profile
-
Geography and distribution
Native to tropical and southern Africa, and temperate and tropical Asia (where it occurs in China, Indochina and from the Indian Subcontinent to the Lesser Sunda Islands). It has been found up to 2,500 m above sea level. It is widely naturalised (including in Europe and Australia) and is listed as a weed in Australia and in some parts of the USA. Gloriosa superba is common throughout much of its range. However, in some areas of India (Patalkot, Chhindwara District), Bangladesh and Sri Lanka it has been assessed as rare, and natural populations are believed to be in decline. In the Indian state of Orissa, for example, where G. superba used to be common, it is now on the verge of extinction according to the Wildlife Institute of India.
DescriptionA perennial, tuberous, climbing (sometimes erect) herb, up to 4 m long. The leaves are simple (undivided). The leaf blade has strong, parallel nerves and ends in a tendril-like spiral. The solitary flowers are bisexual, showy, pendulous and 4.5-7 cm in diameter. The pedicel (flower stalk) can be up to 20 cm long. The flowers are usually red and yellow with crisply waved margins. The fruit is a large (up to 6 cm long), oblong capsule. It is thought that pollination is probably carried out by butterflies and sunbirds.
Threats and conservationFlame lily is in decline in some areas of India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and southern Africa, due to over-collection of the seeds and tubers. Although commercially cultivated in southern India, it is estimated that pharmacies and drug manufacturers in India fulfil up to 75% of their raw material demand from wild populations.
Conservation assessments carried out by KewGloriosa superba is being monitored as part of the Sampled Red List Index Project, which aims to produce conservation assessments for a representative sample of the world's plant species. This information will then be used to monitor trends in extinction risk and help focus conservation efforts where they are needed most.
Learn more about this project
UsesFlame lily has a wide variety of uses, especially within traditional medicine as practised in tropical Africa and Asia (including Ayurvedic medicine in India). It contains the alkaloid colchicine, which has been used effectively to treat acute gout, intestinal worms, infertility, wounds and other skin problems. It has also been used as an antidote for snake bite, as a laxative, and to induce abortion. It has proven useful in the treatment of chronic ulcers, arthritis, cholera, colic, kidney problems and typhus.
Colchicine is widely used as an experimental tool in the study of cell division, as it can inhibit mitosis (a type of cell division), induce polyploidy (cells containing more than two sets of chromosomes), and has been used in the treatment of cancer.
Gloriosa superba is widely cultivated as an ornamental for its stunning flowers. It is the national flower of Zimbabwe (where it is protected from illegal harvesting under the Parks and Wildlife Act).
This species at KewFlame lily can be seen growing in the Temperate House, Palm House and Waterlily House at Kew.
Dried and alcohol-preserved specimens of Gloriosa superba are held in Kew's Herbarium, where they are available to researchers from around the world, by appointment. The details of some of these, including images, can be seen online in the Herbarium Catalogue.
Specimens of flame lily tubers are also held in Kew's Economic Botany Collection, where they are available for study, by appointment.
- Distribution
- China
- Ecology
- Sparse savanna woodlands, grasslands, sand dunes, in abandoned fields or at the boundaries of cultivated ground and roadsides; in sandy-loam soil.
- Conservation
- Least Concern according to IUCN Red List criteria.
- Hazards
-
All parts of the plant are extremely poisonous due to the presence of toxic alkaloids, including colchicine; ingestion can be fatal; contact can result in skin irritation.
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Plant erect or scandent, up to several meters long, but sometimes less than 0.4 m tall, glabrous or almost so
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves spreading, linear to ovate, 60–250 x 2–50 mm
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers usually yellow, orange or red with yellow centre, rarely white on pedicels 45–200 mm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Tepal
- Tepals 35–80 x 5–30 mm, acute, often with undulate margins
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens Filaments
- Filaments 12–50 mm long; anthers 5–13 mm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary oblong, glabrous; style 12–50 mm long with branches 2.5–10 mm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule 20–60 x 10–25 mm
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds subglobose, c. 4–5 mm in diam.
- Distribution
- N1–3; C2; S1–3 widespread in Africa and S Asia, also cultivated elsewhere.
- Ecology
- Altitude range 20–850 m.
- Vernacular
- Adin tuki, dabalole, tamaior (Som.-N); faraji diil, gheloac (Som.-S).
- Note
- A highly variable species. Three forms can roughly be distiguished in Somalia, a scandent more or less broad-leaved and large-flowered plant in S1–3 agreeing with typical G. superba, a more or less erect, narrow-leaved and small-flowered plant in all parts of the country agreeing with G. baudii and G. minor, and an erect, fairly broad-leaved and large-flowered plant in N3 agreeing with G. aurea.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 2600 m.; Andes.
- Morphology General Habit
- Hierba
Native to:
Andaman Is., Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Benin, Borneo, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cabinda, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Caprivi Strip, Central African Repu, Chad, China South-Central, Congo, East Himalaya, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., India, Ivory Coast, Jawa, Kenya, Laccadive Is., Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Maldives, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Pakistan, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Alabama, Cook Is., Fiji, Gilbert Is., Line Is., Nauru, New South Wales, Norfolk Is., Queensland, Réunion, Santa Cruz Is., Society Is., Solomon Is., Suriname, Tokelau-Manihiki, Trinidad-Tobago, Windward Is.
- Eugone superba (L.) Salisb.
- Gloriosa angulata Schumach.
- Gloriosa cirrhifolia Stokes
- Gloriosa doniana Schult. & Schult.f.
- Gloriosa lutea Anon.
- Gloriosa nepalensis G.Don
- Gloriosa rockefelleriana Stehlé & M.Stehlé
- Gloriosa rothschildiana O'Brien
- Gloriosa verschuurii Hoog
- Methonica doniana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunth
- Methonica gloriosa Salisb.
- Methonica senegalensis Poit.
- Methonica superba (L.) Crantz
- English
- Climbing lily, Flame lily, Superb lily
Gloriosa superba L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nov 12, 2012 | Heath [2334], Botswana | K000499501 | No | ||
Jul 1, 2007 | Tchiengue, B. [2772], Cameroon | K000518671 | No | ||
Dec 1, 2003 | Etuge, M. [4359 r], Cameroon | K000212735 | No | ||
Mar 1, 2002 | Etuge, M. [2189], Cameroon | K000025720 | No | ||
Mar 1, 2002 | Etuge, M. [1749], Cameroon | K000025718 | No | ||
May 1, 1995 | Cable, S. [10], Cameroon | K000011652 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1995 | Cheek, M. [5706], Cameroon | K000011653 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1995 | Ndam, N. [184], Cameroon | K000542353 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1995 | Cheek, M. [5721], Cameroon | K000011654 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1994 | Quartin-Dillon [48], Ethiopia | K000365965 | isosyntype | Yes | |
Jan 1, 1994 | Schimper [1437], Ethiopia | K000365966 | isotype | Yes | |
Jan 1, 1994 | Schimper [1437], Ethiopia | K000365967 | isotype | Yes | |
Jan 1, 1994 | Mooney, H.F. [8815], Ethiopia | K000480416 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1994 | Amshoff, G.J.H. [7614], Ethiopia | K000480417 | No | ||
Jan 1, 1994 | Turton, D. [76], Ethiopia | K000480413 | No | ||
Feb 3, 1924 | Wight, R. [5757], Nepal | K000524985 | Yes | ||
Brummitt, R.K. [8868], Malawi | 34784.000 | No | |||
Ash [575], Ethiopia | 37437.000 | No | |||
6606.000 | No | ||||
Meller, C.J. [s.n.], Mozambique | K000365963 | Yes | |||
Meller, C.J. [s.n.], Mozambique | K000365964 | Unknown type material | Yes | ||
Cecil, E. [224], Zimbabwe | K000365961 | holotype | Yes | ||
Gilbert, M.G. [3136], Ethiopia | K000480414 | No | |||
Gilbert, M.G. [2195], Ethiopia | K000480415 | No | |||
Alstrup, V. [156], Somalia | K000480422 | No | |||
Thollon, M. [22], Gabon | K000480430 | No | |||
Pobéguin, C.H.O. [383], Guinea | K000480434 | No | |||
Rogers, F.A. [25245], South Africa | K000480452 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5157] | K001104968 | Yes | |||
Gilbert, M.G. [4657], Ethiopia | K000480418 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5157] | K001104975 | Yes | |||
Sangkhachand, B. [1059], Thailand | K000480443 | No | |||
Phillipson, P.B. [4136], Madagascar | K000480441 | No | |||
T [141], Malaysia | K000480450 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5157] | K001104974 | Yes | |||
Carpenter, T. [275], Maldives | K000480447 | No | |||
Xiulan, H. [281], China | K000480448 | No | |||
Haswell, D.R. [134], Sierra Leone | K000480436 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5157] | K001104970 | Yes | |||
Buwalda, P. [7156], Indonesia | K000480445 | No | |||
Monyrak, M. [207], Cambodia | K000480444 | No | |||
Pollard, B.J. [103], Cameroon | K000025719 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5157] | K001104967 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5157] | K001104969 | Yes | |||
Hutton, I. [640], Australia | K000480451 | No | |||
Jayasuriya, A.H.M. [1439], Sri Lanka | K000480446 | No | |||
Phillipson, P.B. [4136], Madagascar | K000480442 | No | |||
Pobéguin, C.H.O. [383], Guinea | K000480435 | No | |||
Synnott, T.J. [449], Somalia | K000480420 | No | |||
Gomez, W. [Cat. no. 5157], Myanmar | K001104972 | Yes | |||
Mathew, B. [42631], India | K000480449 | No | |||
Eagleton, G. [71], Somalia | K000480423 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5157], Nepal | K001104971 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 5157] | K001104973 | Yes | |||
Wallich, N. [5757G], Nepal | K000524984 | Yes | |||
Kasmi, S.M.A. [643], Somalia | K000480419 | No | |||
Stern, W.T. [s.n.] | Gloriosa verschuurii | K000524986 | Unknown type material | Yes |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 305 (1753)
Accepted by
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- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (2000). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 14: 1-307. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Demissew, S. & Nordal, I. (2010). Aloes and other Lilies of Ethiopia and Eritrea, ed, 2: 1-351. Shama Books, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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- Maroyi, A. (2012). The genus Gloriosa (Colchicaceae) - ethnobotany, phylogeny and taxonomy: 1-194. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Literature
Kew Species Profiles
- Contu, S. (2008). Gloriosa superba. Assessment using IUCN Categories and Criteria 3.1 (IUCN 2001). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Dauncey, E.A. (2010). Poisonous Plants: A Guide for Parents & Childcare Providers. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Jana, S. & Shekhawat, G.S. (2011). Critical review on medicinally potent plant species: Gloriosa superba. Fitoterapia 82: 293-301.
- Nellis, D.W. (1997). Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press Inc.
- Rawat, G.S. (ed.) (2008). Special habitats and threatened plants of India. ENVIS Bulletin Wildlife and Protected Areas 11(1). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun.
- World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (2011). Gloriosa superba. Published on the Internet by the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Flora of West Tropical Africa
- Andr., Bot. Rep. t. 129
- Berhaut, Fl. Sén. 148
- Bot. Reg. 1: t. 77
- F.T.A. 7: 563
- Morton, W. Afr. Lilies & Orch. fig. 12.
- Sp. Pl. 305 (1753)
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Ananda Rao, T. & Ellis, J.L. (1995). Flora of Lakshadweep islands off the Malabar coast, peninsular India, with emphasis on phytogeographical distribution of plants Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 19: 235-250.
- Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots' Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
- Brunel, J.F., Hiepo, P. & Scholz, H. (eds.) (1984). Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames: 1-751. GTZ, Eschborn.
- Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau) Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (2000). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 14: 1-307. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Edwards, S., Demissew, S. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (1997). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 6: 1-586. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Fischer, E., Rembold, K., Althof, A. & Obholzer, J. (2010). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Kakamega forest, Western province, Kenya Journal of East African Natural History 99: 129-226.
- Fosberg, F.R. & Sachet, M.-H. (1987). Flora of the Gilbert Island, Kiribati, Checklist Atoll Research Bulletin 295: 1-33.
- Fosberg, F.R. (1975). Vascular plants of Aitutaki Atoll Research Bulletin 190: 73-84.
- Geerinck, D. (2012). Contribution à la flore d' Afrique centrale: Colchicaceae et Flagellariaceae Taxonomania. Revue de Taxonomie et de Nomenclature Botaniques 33: 1-30.
- George, A.S. (ed.) (1987). Flora of Australia 45: 1-521. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
- Hancock, I.R. & Henderson, C.P. (1988). Flora of the Solomon Islands Research Bulletin Dodo Creek Research Station 7: 1-203.
- Hoenselaar, K. (2005). Colchicaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa: 1-20.
- Lebrun, J.-P., Audru, J., Gaston, A. & Mosnier, M. (1972). Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Tchad Méridional: 1-289. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
- Lebrun, J.P., Toutain, B., Gaston, A. & Boudet, G. (1991). Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Burkina Faso: 1-341. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
- Maroyi, A. (2012). The genus Gloriosa (Colchicaceae) - ethnobotany, phylogeny and taxonomy: 1-194. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
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Flora of Somalia
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