Lythraceae
Lagerstroemia

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Martyn

First published in P.Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 9. 2(1): n.° 2 (1798)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is China (Yunnan) to Tropical Asia. It is a tree and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. It is used as a poison and a medicine, has environmental uses and social uses and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China South-Central, East Himalaya, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam

Introduced into:

Comoros, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Marianas, Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago, Vanuatu, Venezuelan Antilles

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Accepted Infraspecifics

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  • Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
  • Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.
  • Choudhary, R.K., Srivastava, R.C., Das, A.K. & Lee, J. (2012). Floristic diversity assessment and vegetation analysis of Upper Siang district of eastern Himalaya in North East India. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 42: 222-246.
  • Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.
  • Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (2001). Flora of Bhutan 2: 1-1675. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Kiew, R. & al. (eds.) (2021). Malayan Forest Records 49: 1-403.
  • Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.
  • Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
  • Mao, A.A. & Dash, S.S. (2020). Flowering Plants of India an Annotated Checklist (Dicotyledons) 1: 1-970. Botanical Survey of India.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
  • Sarmah, K.K. & Borthakur, S.K. (2009). A checklist of angiospermic plants of Manas national park in Assam, India. Pleione 3: 190-200.
  • Smith, A.C. (1985). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 3: 1-758. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
  • Turner, I.M. (1995). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(1): 1-346.
  • Wiriadinata, H., Girmansyah, D., Hunter, J.M., Hoover, W.S. & Kartawinata, K. (2013). Floristic study of West Sumbawa, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 13: 391-404.
  • de Wilde, W.J.J.O. & Duyfjes, B.E.E. (2014). Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae) in Malesia. Blumea 59: 113-122.
  • de Wilde, W.J.J.O. & Duyfjes, B.E.E. (2016). Flora Malesiana 22: 1-68. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.
  • de Wilde, W.J.J.O. & Duyfjes, B.E.E. (2016). Survey of Lagerstroemia L. (Lythraceae) in Indochina (excl. Thailand) with the description of Lagerstroemia densiflora, sp. nov., a new species from Vietnam. Adansonia, sér. 3, 38: 241-255.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Choudhary, R.K., Srivastava, R.C., Das, A.K. & Lee, J. (2012). Floristic diversity assessment and vegetation analysis of Upper Siang district of eastern Himalaya in North East India. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 42: 222-246.
  • Dassanayake (ed.) (1995). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 9: 1-482. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
  • Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • Maliya, S.D. & Datt, B. (2010). A contribution to the flora of Katarniyaghat wildlife sanctuary, Baharaich district, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 34: 42-68.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
  • Santisuk, T. & Balslev, H. (eds.) (2014). Flora of Thailand 11(4): 499-666. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
  • Sarmah, K.K. & Borthakur, S.K. (2009). A checklist of angiospermic plants of Manas national park in Assam, India. Pleione 3: 190-200.
  • Smith, A.C. (1985). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 3: 1-758. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
  • Wiriadinata, H., Girmansyah, D., Hunter, J.M., Hoover, W.S. & Kartawinata, K. (2013). Floristic study of West Sumbawa, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 13: 391-404.
  • de Wilde, W.J.J.O. & Duyfjes, B.E.E. (2014). Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae) in Malesia. Blumea 59: 113-122.
  • de Wilde, W.J.J.O. & Duyfjes, B.E.E. (2016). Survey of Lagerstroemia L. (Lythraceae) in Indochina (excl. Thailand) with the description of Lagerstroemia densiflora, sp. nov., a new species from Vietnam. Adansonia, sér. 3, 38: 241-255.

Flora of Tropical East Africa

  • Dale, Introd. Trees Uganda: 47 (1953).
  • J.P.M. Brenan, Check-lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire no. 5, part II, Tanganyika Territory p. 294 (1949)
  • Jex-Blake, Gard. E. Afr., ed. 4: 117 (1957)).
  • R. O. Williams, Useful and Ornamental Plants in Zanzibar and Pemba p. 322 (1949)

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
  • Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (2016). Dinámicas del uso de la biodiversidad en los sistemas agroalimentarios regionales del municipio de Montería, Córdoba. 240 registros, aportados por: Hernández, A. (Contacto del recurso), Avila, F. (Creador del recurso, Proveedor de metadatos). Versión 1.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=rrbb_monteria_plantae_2016
  • Jansen, P., Lemmens, R., Oyen, L., Siemonsma, J., Stavast, F. & Van Valkenburg, J. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Basic list of species and commodity grouping. Final version. Pudoc, Wageningen.
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Sep 7, 2009 Chantaranothai, P., et al. [90/18] Thailand K000566117 Yes
Sep 7, 2009 Soejarto, D.D.; Fernando, O. [7644] Philippines K000566115 Yes
Sep 1, 2009 Chapman, J.D.; Chapman, E.G. [8407] Malawi K000566248 Yes
Sep 1, 2009 Phoon, S.N., et al. [FRI 53221] Malaya K000566235 Yes
Apr 1, 2009 Ismail Bin Samat [19] Malaysia K000610574 Yes
Aug 10, 2004 Gaerlan et al. [2781] Philippines K000171569 Yes
Aug 10, 2004 Barbon et al. [5528] Philippines K000171570 Yes
Aug 10, 2004 Reynoso, E.; Fuentes, R. [24805] Philippines K000171568 No
Lobb [621] Singapore K004333028 Yes
Kerr, A.F.G. [11574] Thailand K004333129 Yes
Ambri; Arifin [AA921] Indonesia K004333388 Yes
Spare, G.H. [34489] Malaysia K004333027 Yes
Roberty, G. [17255] Sierra Leone K004333612 Yes
Moysey, L.; Kiah [33870] K004332999 Yes
Henderson, M.R. [24536] Malaysia K004333022 Yes
Marcan, A. [2657] Thailand K004333111 Yes
Beccari, O. [2778] Malaysia K004333382 Yes
Put [1460] Thailand K004333127 Yes
Bayak [1991] Malaysia K004333419 Yes
Hamid, F.; [F. Ga Yeop] [3296] Malaysia K004333010 Yes
Gardner, S.; Sidisunthorn, P. [ST2900] Thailand K004333133 Yes
van Borssum Waalkes [3249] K004333429 No
[Forest, Dusih] [1917] Malaysia K004333009 Yes
Balajadia, D. [3807] Malaysia K004333403 Yes
Sidek bin Kiah [S373] Malaysia K004333031 Yes
Boden Kloss, C. [6472] Malaysia K004333025 Yes
s.coll. [15030] Malaysia K004333016 Yes
Endert, F.H. [1402] Indonesia K004333384 Yes
Cheng, A.K. [FRI27542] Malaysia K004333036 Yes
[F.G. Kassine] [0715] Malaysia K004333003 Yes
Kerr, A. [6158] Thailand K004333117 Yes
Brand, D. [20845] Malaysia K004333405 Yes
Worthington, T.B. [6830] Sri Lanka K004332930 Yes
Sangkhachand, B. [1134] Thailand K001045198 Yes
Koorders [27450β] Indonesia K004333374 Yes
Punyabukkana, C. [882] Thailand K004333112 Yes
Ladell, W.R.S. [232] Thailand K004333114 Yes
Balajadia [7097] Malaysia K004333423 Yes
Wiriadinata, H. [2997] Malaysia K004333401 Yes
Irvine, F.R. [2031] Sierra Leone K004333610 Yes
Kerr, A.F.G. [6745] Thailand K004333116 Yes
Koorders [4423β] Indonesia K004333378 Yes
Kerr, A.F.G. [12177] Thailand K004333130 Yes
Ibrahim [3271] Malaysia K004333402 Yes
Jacobs, M. [4946] Indonesia K004333393 Yes
Ruffo [1261] Tanzania K004333631 Yes
Pasakawee, K. [s.n.] Thailand K004333136 Yes
Diwol, S.; Joan, T.P.; et al. [SAN135296] Malaysia K004333422 Yes
Puasa [10109] Malaysia K004333427 Yes
Head, D. [39] Nigeria K004333615 Yes
Whitmore, T.C. [FRI15393] Malaysia K004333015 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Tanzania K004333629 Yes
Cheng, A.K. [FRI23388] Malaysia K004333018 Yes
Pasakawee, K. [s.n.] Thailand K004333131 Yes
Blume [s.n.] Indonesia K004333394 Yes
Kinsey, W.E. [1999] Malaysia K004333005 Yes
Bloembergen, S. [8] Thailand K004333120 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004333621 Yes
s.coll. [180] Indonesia K004333372 Yes
van Kregten, T.O. [27] Indonesia K004333395 Yes
Kerr, A.F.G. [6771A] Thailand K004333113 Yes
{S.O. Adejumo F/Asst.} [FHI27901] Nigeria K004333613 Yes
Elbert, J. [3543] Malaysia K004333399 Yes
Ng, F.S.P. [FRI27042] Malaysia K004333037 Yes
Pasakawee, K. [s.n.] Thailand K004333135 Yes
Bunchuai, K. [61] Thailand K004333122 Yes
Murata, G.; Fukuoka, N.; Phengklai, C. [T-17740] Thailand K004333108 Yes
Eiten, G.; Eiten, L.T. [7877] Brazil K001076517 Yes
Madani, L. [56905] Malaysia K004333420 Yes
Henderson, M.R. [35433] Malaysia K004333001 Yes
Arifin Zainal [AA1453] Indonesia K004333385 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Tanzania K004333630 Yes
Kadim; Mahmood [KM112] Malaysia K004332998 Yes
Ampuria, J. [40751] Malaysia K004333425 Yes
Kessler; Ambri; Adriansyah [PK1681] Indonesia K004333389 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Tanzania K004333632 Yes
Chelliah, S. [98621] Malaysia K004332995 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004333628 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Nigeria K004333617 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Tanzania K004333634 Yes
Munzinger, J.; Engelmann, F. [137] Laos K004333106 Yes
Glaziou, A.F.M. [9418] Brazil K001076516 Yes
Robert, M. [13] K004333137 Yes
Hardial; Nor [29] Malaysia K004332994 Yes
Hamid, F. [4765] Malaysia K004333023 Yes
Head, D. [39] Nigeria K004333616 Yes
Ridley, H.N. [s.n.] Malaysia K004333024 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004333391 Yes
Ng, F.S.P. [FRI6273] Malaysia K004333019 Yes
Eiten, G.; Eiten, L.T. [7877] Brazil K001076518 Yes
Koorders [[4423B]] Indonesia K004333379 Yes
Squires, R.W. [822] Vietnam K004333110 Yes
Ibafidon, B. [132] Nigeria K004333614 Yes
Put [100] Thailand K004333134 Yes
Wood, D.D. [1105] Malaysia K004333421 Yes
Cooray, R.G. [68060605R] Sri Lanka K004332932 Yes
Kerr, A.F.G. [4400] Thailand K004333118 Yes
Chelliah, S. [98661] Malaysia K004332996 Yes
Mikil, G. [41940] Malaysia K004333406 Yes
Sangkhachand, B. [1134] Thailand K004333121 Yes
Lindong, F.L. [55779] Malaysia K004333002 Yes
Kadir [A2764] Malaysia K004333417 Yes
Put [1460] Thailand K004333128 Yes
Koorders, S.H. [s.n.] Indonesia K004333376 Yes
s.coll. [1209] Malaysia K004333029 Yes
T.; P. [206] Malaysia K004333026 Yes
Emwiogbon, J.A. [FHI63144] Nigeria K004333618 Yes
Mandlik, J.V.; Godbole, A. [45069] India K004332929 Yes
Sinclair, J. [10005] Indonesia K004333396 Yes
Burkill, H.M. [HMB2123] K004333030 Yes
Chan, Y.C. [FRI6702] Malaysia K004332993 Yes
Whitmore, T.C. [FRI12973] Malaysia K004333032 Yes
Elbert, J. [4162] Malaysia K004333400 Yes
Whitmore, T.C. [FRI15840] Malaysia K004333013 Yes
Koorders [26925β] Indonesia K004333375 Yes
s.coll. [5732] Indonesia K004333381 Yes
Ng, F.S.P. [FRI020877] Malaysia K004333020 Yes
Everett, B. [FRI13783] Malaysia K004333011 Yes
Cheng, A.K. [23495] Malaysia K004333035 Yes
Ng, F.S.P. [FRI6332] Malaysia K004333017 Yes
s.coll. [bb20017] Indonesia K004333430 Yes
Backer [17237] Indonesia K004333373 Yes
Vethevelu, P.Vethevelu [FRI25243] Malaysia K004333034 Yes
Samai, S.K. [SKS3/3] Sierra Leone K004333611 Yes
Bunchuai, K. [53] Thailand K004333109 Yes
Ruffo [1261] Tanzania K004333633 Yes
Kerr, A. [5965] Thailand K004333115 Yes
Sidiyasa, K.; Ambriansyah; Arbainsyah [2573] Indonesia K004333390 Yes
Worthington, T.B. [6830] Sri Lanka K004332931 Yes
Brand, D. [SAN20845] Malaysia K004333404 Yes
Bailey, F.M. [s.n.] K004333550 Yes
Burut [3098] Malaysia K004333418 Yes
McDonald; Ismail [4026] Indonesia K004333428 Yes
Ampuria, J. [35333] Malaysia K004333426 Yes
Carrick, J. [728] Malaysia K004332997 Yes
s.coll. [VIID56] K004333392 Yes
Sinclair, J.; Kiah bin Salleh [SF40740] Malaysia K004333012 Yes
Kostermans [19210] Indonesia K004333397 Yes
Henderson, M.R. [24536] Malaysia K004333021 Yes
[F.G. Matnong] [4005] Malaysia K004333004 Yes
Fernandes, J. [50] India K001045199 Yes
Fernandes, J. [1532] India K001045200 Yes
Koorders, S.H. [22687β] Indonesia K004333377 Yes
[Fr. Hamid] [5169] Malaysia K004333007 Yes
Pasakawee, K. [s.n.] Thailand K004333132 Yes
Bakhuizen v. d. Brink [5782] Indonesia K004333380 Yes
Ampuria, J. [42124] Malaysia K004333424 Yes
[F. Guard, Meb] [10152] Malaysia K004333000 Yes
Wiakabu, J.; Lelean [LAE72353] Papua New Guinea K004333523 Yes
Rabil [379] Thailand K004333107 Yes
Kostermans [18645] Indonesia K004333398 Yes
s.coll. [180] Indonesia K004333371 Yes
Ashton, P.S. [S21478] Malaysia K004333383 Yes
Pearson, A.A. [P88] Christmas Island K004333431 Yes
[F.G.M. Lahier] [0601] Malaysia K004333008 Yes
Arifin; Insyah; Kessler [AA1081] Indonesia K004333386 Yes
Whitmore, T.C. [s.n.] Malaysia K004333033 Yes
s.coll. [NGF2806] Papua New Guinea K004333522 Yes
Arbainsyah; Rajuli; Subaidi; Dhany, S.; Basman [AA3138] Indonesia K004333387 Yes
Bloembergen, S. [8] Thailand K004333119 Yes
Whitmore, T.C. [FRI15769] Malaysia K004333014 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0